Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology

NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES

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UNIVERSAL

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

OF

BIOGRAPHY

AND

MYTHOLOGY

BY

JOSEPH THOMAS, M.D., LL.D.

AUTHOR OF THE SYSTEM OF PRONUNCIATION IN " LIPPINCOTT'S PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD,'

OF "A COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL DICTIONARY," AND OF VARIOUS PRONOUNCING

VOCABULARIES OF BIOGRAPHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

NEW THIRD EDITION

THOROUGHLY REVISED AND BROUGHT UP TO I 90!

VOL. II. -HER TO Z

PHILADELPHIA

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY

LONDON : 36 SOUTHAMPTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN

1901 jijj; S.A

\ «T

L

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the
Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

Copyright, 1885, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.

Copyright, 1901, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY

ELECTP.OTVPED AND PRINTED BV J. B. LIPPINCO1 T COMPANV, PHILADELPHIA, U.S

HERVE

1279

HESHAM

Herve, (AiME MARIE. EDOUARD,) a French jour-
nalist, born in the island of Reunion in 1835. He
engaged in editorial labour, in 1867 founded the
" Journal de Paris," an opponent of the Napoleonic
regime, and in 1873 the" Soleil," alow-priced political
newspaper. He wrote several historical works, and
was made a member of the Academy in 1886. Died
January 4, 1899.

Herv*-Fierabraa, eR'vi' fe'eh-ri'bRl', a French
physician, born at Rouen, lived about 1550. He pub-
lished an able treatise on Surgery, (1550.)

Hervet, //ea'vi', (GENTIAN,) a learned French theo-
logian, born near Orleans in 1499, distinguished himself
at the Council of Trent, (1545,) and wrote against Cal-
vinism. He translated some works of the Greek Fathers
into Latin. Died in 1584.

See NlrfRON, " Memoires ;" DsTHOU. " filogeV'wilh addition,
of THISSIKR.

Her'vey, (AUGUSTUS JOHN,) third Earl of Bristol,
son of Lord John, noticed below, was born in 1724. He
became a post-captain in 1747, and displayed courage in
geveral battles in the Mediterranean and in the West
Indies. In 1771 he was appointed one of the lords of
the admiralty, and in 1775, by the death of an elder
brother, became Earl of Bristol. Soon after this he was
created an admiral. He died in 1779, and his title was
inherited by his brother Frederick, Bishop of Derry.

Hervey, (ELEONORA LOUISA,) an authoress, whose
maiden name was MONTAGUE, born at Liverpool in 1811.
She began to write graceful verses for the periodicals at
»n early age, and published in 1839 "The Landgrave,"
a dramatic poem. In 1843 she was married to Thomas
K. Hervey, noticed below. Among her works are tales
In prose, entitled " Margaret Russell," (1849,) and "The
Pathway of the Fawn," (1851.)

Hervey, (FREDERICK,) fourth Earl of Bristol, born in
1730, was a brother of Augustus John, noticed above.
He became Bishop of Derry in 1768, and succeeded to
the earldom on the death of his brother, in 1779. He
was eccentric in habits, and was a liberal patron of the
fine arts. Died at Albano, Italy, in 1803.

Hervey, (JAMES,) an English divine and author, born
at Hardingstone, near Northampton, in 1714, was edu-
cated at Oxford University, and was a good classical
scholar. Having taken orders, he became curate of
Dummer in 1736, and of Bideford in 1738. From 1743
until 1750 he was curate of Weston Favell, of which his
father was rector, and at the death of the latter, in 1752,
the son obtained that living. He was noted for piety and
benevolence. His " Meditations and Contemplations,"
published in 1746, were extensively popular, notwith-
standing his faulty style, which is too flowery and subli-
mated to please the most correct taste. It is or was
generally found on the shelves of English cottages by
the side of the Bible and " Pilgrim's Progress."
Hervey also wrote " Theron and Aspasia, a Series of
' Dialogues and Letters," and a few minor works.
i Died in 1758.

Hervey, (Lord JOHN,) an English writer, born in
1696, was the eldest son of the first Earl of Bristol. He
obtained a seat in Parliament soon after the accession
of George I., and in 1730 became a privy councillor. In
1733 he was raised to the peerage, as Baron Hervey of
Ickworth, and in 1740 was appointed lord privy seal in
the cabinet of Walpole. He wrote able political pam-
phlets, verses, and an " Epistle from a Nobleman to a
Doctor of Divinity," the last of which was an answer to
Pope, who satirized him, in the character of Sporus, as
"the mere white curd of asses' milk." He also wrote
interesting "Memoirs of the Court of George II." Died
in 1743.

Hervey, (THOMAS KIBBLE,) an English poet and
editor, born in Manchester in 1804. He studied at Cam-
bridge and Oxford. In 1824 he published "Australia,
aiid other Poems," which was received with favour. His
"Poetical Sketch-Book" appeared in 1829. He after-
wards produced "Illustrations of Modern Sculpture,"
(1832,) a work of merit, and "The Book of Christmas,"
. (1836.) From 1846 to 1854 he was chief editor of the
"Athenaeum." Died in February, 1859.

Herwarth von Bittenfeld, heVwaRt fon bit'ten.
Sit', (KARL EBERHARD,) a Prussian general, born at
jrosswerther, September 4, 1796, commanded a corps
of the army which under the crown-prince contributed
to the victory of Sadowa, and later became field-marshal-
-jeneral. Died September 2, 1884.

His brothers, HANS (1800-81) and FRIEDRICH ADRIAN,
1802-84,) were prominent as general officers.

Herwart von Hohenburg, heVwaRt fon ho'en-
bcJoRG', (JoHANN GEORG,) a German scholar, born at
Augsburg in 1554 ; died in 1622.

See ERSCH und GRUBHR, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."

Herwegh, hjR'wJo, (GEORG,) a popular German lyric
poet, born at Stuttgart in 1817. He published at Zurich,
in 1841, a volume of republican or liberal poems, enti-
tled " Gedichte eines Lebendigen," (" Poems of a Living
Man,") which had great success. He became a citizen
of Bale, and about 1845 joined the radicals of Paris. In
the spring of 1848 he raised a legion and invaded Baden
with a design to revolutionize it ; but he failed, and took
refuge in Switzerland. Died April 7, 1875.

See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" F. LIPP, "G.
Herwegh's viertagige Irr- und Wanderfanrt mit der Pariser Deutsch-
demokratischen Legion," etc., 1850; " Foreign Quarterly Review"
for April, 1843.

Hery, de, d?h Aa're', (THIERRY,) a skilful French
surgeon, born in Paris about 1505. Having practised
with success in Paris, he was employed by F'rancis I. in
the army of Italy, and acquired a great reputation by
the cure of syphilis, on which he wrote an original and
able treatise, — the first ever written in French on that
subject. Died in 1599.

See E*LOI. " Dictionnaire de la Me"decine."

Herz, hSRts, (HEINRICH,) a celebrated pianist and
composer, born at Vienna in 1806. He met with bril-
liant success in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and
afterwards resided several years in America. As a
performer he was very popular, and his pieces for the
piano were at one time general favourites. D. in 1888.

Herz, (HENRIETTA,) a German lady, distinguished for
her wit and beauty, born in Berlin in 1764. She married
Marcus Herz in 1 779. Her house in Berlin was frequented
by many eminent men. Died in 1847.

Herz, (MARCUS,) a German physician, born at Berlin
in 1747; died in 1803.

Herzberg or Hertzberg, von, fon heRts'bcRG,
(EwALD FRIEDRICH,) a celebrated Prussian statesman,
born near Neustettin in 1725. He filled several impoi-
tant posts under Frederick the Great, and, after nego-
tiating a treaty of peace with Russia and Sweden in 1762,
was appointed second minister of state. He was made
a count by Frederick's successor, and also curator of the
Academy at Berlin. Died in 1795. He was a zealous
patron of learning, particularly of German literature.

See POSSBLT, " Ewald Friedrich Graf von Heruberg," 1793 :
WRDDIGBN, " Fragrnente aus dem Leben dea Grafen von Hertzberg,"
1796; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale,"

Herzen. See HERTZEN.

Herzog, heVtsSG, (JoHANN JAKOB,) a German divine.
born at Basel, Switzerland, September 12, 1805. He
studied at Basel and Berlin, (1823-29,) was a professor
of theology at Lausanne, (1835-45,) and at Erlangcn,
(1854-77.) Among his works are "De Origine Valden-
sium," (1848,) "Die romanischen Waldenser," (1853,)
"Outline of General Church History," (3 vols., 1876-82.)
and a "Real-Encyklopadie fur protestantische Theologie,"
(22 vols., 1854-68 ; revised edition, 1877-84, unfinished.)
Died at Erlangen, September 30, 1882.

Heaeklel, ha-za'ke-Sl, (GEORG LUDWIG,) a German
novelist, poet, and editor, born at Halle, August 12,
1818, was educated at Halle, Jena, and Berlin, and be-
came editor of the "Neue preussische Zeitung." He
published several volumes of popular and patriotic songs,
a number of novels, and the well-known " Buch vom
Fursten Bismarck." Died at Berlin, February 26, 1874.

Heselrige. See HAZLERIG.

Hesham, (Hescham,) hJsh-im', or Hiaham, hish-
im', (or, more fully, Hesham-Ibn-Abd-el-Malek,
hesh-lm' Ib'n abd-el mSl'ek, i.e. " Hesham the son of
Abd-el-Malek,") the tenth caliph of the house of Omey-
yah, succeeded his cousin, Omar II., in 724 A.D. During

eas/t, y ass; gharj; gas i; G, H, H,guttural; N, nasal; v.,trilled; sast." thasin/Au. (B^'See Explanations, p. 23.)

HESHAM

1280

HESS

the reign of Heshdm, Abd-er-Rahman, one of his gen-
erals, invaded France, where he was defeated and slain
by Charles Martel, October 25, 732. Hesham died in
743, leaving the reputation of an eminently just and
virtuous sovereign.

See WBIL, "Gescbichte der Chalifen," vol. i. chap. xiv.

HeshSm (or Hisham) L, (or, more fully, Hesham
Abool (-Aboul or -Abtil) -Waleed, (-Walid,)
1'bool wa-leed',) second Emir or King of Cdrdova of the
Omeyyah dynasty, succeeded his father, Abd-er-Rahman,
in 788 A.D. He waged a successful war against the
Christians of Galicia, Astorga, etc., founded schools,
and promoted the arts. Died in 796.

Hesham (or Hisham) H, (El- (or A1-, al) Muyyed-
Billah, el moo'e-yed bil'lah,) sometimes corrupted into
ISSAM or ISSEM by the Spanish historians, was born in
965, and succeeded his father, Hakem II., on the throne
of C6rdova, in 976 A.D. In his minority the kingdom
enjoyed prosperity under the ministry of the famous Al-
Mansoor, who gained victories over the Kings of Leon
and Navarre. After the death of Al-Mansoor the reign
was disturbed by rebellions and anarchy, and the feeble
king became a prisoner of Soleimsln, and died, or was
killed, about 1012.

See AL-MAKKARI, " History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in
Spain."

Hesham (or Hisham) m, (El-Mo'tad-Bil'lah,
or Al-Mutadd- (al moo'tad) Billah,) became King
of C6rdova in 1026, and was the last of the Omeyyah
dynasty. Several nobles having refused allegiance to
him, he attempted, without success, to subdue them by
arms. In 1031 a sedition in the capital forced him to
abdicate. Died in 1036.

Heshxisius, hJs-hoo'ze-us, (TlLLEMANNUS,) a Ger-
man Lutheran divine, born at Wesel in 1526, was an
opponent of Calvinism. Died in 1588.

Hesiod, hee'she-od, [Gr. 'HoioiJof ; LaL HK'SIODUS;
Fr. HESIODE, i'ze'od'; Ger. HESIOD, ha'ze-ot; It. Esi-
ODO, a-see'o-do,] an eminent Greek poet, bom at Ascra,
in Bceotia, at the foot of Mount Helicon, lived probably
about 800 B.C. According to most modern critics, his
period was posterior to that of Homer, with whom some
writers have conjectured that he was contemporary.
From his own writings the fact is derived that he was a
competitor in a poetical contest at Chalcis on the occa-
sion of the funeral of Amphidamas, and that he gained
the prize. It appears that he was employed in pastoral
and rural pursuits, his knowledge of which is evinced
by his most famous poem, entitled "Epya nal 'H/itpai,
(" Works and Days.") This work contains reflections
and precepts on farming and rural economy, interspersed
with maxims of morality and mythical fables. Aristotle,
Plato, and Cicero eulogize this poem, and Virgil derived
from it the idea of his " Georgics," in which he has
surpassed his model. According to Pausanias, the Boeo-
tians regarded this as the only genuine work of Hesiod.
The other poems commonly ascribed to the Ascrjean
bard are entitled "Theogony" and "The Shield of
Hercules." The former purports to be an account of
the origin of the world and the birth of the gods, and is
the most ancient composition we have on the subject of
Greek mythology. It is characterized by a rude sim-
plicity which sometimes rises into sublimity, and by that
speculative tendency which was afterwards so largely
developed in the Hellenic philosophy. "The Shield
of Hercules" is a fragment or collection of fragments,
supposed to be written by different authors. Quintilian
says, apparently in reference to the " Works and Days,"
" He is distinguished by useful sentences of morality and
a sweetness of expression, and he deserves the palm in
the middle style of writing." According to Plutarch,
Hesiod was murdered at Locris, in revenge for a crime
of which he was erroneously suspected.

See PAUSANIAS, ix. and x. ; LUCIAN, "Dialogue on Hesiod;"
CRBUZBK und HERMANN, " Briefe iiber Homer und Hesiod," 1817 ;
HRYNB, " De Theogonia ab Hesiodo Condita," 1779; HERMANN,
" De Hesiodi Theogoniz Forma antiquis?ima," 1844 ; ERSCH und
GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie : GIOVANNI LAMI, " Saggio
delle delizie del dotti e degh eruditi, risguardante le Vite e gli Scntti
dei due primi grandi Uomini dell' Antichita, Esiodo ed Omero,"
i?75 • "Quarterly Review" for March, 1833.

He-sl'o-ne, [Gr. 'Haiovji,] a daughter of Laomedon,

King of Troy. The poets feigned that Hercules deliv-
ered her from a sea-monster aftej hei father had promised
to give him the horses he had received from Jupiter ;
but Laomedon failed to keep his word. She became
the wife of Telamon and mother of Teucer.

Hesiri, the old Egyptian name of OSIRIS.

Hesnault or Heuault /£a'n5', QEAN,) a French poet,
born in Paris, was educated by Gassendi. He appears
to have been an Epicurean or materialist In 1670 he
published a volume of sonnets, letters, etc. He trans-
lated a large part of Lucretius. Died in 1682.

See BAYLB, " Historical and Critical Dictionary."

Hesperiden. See HESPERIDES.

Hes-per1-de§, [Gr. 'EairepWef ; Fr. HBsriRlDES, Ss'.
pa'red'; Ger. HESPERIDEN, hSs-pa-ree'den,] the "chil-
dren of Hesperus," (or "of the evening,") the name of
three or four celebrated nymphs of classic mythology,
who guarded the golden apples growing in an enchanted
garden in the western part of the world. According to
some authors, they were the daughters of Atlas, and
hence were called ATLAN'TIDES. A large dragon as-
sisted them to guard the golden apples which were the
subject of one of the twelve labours of Hercules.

Hes-pe'rl-us, a Roman civil officer, was a son of the
poet Ausonius. He was proconsul of Africa about 376
A.D., and afterwards praetorian prefect of Rome.

Hes'pe-rus, IGr. 'Eorrrpof ; Fr. HESPER, es'paiR', or
HESP£ ROS, eVpi ros',] a personage of classic mythology,
said to be a son or brother of Atlas. According to one
tradition, he ascended Mount Atlas to observe the stars,
and disappeared. He received divine honours, and was
identified with the evening star. One account says he came
to Italy, which received from him the name of Hesperia.

H6ss, (JOHANN JAKOB,) one of the most eminent of
the Swiss Protestant theologians, was born in Zurich in
1741. He wrote, in German, "The Three Last Years of
the Life of Jesus," (6 vols., 1768-73 ; 8th edition, 1828,)
"On the Kingdom of God," (1774,) a "History of the
Israelites before Jesus," (12 vols., 1776-88,) and other
works. He became first minister of Zurich in 1795.
Died in 1828.

See GBORG GESSNER, " J. J. Hess, voorgesteld in eenege Om-
trekken van rijn Leven en Werkzamheid," 1830 ; ERSCH and GRUBER,
"AUgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" H. ESCHBR, "J. J. Hess, Skizx*
Mines Lebens," etc., 1837.

Hess, (KARL ADOLF HEINRICH,) a German artist,
born at Dresden in 1769, acquired a high reputation
as a painter of horses. Among his master-pieces we
may cite " The March of the Cossacks through Bohemia
in 1799." Died in 1849.

Hess, (KARL ERNST CHRISTOPH,) a German en-
graver, born at Darmstadt in 1755. He was appointed
in 1782 professor in the Academy of Arts at Dusseldorfi
where he was afterwards employed to engrave the pic-
tures of the gallery. Among his best works are " The
Ascension of Mary," after Guido, and a " Holy Family,"
after Raphael. About 1806 he settled at Munich, where
he died in 1828.

See FmtssLi. "Schweizer Kiinstler."

Hess, (LUDWIG,) an excellent Swiss landscape-painter,
born at Zurich in 1760. He painted many pictures of
Alpine scenery. " His works," says the " Biographic
Universelle," " surpass all that we know in their kind
for correctness of design, for the taste displayed in the
composition, for truth of colouring, and for the trans-
parency of the water." He engraved some of his own
designs. Died in 1800.

Hess, (PETER,) a brother of the painter Heinrich von
Hess, noticed below, was born at Dusseldorf in 1792.
In 1839 he was invited to Russia, where he painted eight
large pictures representing the battles of 1812. He is
regarded as one of the first battle-painters of recent
times. Died April 4, 1871.

See NAGLBR, " Neues Allgemeines Kiinstler-Leiikon."

Hess, von, fon hess, (HEINRICH,) BARON, an Austrian
general, born in Vienna in 1788. He fought at Wagram,
(1809,) and became colonel in 1829. In 1842 he was
made a lieutenant field-marshal. As quartermaster-
general, he rendered important services in Italy in 1848.
The chief merit of this campaign is ascribed to him. He
was appointed chief of the staff of the Austrian army,

i, e, I, 5, 0, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, fl, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; 1118 1; i)6t; eood: moon;

HESS

1281

HEURTELOUP

(Chef dts Gtneralstabs,) and master of the ordnance,
I Feldzeugmeistfr ,) in 1849. He succeeded Gyulai soon
after the battle of Magenta, formed the plan of the battle
of Solferino, July, 1859, and, after the emperor left the
army, was the commander-in-chief. Died April 13, 1870.

Hess, von, (HEINRICH,) a distinguished historical
painter, a son of the engraver Karl Ernst Hess, noticed
above, was born at Dusseldorf in 1798. He became pro-
fessor in the Academy of Munich in 1826. The frescos
in the Basilica of St. Boniface and in the church of Ali
Saints in Munich are among his best. Died in 1863.

Hesse, hgs'seh, (ADOLPH FRIEDRICH,) a German
organist and composer, born at Breslau, August 30, 1809;
died August 5, 1863. His " Practical Organist," contain-
ing twenty-nine pieces, was published posthumously.

Hesse, /5Sss, (JEAN BAPTISTE ALEXANDRA) a French
painter, a nephew of the following, was born in Paris m
1806. Among his best works is "The Funeral Honours
rendered to Titian," (1833.) Died August 7, 1879.

Hesse, (NICOLAS AUGUSTE,) a French painter of his-
tory, born in Paris in 1795, won a medal of the first class
in 1838. Died June 14, 1869.

Hesse, (PHILIPP,) LANDGRAVE OF. See PHILIP.

Hesse, (WILHELM IV.,) LANDGRAVE OF, surnamed
THE WISE, a son of Philip, (1504-67,) was born at Cassel
about 1545. He reigned in peace, and was distinguished
as a patron of sciences, especially astronomy, which he
cultivated himself with diligence. He founded an obser-
vatory at Cassel in 1561, and made observations for many
years. The results of these labours were published by
W. Snellius, (1628.) Died in 1597.

Hesselink, heVseh-link, sometimes written Hesse-
ling, (GERARD,) a Dutch writer and Anabaptist preacher,
born at Groningen in 1755. He published a "Herme-
iv. utical Dictionary of the New Testament," and several
other works. Died in 1811.

See KOOPMANS, " Hulde aan G. Hesselink," 1812.

Hes-seTI-us, [Sw. pron. hes-sn'le-us,] (ANDERS,) a
poet of Swedish extraction, born in North America,
became a teacher of English at Upsal. He wrote
"Eric IX.," (1739,) "The Twelve Charleses," (of Swe-
den,) ("De Tolf Caroler," 1748,) and other works. He
was living in 1755.

Hesselius, hes-sa'le-us, (FRANS,) a Dutch philologist,
born at Rotterdam in 1680 ; died in 1746.

Hesselius, (JoHAN,) a Swedish savant, born at Fah-
lun in 1687; died in 1752.

Hessels, hes'sels, or Hesselius, (JEAN,) born at
Louvain in 1522, was noted as a theologian. He was a
member of the Council of Trent, and author of many
theological works, among which are a "Catechism," and
"Commentaries on Scripture." Died in 1566.

Hessius. See EOBAN.

He'sus, a deity of the ancient Gauls, corresponding
to the Mars of the Romans. See MARS.

He-sjrehl-us, (Gr. 'Hov^wf,] the author of a valuable
Greek Lexicon, (first printed by Aldus in 1514,) which
explains technical terms, unusual words found in the
works of poets, orators, and physicians, terms used in
sacrifices, divinations, and such as depart from ordinary
usage. It is supposed that the existing text is an abridg-
ment or imperfect copy of the original. The time in
which Hesychius lived is not known ; but it was proba-
bly since the Christian era, as numerous scriptural
glosses or phrases are found in his work.

Hesychius OF MILETUS, [Lat. HESYCH'IUS MILE'-
sius,] sumamed THE ILLUSTRIOUS, lived in the sixth
century. He wrote (in Greek) a universal history from
Belus to his own times, (about 520 A.D.,) of which some
fragments only are now extant. He left also an abridg-
ment of the " Lives of the Philosophers," derived chiefly
from Diogenes Laertius. This was published by J. C.
Orelli, Leipsic, 1820.

HSth, (HENRY,) an American soldier, was born in
Virginia in 1825, and graduated from West Point in
1847. He was a captain in the army at the outbreak
of the civil war, when he resigned and joined the
Confederate forces. He became a major-general in
1863. In his later years he wrote a history of the
campaigns in which he took part. Died in 1899.

Hetherington, heth'e-ring-tgn, (WILLIAM MAX-
WELL,) D. IX, a Scottish divine, born at Troqueer, neat
Dumfries, June 4, 1803. He was educated at Edinburgh
University, was ordained in 1836, and became professor
of apologetics in the Free Church College, Glasgow, in
1857. His principal works are a " History of the Church
of Scotland," and a " History of the Westminster Assem-
bly." Died May 23, 1865.

Hetsch., hitsh, (GusTAV FRIEDRICH,) a German
architect, born at Stuttgart in 1788, lived chiefly in Co-
penhagen, where he died September 7, 1864.

Hetsch, von, fon hStsh, (PHILIPP FRIEDRICH,) a
painter, father of the preceding, was born at Stuttgart
in 1758. Among his works are "Paris and Helen," and
"Marius among the Ruins of Carthage." Died in 1838.

Hettner, heVner, (HERMANN JULIUS THEODOR,) a
German archaeologist, born in Silesia in 1821, wrote
"The Plastic Arts among the Ancients," (1848,) and an
able " History of Literature in the Eighteenth Century,"
(6 vols., 1856-70.) Died in Dresden, May 29, 1882.

Hetzel or Hezel, hSt'sel, (JOHANN WILHELM,) a
German Orientalist, born at Kbnigsberg, in Franconia,
in 1754, published grammars of the Hebrew, Arabic, and
Syriac languages, and " The Old and New Testament,
with Notes," (10 vols., 1780-91.) Died in 1829.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgeraeine Encyklopaedie."

Hetzel, /iSt'sel', (PIERRE JULES,) a French littfratrur,
whose pseudonym is P. J. STAHL, born at Chartres in
1814. He published " Scenes from Animal Life," "The
Devil in Paris," " History of a Man with a Cold," " Beasts
and People," and other attractive works. George Sand
compared him to Sterne. He was even more successful
33 a book-publisher than as an author. Died at Monte
Carlo, March 16, 1886.

Heuglin, von, fon hoic'leen, (THEODOR,) a Germar.
traveller, born at Hirschlanden, Wiirtemberg, March 20,
1824. He travelled in the northeast of Africa, 1851-65,
in Nova Zembla and Spitsbergen, 1870-71, and again in
the northeast of Africa in 1875 and 1876. Died at Stutt-
gart, November 5, 1876. He published several volumes
of travels, and works on the zoology and ornithology
of the countries he visited, — the latter of very high value.

Heumann, hoi'min, (CHRISTOPH AUGUST,) a Ger-
man writer on various subjects, born in Saxe-Weimar in
1681. He became professor of theology at Gottingen
in 1734. Among his works are "Acts of the Philoso-
phers," (" Acta Philosophorum," 3 vols., 1715-27,) and
an "Exposition of the New Testament," (1750-63.)
Died in 1764.

See HBYNK, " Memoria. Heumanni," 1764; CASSIUS, _

beschreibung Heumanns," 1768: ERSCH und GRDBER, "AUgememe
Encyklopaedie."

Heumann von Teutschenbrunn, hoi'mSn fon
toitsh'en-bR<5on', (JoHANN,) a German jurist and writer,
born in Bavaria in 1711 ; died in 1760.

Heun, hoin, (KARL GOTTLOB SAMUEL,) a German
novelist, born in Lusatia in 1771. He wrote under the
pseudonym of H. CLAUREN. Died in 1854.

Heureauz, (ULYSSES,) President of San Domingo,
| was born in Porto Plata, on that island, in 1846. He
! engaged in the war against Spain, was elected presi-
' dent in 1882, and was three times re-elected. Two
! unsuccessful attempts were made to assassinate him,
but a third attempt, on July 26, 1899, was success-
ful.

Heures. See HORJE.
Heurn.van. See HEURNIUS.
Heurnius, hUR'ne-us, [in Dutch, VAN HEURN, vjn
huRn,] (JAN,) an eminent physician, born at Utrecht in
1543, was appointed in 1581 professor of medicine at
Leyden, and physician to Maurice of Nassau. He wrote
a good commentary on Hippocrates, (1609,) and othei
medical works. Died in 1601.

See ERSCH uod GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie,"
Heurteloup, /iURt'loo', (CHARLES Louis,) a French
surgeon, born in Paris in 1793, made improvements
; in lithotrity, which were generally adopted, and wrote
I several treatises on that subject Died in 1864.

Heurteloup, (NICOLAS,) an eminent French surgeon,
| father of the preceding, born at Tours in 1750. About

« as k; 5 as s; | hard; g as/; G, H, is., guttural; N, nasal; R, tftilet; § as t; th as in this.

Si

Explanations, p. 23.)

HE US

1282

HEY

1800 he was appointed nrst surgeon of the French armies,
and received the title of baron. Died in 1812.

Heus, hus or hos, or Heusch, van, vin hush, (WiL-
LEM,) a Dutch landscape-painter, born at Utrecht about
1630, was a pupil of John Both. His pictures of scenery
on the Rhine are commended. Died at Utrecht about
1700. His nephew and pupil, JACOB, born at Utrecht
in 1657, was a good landscape-painter. " His land-
scapes," says the " Nouvelle Biographic G^neVale," " are
full of nature, his touch easy, and his colour true." Died
in 1701.

See DHSCAMPS, " Viesdes Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc

Heusch, van, vin husK or hbsK, (ABRAHAM,) a Dutch
painter of plants, insects, etc., was born at Utrecht in
1650; died in 1712.

HeuBChling, husK'ling or hush'laN', (firiENNE,) a
Belgian philologist, born at Luxemburg in 1762, was
professor of Hebrew at Louvain. Died in 1847.

Heuschling, (PHILIPPE FRANCOIS XAVIER,) a Bel-
gian economist, a nephew of the preceding, born at
Luxemburg in 1802, published an "Essay on Universal
Ethnographic Statistics," (1847-49.) Died in 1883.

Heusde, hus'deh, [Lat. HEUS'WUS,] (PHILIPPUS
WILLEM,) an eminent Dutch writer, born at Rotterdam
in 1778, became professor of eloquence and history at
Utrecht, where he lectured with great success. He
published several works on philosophy, history, and
education, among which is "The Socratic School," ("De
Socratische School," 4 vols., 1834-39.) Died in 1839.

See KIST, " Memoria Heusdii," 1839; SrdcKpKLD, "Aodenken
an den grossen Professor P. W. van Heusde," 1840 ; ROVERS, " Me-
moria Heusdii," 1841; KOULKZ, "Notice biographique sur P. G.
van Heusde," 1841.

Heusdius. See HEUSDE.

Heuainger, hoi'zing'er. (JAKOB FRIEDRICH,) a Ger-
man philologist and scholar, born at Useborn in 1719,
was rector of the College of Wolfenbiittel. His edition
of Cicero's " De Officiis" (1783) is called a master-piece
in respect to criticism. Died in 1778.

Heuainger, (JoHANN MICHAEL,) an uncle of the pre-
ceding, was born near Gotha in 1690, and was an able
philologist He taught at Gotha and Eisenach, and
published editions of Julian's " Emperors" and jEsop's
"Fables," (1741.) Died in 1751.

See ERSCH und GBUBSR, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" F. A.
TOEPFBR, "Vita J. M. Heusingeri," 1751.

Heusinger, (KARL FRIEDRICH,) a physician, born
near Eisenach in 1792, published, besides other works,
" Outlines of an Encyclopaedia and Methodology of Natu-
ral and Medical Sciences," (1844-53.) Died in 1883.

Heusser, hois'ser, (META,) a distinguished Swiss
writer of songs and religious lyrics, was born at Hirzel,
April 6, 1797. Her maiden name was SCHWEIZER. She
is well known to English readers by her " Alpine Lyrics,"
(1875, translated from the German by Jane Borthwick.)
Her songs are the fruit of a rare genius, and of deep and
earnest devotion.

Heuzet, /iuh'zj', QEAN,) a French classical scholar,
born at Saint-Quentin about 1660 ; died in 1728.
HeveL See HEVELIUS.

He-veTI-UB, [Ger. pron. hi-vale-us,] (Joannes 01
John Hevel — ha'vel, written also Hovel and He-

welcke,) an eminent astronomer, born at Dantzic in

1611, was a pupil of Kruger. His parents were noble

and wealthy. After studying at Leyden and making the

tour of Europe, he devoted his uninterrupted attention

to astronomy for nearly fifty years. In 1641 he built an

observatory at his own residence, which he furnished with

telescopes and other instruments made by his own hands.

In 1647 he published " Selenographia," a description of

the moon, with plates, followed by letters on the " Libra-

tion of the Moon," and on Eclipses, (1654.) His treatise

on the phases of Saturn appeared in 1656, and his " Ob-
servations on the Transit of Mercury" in 1661. He wrote,

also, " Cometographia," a general description of comets,

(1668.) Hevelius was chosen a Fellow of the Royal

Society of London in 1664. He was repeatedly elected

consul and judge by his fellow-citizens, by whom he was

highly esteemed. In 1673 he published the first part

of his "Machina Coelestis," a description of his obser-
vatory, instruments, and modus opcrandi, the second

a, e, i, o, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, short; a, e, \, q, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n&t; good; moon

part of which appeared in 1679. In the latter year a
fire consumed his observatory, library, and nearly all
the copies of the book just named. After his death his
widow published " Harbinger of Astronomy," (" Pro-
dromus Astronomis,") and " Firmamentum Sobieska-
num," dedicated to John Sobieski, King of Poland.
In skill, accuracy, and diligence in observation, he wag
an astronomer of a very high, if not of the first, order ;
but his prejudice against the use of fine instruments in
observing rendered many of his tables worthless. Died
January 28, 1687.

Hevin, (PRUDENT,) a French surgeon, born in Paris
in 1715. Having distinguished himself as royal professor
of therapeutics, he was employed by Louis XV. to attend
the dauphiness. Some years later he became first sur-
geon to the dauphin. In 1780 he published a "Course
of Pathology and Therapeutics." Died in 1789.

Hewelcke. See HEVELIUS.

Hewes, huz, (JOSEPH,) an American patriot, born in
New Jersey in 1730, settled at Edenton, North Carolina,
about 1760. In 1774 he represented a district of North
Carolina in Congress, and signed the Declaration of
Independence in 1776. Having been re-elected to Con-
gress, he died at his post, in Philadelphia, in 1779.

Hew'ett, (WATERMAN THOMAS,) an American phi-
lologist, born at Miami, Missouri, January 10, 1846. He
graduated at Amherst College in 1869, and studied at
Athens, (Greece,) Heidelberg, Leipsic, Jena, Leyden, elc.
In 1870 he was made an assistant professor in Cornell
University, and in 1883 he was appointed full professor
of Germanic languages. His writings include "The
Frisian Language and Literature" and " Homes of the
German Poets "

Hew'it, (AUGUSTINE FRANCIS,) D.D., an American
clergyman, born at Fairfield, Connecticut, November 27,
1820. His name was originally NATHANIEL AUGUSTUS
HEWIT. He graduated at Amherst College in 1839,
and studied Congregational theology at East Windsor
Seminary. He became an Episcopalian clergyman, but
in 1847 was ordained a Roman Catholic priest. He
joined the order of Paulist Fathers, and became a pro-
fessor in their seminary in New York. He published

Reasons for Submitting to the Holy See," " Problems
of the Age," "The King's Highway," "Light in Dark-
ness," " Life of F. D. Baker," etc. Died July 3, 1897.

Hew'itt, (MARY ELIZABETH,) originally Miss MOORE,
an American poetess, born in Maiden, Massachusetts.
In 1829 she removed to New York. Her principal works
are "Songs of Our Land, and other Poems," (1845.) and
'he " Heroines of History," (in prose, 1856.) She after-
wards married a Mr. Stebbins.

Hew'lett, (JOSEPH T.,) an English novelist, born
about 1800. He was educated at Oxford, and became a
clergyman. Among his writings are " Peter Priggins,"
"JEsop Illustrated," "The Parish Clerk," (1841.) "'
lege Life," (1842,) "Parsons and Widows," (1844,)
Died January 24, 1847.

Hew'lett, (MAURICE HENRY,) an English author,
born January 22, 1861. Among his works are "The
Masque of Dead Florentines," (1895,) "Songs and
Meditations," (1897,) and "The Forest Lovers,"
(1898,) a work of much merit, which was awarded an
Academy prize in 1899.

Hew'spn, (WILLIAM,) an English surgeon, born at
Hexham in 1739. In 1759 he attended the lectures of
John and William Hunter in London, with whom he was
afterwards associated as a lecturer on anatomy. In 1771
he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, which
awarded him the Copley medal for his researches in the
lymphatic system of birds and fishes. In 1772 he pub-
lished " Experimental Inquiries into the Properties of
the Blood." He was an eminent anatomist, and made
valuable discoveries in the nature of blood. Died in 1774.

Hexham, (RICHARD OF.) See RICHARD OF HEXHAM.

Hey, ha, (JOHN,) a learned divine of the Anglican
Church, born in England in 1734. From 1780 to 1795
he was first Norrisian professor of divinity at Cambridge.
He wrote an " Essay on Redemption," (a prize poem,)
"Lectures on Divinity," and other esteemed works.
Died in 1815.

Col-
etc.

HEY

1283

HEY WOOD

Hey, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S.,an English surgeon of Leeds,
born in 1736; died in 1819.

See his Life, by JOHN PEARSON.

Heyden, van der, v3n der hi'den, or Heyde, hi'deh,
an eminent Dutch painter, born at Gorcum about 1637.
He exercised his talents with great success on architec-
tural subjects and landscapes. He excelled in chiaro-
scuro. His pictures of cities, temples, palaces, and ruins
are admired for their general effect, mellow tints, and
exquisite finish. The figures in some of his works are
painted by A. van der Velde. Died at Amsterdam in 1712.

See J. C. WHYERMAN, "De Schilderkonst der Nederlanders ;"
DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hotlandais," etc.

Heyden, von, fon hi'den, COUNT, born in 1772, en-
tered the Russian service, and became a rear-admiral in
1817. He commanded the Russian fleet at the battle of
Navarino, in 1827. Died in 1850.

Heyden, von, fon hi'den, (FRIEDRICH AUGUST,) a
German poet, born near Heilsberg, in East Prussia, in
1789. He was one of the governors of the prince-royal
of Rrussia, and in 1826 became royal councillor at Breslau.
Among his chief works are " Conradin," and other suc-
cessful dramas; "Reginald," a poem, (1831,) which is
admired ; and " The Shepherd of Ispahan," (" Der
Schafer von Ispahan," 1850,) an excellent romantic
poem. Died in 1851.

See T. MUNDT, " Das Leben Heydens," 1852.

Heydenreich, hi'den-rlK', (KARL HEINRICH,) an in-
genious philosophic writer, born at Stolpen, in Saxony,
in 1764, was a disciple of Kant. He became professor
of philosophy at Leipsic in 1789. He wrote verses on
" Solitude," and other short poems, of some merit, which
were published in 2 vols., 1792. Among his prose works
are "Letters on Atheism," (1796,) "Psychological De-
velopment of Superstition," (1797,) and "Philosophy
considered with Respect to the Sufferings of Humanity,
(2 vols., 1798.) Died in 1801.

See SCHELLB, " Characteristik C. H. Heydenreich *s," 1802,
WOHLFAHRT, " Die letzten Lebensjahre C. H. Heidenreich's," 1802 ;
EICHHORN, " Geschichte der Literatur," voL iv.

Heydt, von der, fon d§R hit, (AUGUST,) a Prussian
statesman, born in Elberfeld in 1801. He was appointed
minister of commerce, industry, and public works in
December, 1848. Died at Berlin, June 13, 1874.

Heyking.von, fon hT'king,(HEiNRicH KARL,) BARON,
born in Koorland (Courland) in 1751, was appointed
a senator by Paul I. of Russia. Died in 1809.

Heylin, ha'lTn, ? (PETER,) an English writer, born al
Burford in 1600. In 1621 he wrote his "Microcosmos."
In 1629 he became chaplain to Charles I., and obtained
several benefices, from which in the civil war he was
ejected as a partisan of Laud and the High Church.
He wrote a " Life of Bishop Laud," a " Defence of the
Church of England," (1658,) besides theological and
other works more than fifty in number. He was an honest
man, but full of theological rancour. Died in 1662.

See GEORGE VERNON, "Life of P. Heylin," 1681 ; Da. BARNAUL
"Life of P. Heylin," 1682.

Heym. See HEIM.

Heyn, (PIETER.) See HEIN.

Heyne, hi'neh, [Lat HEY'NIUS,] (CHRISTIAN GOTT-
LOB,) an illustrious German scholar and critic, was born
at Chemnitz, in Saxony, in 1729. Owing to the poverty
of his family, he enjoyed few advantages of education ;
but, having by nature an irrepressible desire for know-
ledge, he improved to the utmost the opportunities which
he possessed, so that in 1763 he succeeded Gesner as
professor of eloquence at Gbttingen. He was soon
after made chief librarian of the university. His lectures,
illustrating the history and mythology of the ancients in
the most attractive manner, gained him a high reputa-
tion, which was increased by his numerous and excellent
writings. Among the most important of these are editions
of Tibullus, (1755,) Virgil, Epictetus, (1756,) Pindar, etc.,
with commentaries, and "Opuscula Academica," (6 vols.,
1785-1812.) Died at Gottingen in July, 1812.

" Nothing," says Sir William Hamilton, " has contrib-
uted so decisively to maintain and promote the study
of classical literature, as the combination which Heyne
has effected of philosophy with erudition, both in his
commentaries on the ancient authors and in those works

in which he has illustrated various points of antiquity."
("Encyclopaedia Britannica.")

See HEKREN, "C. G. Heyne, biographisch dargestellt," 1812;
I) AC IKK, "filoge de Heyne;" VAN ASSEN, " Hulde aan C. G.
Heyne," Amsterdam, 1816; BECKER, " Programma ad Memoriua
C. G. Heynii," 1812; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge"nerale ;" "Edin-
burgh Review" for July, 1803.

Heyne, (CHRISTIAN LEBRECHT,) a German littira-
tear, whose pseudonym was ANTON WALL, was bora
near Meissen in 1751 ; died in 1821.

Heynius. See HEYNE, (CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB.)

Heyrick, ha'rlk, (ELIZABETH,) an English philan
chropist, born about 1770, was originally named COLT-
MAN. She became a member of the Society of Friends,
and was eminent for her active benevolence. She
published in 1824 a treatise entitled "Immediate, not
Gradual, Emancipation," which principle she was the
first to advocate. Died in 1831.

Heyae, hi'zeh, (JoHANN CHRISTIAN AUGUST,) a Ger-
man grammarian and writer, born at Nordhausen in
1764 ; died in 1829.

Heyse, (JoHANN LUDWIG PAUL,) an eminent German
poet, novelist, and dramatist, born at Berlin, March 15,
1830, a son of K. W. L. Heyse. He was educated at
Berlin and Bonn and in Italy. Among his many plays
are " Francesca von Rimini," (1850,) " Urika," (1852,)
"Meleager," (1854,) "The Sabine Women," (1859,) etc.
Among his best poems are "The Brothers," (1852,)
"Thekla," (1858,) and "Novellen in Versen," (1863.)
He published a " Buch der Freundschaft," (" Book of
Friendship," in prose, 1883-84,) which includes some of
his finest sketches. Of his tales " Die Kinder der Welt"
("The Children of the World," 1873) is one of the best.
He has also written on aesthetics, and on Spanish, French,
Provencal, Italian, and Romance literature.

Heyae, (KARL WILHELM LUDWIG,) an able German
philologist, born at Oldenburg in 1797, was a son of J.
C. A. Heyse. He was chosen professor at Berlin in 1829.
He published, besides other works, an excellent "Dic-
tionary of the German Language," (3 vols., 1833-49.)
Died in 1855.

Heyward, ha'ward, (THOMAS,) born at Saint Luke's,
South Carolina, in 1746, studied in London, returned
home and became a lawyer. In 1775 he was elected
a member of Congress, and next year signed the Declara-
tion of Independence. In 1 778 he was appointed a judge.
He was taken prisoner at Charleston by the British in
1780. He retired from the bench in 1798. Died in 1809.

See GOODRICH, " Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Inde-
pendence."

Heywood, ha'wood, (ELIZA,) an English novelist,
born in London about 1695. I^er maiden name was
FOWLER. She resorted to authorship to gain a sub-
sistence for herself and her children, and wrote several
novels, which procured her a place in Pope's "Dun-
ciad." She offended less against decorum in her subse-
quent works, viz., "The Female Spectator," " Husband
and Wife," etc. Died in 1756.

Heywood, (JASPER,) an English poet and Jesuit,
bom in London in 1535, wrote "The Paradise of Dainty
Devices," (1573.) Died in 1598.

Heywood, (JoHN,) one of the earliest English drama-
tists, lived in the reign of Henry VIII., at whose court
he was received with favour as a jester. He was intimate
with Sir Thomas More. He wrote numerous epigram*
and indifferent plays or interludes. Died about 1565.

See CAMPBELL, " Specimens of the British Poets."

Heywood, (OLIVER,) an English nonconformist di-
vine, born in Lancashire in 1629. His works, in 5 vols.,
were published in 1827. Died in 1702.

See his Life, by FAWCKTT, 1708, and by JOSEPH HUNTER, 1841.

Heywood, (THOMAS,) an English actor and dramatic
author, who lived in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I.,
and Charles I. He produced numerous dramas, in verse
and prose, which were once popular and are still ad-
mired. " Heywood," says Charles Lamb, " is a sort of
prose Shakspeare. His scenes are to the full as natural
and affecting." Among his best dramas are " The Eng-
lish Traveller," " A Woman Killed with Kindness," and
" A Challenge for Beauty." The second of these is com-
mended by Hallam. He also wrote a " General History

cas/S; 9 as*; ghard; gas/'; G, K,TH, guttural; a, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasin//iu. iJ^="See Explanations, p. 33.)

HEZEKIAH

1284

HIEL

of Women," etc.
not known.

The dates of his birth and death are

See his Life, by J. P. COLLIER, 1850; "Retrospective Review,"
irol. xi., 1825.

Hez-e-ki'ah, [Heb. irrpm or rrpm ; Fr. EZECHIAS,
i'za'ke'as',] King of Judah, a son of Ahaz, was born about

rerely censured and denounced by many of those who
were anxious to maintain unchanged the doctrines of the
early Quakers. The result was a schism in the Society
The elders of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting had taken
a leading part in the opposition to Elias Hicks ; and it
was in that Yearly Meeting (in April, 1827) that the first

750 B.C., and began to reign in 726. He took prompt I separation took place, which was followed, in 1828, by

Hib'bard.

div

Rochelle, New York, in 1811.
works on theology.
Hi9'e-tas [Gr. 'Ixeraf or

had burnt incense." He rebelled against the King of Philadelphia and Ohio Yearly Meetings the two sections

Assyria, to whom his father had paid tribute. In the ! were nearly equal ; but those called " Hicksites" were

fourteenth year of his reign, Sennacherib, King of As- greatly in the majority in the Yearly Meetings of New

syria, invaded Judah and besieged the capital. In this York and Baltimore, while in Indiana the "Orthodox"

crisis the divine favour was invoked by the king and were numerically much superior to the other party.

Isaiah, the latter of whom prophesied the safety of Zion It is proper to observe that among those who most

and the defeat of her proud invader. (Isaiah, chap, admired the bold and stirring eloquence of Hicks there

xxxvii.) The angel of the Lord smote the Assyrians, so were probably but few, comparatively speaking, who

that 185,000 died in one night. Hezekiah died after a fully endorsed his extreme views ; yet, regarding him as

reign of twenty-nine years. -he representative of liberal and progressive ideas, they

HezeL See IIFT7FI warmly espoused his cause. On the other hand, many

Hiaerne See HI^RNE. made common cause with what they considered the

persecuted party, and contributed greatly to swell the
number of his adherents. It may be proper to add that
the anti-orthodox division of the Society do not acknow-
ledge the name of " Hicksites." They claim, on the
contrary, to be the followers of no man ; and although
they accept the doctrine of the inward light, and many
other of the views of the early Friends, it is not be-
cause of the authority of Fox, Penn, or Barclay, but
simply because those views commend themselves to
that divinely given or intuitive perception of right
which, as they maintain, has been bestowed in a
measure upon every human being. Elias Hicks died
February 27, 1830, having maintained through life an
exemplary moral character.

Hicks, (FRANCIS,) a Greek scholar, born in
Worcestershire, England, in 1566. Died in 1630.
His translation of Lucian was published in 1634.

Hicks, (HENRY,) a British geologist, born at
Carmarthen in 1837. He studied medicine, and be-

He published several

OF SYRACUSE, an

ancient Pythagorean philosopher, is noticed by Diogenes
Laertius and Cicero. The latter informs us that he taught
that the earth revolves on its axis, and that the heavenly
bodies were stationary.

Hickes, hiks, (GEORGE,) D.D., an eminent English
divine and philologist, born at Newsham in 1642. He
took orders in 1666, and became Dean of Worcester in
1683. For refusing to take the oath to William III. he
was deprived of his deanery in 1689, and in 1694 was
consecrated Bishop of Thetford by the nonjuring San-
croft. He was a profound scholar, and author of many
polemical and other works, among which the following
are now most prized, viz., "Treasure of Ancient North-
ern languages," and " Institutes of Anglo-Saxon and

Mocso-Gothic Grammar," (1689.) Died in 1715. I came active in geological research. He made extensive

' LIAM') a" l™ .<?e.rg??oa-n a,".d explorations of Silurian and Cambrian strata, and

rural economist, born in the county of Cork in 1787. He
published, under the assumed name of MARTIN DOYLE,
a valuable work called " Hints to Small Fanners," and
other works on farming. Died in 1875.
Hick'man, (HENRY,) an English nonconformist di-

of glacial bone caves, and announced important dis-
coveries. Among these was a rich fauna in the Monte
Slates, which were supposed to be unfossiliferous.
Died in 1899.

*-»-*v-ik. JJ-»au, l l ic-.i l\ I . l dii i^uuiiall IIUI1UU1L1UI III M UI- , , - ' _ _ x T» • • L_

vine, born in Worcestershire ; died at Leyden in 1692. . Hlcks' O°HN BRAXTON,) a British anatomist,
Hick'ok, (LAURENS PERSEUS,) D.D.; an American born at Rye' Sussex' m :823- He made numerous
divine and metaphysician, born in Danbury, Connecticut, important anatomical researches, and published valu-
in 1798. He graduated in 1820 at Union College, in able papers on his discoveries in the anatomy and
which he accepted (1852) the professorship of mental physiology of animals and plants,
and moral science. His principal works are " Rational Hicks, (THOMAS,) an American painter, born at
Psychology," (1848,) "Empirical Psychology," (1854,) Newtown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1823. He
and "Rational Cosmology," (1858.) Died in 1888. [went to Europe in 1845, and passed several years at

public as a minister of the gospel in 1775. He was ' Hicks or Hickes, (WILLIAM,) was an English
early convinced of the iniquity of slavery, and felt it to c;lptain ;n the time of Charles I., and author of the
be his duty to abstain, as far as practicable, from all partici- first Test-Book in the English language, published at
pation in the products of slave labour, — a duty which he Oxford (1660 )

appears to have scrupulously observed throughout the 'Hicks-Beach, (Sir MICHAEL EDWARD,) a British

statesman, was born at London in 1837, and educated
at Eton and Oxford. He succeeded his father as

member; but early in the present century he began to c ,

promulgate religious views widely different from those | baronet m :854- and, entrere,d Parliament in '864-

held by a large majority of the Quakers. He advocated was chief-secretary for Ireland 1874-78 and 1886-8

the most radical Unitarian doctrines, and asserted that i colonlal secretary 1878-80, and became chancellor oi

Christ came as a Saviour to the Israelites only, his spe- • 'he exchequer 1885-86, and again in 1895.

rial mission being limited to that nation. He even went i Hidalgo, ( JOSE GARCIA.) See GARZIA.

so far as to express the opinion that the Scriptures had ' Hiel, heel, (EMANUEL,) a Belgian lyric poet, born at

been "the cause of fourfold more harm than good to Dendermonde, May 30, 1834. He ranks among the first

Christendom since the apostles' days." In consequence in the new school of Flemish authors. Several of his

of the expression of these and similar views, he was se- 1 nublished works are translations rrom the German.

a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;

HIEMPSAL

1285

HIGGINSON

Hi-emp'sal, a Numidian prince, a son of Micipsa,
was murdered by Jugurtha, according to Sallust.

Hien-Pung, he-Jn' fung, Emperor of China, born
about 1830, was a younger son of Taoo-Kooang. He
ascended the throne in 1850, and appointed ministers
who wished to maintain an exclusive policy towards
foreigners. In the same year began a great insurrection,
raised and directed by Tien-Te or Tai-Ping-Wang. The
insurgents were generally victorious, and captured Nan-
kin in 1853. (See TAl-PiNG-WANG.) A war broke out
between the Chinese and the British, who entered Pekin
in triumph in 1860. Died in 1861.

Hiero. See HIERON.

Hi-6r'o-cle§, [Gr. 'lepox).?/;,] an eminent Platonic phi-
losopher, who was the head of a flourishing school in
Alexandria in the fifth century. He is the author of
a " Commentary on the Golden Verses of Pythagoras,"
which has been preserved entire, and of a "Treatise on
Providence (or Foreknowledge) and Fate," of which
some fragments remain. The former is written in Greek,
and is admired for the beauty of the thoughts and of
the style.

See ANDRit DACIER, " Vie de HieVocles," 1706.

Hierocles, the author of a work on veterinary medi-
cine, addressed to Cassianus Bassus, lived in the third
or fourth century of our era.

Hierocles, a grammarian, who is supposed to have
lived in the sixth century, wrote, in Greek, a " Hand-
Book for Travellers, "(2wenfai[u>f,) which contains descrip-
tions of the towns and provinces of the Eastern empire.

There was also a Stoic philosopher named HIEROCLES,
of whom we have little information. He is supposed to
have lived in the second century. Another HIEROCLES
compiled or wrote a collection of anecdotes and ridicu-
lous sayings of pedants, students, etc., with the Latin
title of " Facetiae Hieroclis."

Hierocles OP ALABANDA, a Greek rhetorician, lived
about 100 B.C. He composed orations in the style which
Cicero calls the "Asiatic."

Hierocles OF BITHYNIA was the principal author of
the persecution of the Christians in the reign of Diocle-
tian, (about 300 A.D.) He wrote two books against
Christianity, entitled " Sincere Discourses to the Chris-
tians," (\6yot <pdafci$£tft) in which he maintains that
the Scripture is full of contradictions. He was prefect
of Bithynia and of Alexandria.

Hi'e-rou or Hi'e-ro [Gr. 'Upuv] L, King of Syra-
cuse, succeeded his brother Gelon in 478 B.C. The first
•part of his reign was tyrannical. He expelled the citi-
zens of Naxos and Catana, and colonized those towns
with his own subjects. He is applauded for his pa-
tronage of literature and his appreciation of genius. His
court was the resort of the most eminent poets and sages
of his time, among whom were Pindar, ^schylus, Si-
monides, and Epicharmus. Pindar wrote several odes
on the occasion of Hieron's victories at the Olympic
games, and Simonides enjoyed his friendship and bounty.
Died in 467 B.C.

See XENOPHON, " Hieron."

Hieron (or Hiero) U., King of Syracuse, was the son
of Hierocles, a private citizen. Having served in the
army of Pyrrhus, who left Sicily in a state of anarchy,
Hieron was chosen general by the soldiers in 275 B.C.,
and recognised as king about 270. At the beginning of
the first Punic war he took side with the Carthaginians,
and was defeated by the Romans about 264 B.C. He then
made peace with the victors by the payment of tribute,
and was ever after a faithful ally of Rome. Under his
wise rule the kingdom for many years enjoyed peace
and prosperity. Died in 216 B.C. Archimedes lived in
Syracuse in this reign, and exercised his mechanical
genius in constructing machines and ships of great size.

See Livv, " History of Rome," books xxi.-xjciv. ; DJOOORUS
SICULUS, books xjtii.-xxvi. ; DROYSBN, " Hellenismus," vol. iL

ETJ'e-ron, (SAMUEL,) an English Puritan, born at
Epping in 1572, was rector of Modbury, and published
sermons and other works on theology. Died in 1617.

Hieronyme. See HIERONYMUS.

Hi-e-ron'jf-nius, [Gr. 'lepuw/jot; Fr. HIERONYME,
e'a'ro'nem',] King of Syracuse, was the grandson of
Hieron II., whom he succeeded in 216 B.C., at the age

of fifteen. He broke the alliance with the Romans, who
had recently been defeated at Cannae, and formed a
league with the Carthaginians. He was on the point of
taking an active part in the war, when he was killed by
his own subjects about a year after his accession. He
left no issue ; and the Syracusans thenceforth dispensed
with royalty.

Hieronymus was the Latin name of Saint Jerome,
one of the Fathers of the Church.

Hieronymus OF CARDIA, [Fr. HIERONYME, e'a'ro'-
nem', (or JEROME, zha'rom',) DE CARDIE, den ktR'de',]
a Greek historian, who flourished about 300 B.C. He
entered the service of Eumenes, who employed him on
a mission to Antipater in 320. He was afterwards an
adherent of Demetrius, who appointed him Governor of
Boeotia in 292 B.C. He wrote historical memoirs of the
successors of Alexander the Great, — a work which is often
cited by the ancients, but has not come down to us.

Hieronymus OF RHODES, a Greek philosopher, and
disciple of Aristotle, lived about 300 B.C.

HIT fer-nan, (PAUL,) bom in the county of Dublin,
Ireland, in 1719, lived many years in London as a lite-
rary hack, and wrote several mediocre dramas, etc. His
habits were eccentric. Died in 1777.

Hig'bee, (ELNATHAN ELISHA,) D.D., an American
educator, born in Saint George, Vermont, March 27,
1830. He graduated at the University of Vermont in
1849. Having entered the ministry of the German Re-
formed Church, he was in 1864 appointed professor in
the theological seminary at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.
In 1871 he was made president of Mercersburg College,
and in 1881 superintendent of public instruction for
Pennsylvania. Died December 13, 1889.

Hig'dqn, (RANULPH or RALPH.) an English monk,
connected with a Benedictine monastery at Chester
wrote " Polychronicon," a Latin chronicle. He died, at
a great age, about 1370.

Hig'gins, (GODFREY,) an English antiquary, born in
Yorkshire in 1771, wrote " The Celtic Druids," and other
works. Died in 1833.

Higgins, (MATTHEW JAMES,) an English journalist,
born about 1810, wrote under the assumed name of
JACOB OMNIUM. He contributed many articles to the
London " Times," the " Pall Mall Gazette," and other
journals. His writings were mostly devoted to the ex-
posure of abuses in the social and military systems of
England. Died in 1868.

Hig'giii-son, (FRANCIS,) a distinguished divine, born
in England in 1588. He was educated at Cambridge
University, and appointed rector of a church i» Leices-
ter, in which position he laboured with great zeal and
success until removed for nonconformity. He came to
Massachusetts in 1629, and the next month was ordained
with Mr. Skelton, the first minister of Salem. Died in
1630. He was the author of "New England's Planta-
tion," (1630.)

Higginson, (FRANCIS JOHN,) an American ad-
miral, was born at Boston in 1843. He graduated at
the Naval Academy in 1861, served through the civil
war, was captain of the Massachusetts during the war
with Spain, and was promoted commodore August IO,
1898, and rear-admiral March 5, 1899.

Higginson, (JoHN,) born in England in 1616, ac-
companied his father Francis to Massachusetts in 1629.
He was minister of the church at Salem from 1660 until
his death in 1708, and published sermons and other
theological works. He was regarded as the most able
and eloquent American author of his time. Among
his works is his " Attestation to Cotton Mather's Mag-
nalia."

Higginson, (THOMAS WENTWORTH,) an American
writer, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 22,
1823. He graduated at Harvard College in 1841, and
at the Cambridge Divinity School, and was minister of
Unitarian churches in Newburyport and Worcester, Mas-
sachusetts. He was a very active abolitionist. In 1856
he went to Kansas and served against the pro-slavery
forces, having the rank of a brigadier-general in the Free-
State troops. He served in the civil war, 1862-64, at-
taining the rank of colonel of coloured troops in South

e as*; <;ass; gAard; g as ;'; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasin//<«. (JJcj^See Explanations, p. 23.)

HIGGONS

1286

HILDRETH

Carolina, and leaving the service only when disabled by
a wound. He afterwards gave his time chiefly to litera-
ture, and to educational and other reforms. Among his
principal works are "Out-Door Papers," (1863,) "Mai-
bone," a romance, (1869,) "Army Life in a Black Regi-
ment," (1870,) "Atlantic Essays," (1871,) "Oldport
Days," (1873,) " Young Folks' History of the United
States," (1875,) "Memoir of Margaret Fuller Ossoli,"
(1884,) "Larger History of the United States," (1884,)
"Hints on Writing and Speech-Making," (1887,)
"Concerning All of Us," (1892,) " Tales of the En-
chanted Islands," etc. He also edited Epictetus, etc.

Hig'gons, (Sir THOMAS,) was born in Shropshire,
England, in 1624. He married the notorious Countess
of Essex, (see CARR, ROBERT,) at whose funeral in 1656
he pronounced an oration, which was printed. He was
sent as ambassador to Vienna in 1673. Died in 1691.
His son, BEVIL, born in 1670, wrote, besides several
poems, a "Short View of English History," (1723.) He
was a zealous Jacobite, and went into exile with James
II. Died in France in 1735.

Hlgh'more, (JOSEPH,) an English portrait-painter,
born in London in 1692, was a pupil of Kneller. He
executed portraits of the Knights of the Bath, and was
employed by George I. to paint some members of the
royal family. In 1742 he painted the portraits of the
Prince and Princess of Wales. He wrote a treatise on
Perspective. Died in 1780.

Highmore, (NATHANIEL,) an eminent English phy-
sician, born at Fordingbridge in 1613, practised with
success at Sherborne. He wrote able treatises on anat-
omy. Died in 1684.

Hilaire. See GEOFFROY-SAINT-HILAIRE,

Hilaire. See HILARY.

Hi-la'rl-on, SAINT, a noted ascetic or hermit of Pales-
tine, and pioneer of monastic life, was born at Tabatha,
near Gaza, about 292 A.D. At an early age he went to
Alexandria as a student, and was converted to Chris-
tianity. Returning to Palestine, he retired from the
world, passed many years in the desert, and gained a
wide reputation by his austerities. Many monasteries
were founded by him or by the influence of his example.
Died about 372.

See SAINT JEROME, "Vita Hilarioni :" BAILLET, "Vies des
Saints."

Hilarins. See HILARY.

Hi-la'rl-us, surnamed DIAC/ONUS, a native of Sar-
dinia, lived about 350 A.D., and became a deacon of the
church in Rome. He was an adversary of Arianism.

Hil'a-ry. [Lat, HILA'RIUS; Fr. HILAIRE, e'laV,] a
native of Sardinia, was chosen Bishop or Pope of Rome in
461 A.D., as successor to Leo I. In 449 he had officiated
as legate at the Council of Ephesus, where he zealously
opposed the Eutychians. The events of his pontificate
were unimportant. It appears that he claimed the pre-
eminence of the see of Rome. He died in 467, and was
succeeded by Simplicius.

Hilary or Hilarius, [Fr. HILAIRE, e'ISR', | SAINT,
an orthodox theologian, was born at Poitiers, (Pictavi,)
in Gaul, of which place he became bishop about 350 A.D.
He took a prominent part in defence of Athanasius
against the Arians, for which he was banished to Phrygia
in 356. In 359, at the Council of Seleucia, he defended
the doctrine of the Trinity, and afterwards published a
violent invective against the Arian emperor Constantius,
whom he denounced as Antichrist. Having returned
to Italy and Gaul, he laboured zealously to purge the
churches of heresy. He wrote a "Treatise on Synods,"
a " Commentary on Saint Matthew," and a few other
works. Died in 367 A.D.

See CAVK, " Scriptores Ecclesiastic! :" TILLEMONT, " Memoires."

Hilary or Hilarius, SAINT, was born about 400
A.D., probably in Gaul or Belgium, lie became Bishop
of Aries in 429, and was highly esteemed for piety and
learning. His contest with Leo, Bishop of Rome, forms
an important epoch in the history of the Gallic Church.
Celidonius, a bishop, having been deposed by a council
at which Hilarius presided, appealed to Leo, who rein-
stated him, and, supported by an edict of the emperor
Valentinian III., deprived Hilarius of his bishopric
because the latter refused to own the supremacy of

Rome. This was one of the first efforts made to build
up the papal power. Died in 449. His "Eulogy on
Honoratus" is much admired.

See BELLARMIN, "De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis ;" TILLEMOXT,
"Memoires;" "Gallia Christiana."

Hn'da, SAINT, a grand-niece of Edwin, King of North-
umbria, was converted to Christianity in her childhood,
became abbess of the convent of Heorthen (afterwards
Whitby) about 660, and died in 680 A.D.

HlKde-baia, [Lat HILDEBAL'DUS,] King of the
Ostrogoths in Lombardy. After Belisarius had con
quered the Ostrogoths, they proclaimed Hildebald their
king at Pavia in 540 A.D. The next year he gained a
victory over the Romans, soon after which he was assas-
sinated by one of his guards.

See JORNANDES, "De Regnorum Successione ;" GIBBON, "His-
tory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."

Hn'de-bert, [Lat. HILDEBER'TUS,] a French prelate
and poet, born at Lavardin in 1057, became Archbishop
of Tours in 1125. He was eminent for his piety and
learning, and was one of the best writers of his time.
His works are written in Latin, and consist of epistles,
sermons, and poems. Died in 1134.

See " Gallia Christiana ;" "Vita Hildeberti," prefixed to hit Works,
published by BKAUGBNDRB in 1708.

Hildebertua. See HILDEBERT.

Hildebrand. See GREGORY VII.

Hildebrand, hil'de-brand, (BROR EMIL,) a Swedish
antiquarian and numismatologist, born at Flerahopp,
February 22, 1806. He was educated at Lund, and pub-
lished several standard treatises. Died at Stockholm,
August 30, 1884.

Hildebrand, (HANS OLOP HILDKBRAND,) a son of
Bror Emil Hildebrand, was born at Stockholm, April 5,
1842. Among his many works are a " History of Sweden"
and " Sweden in the Middle Ages." Died in 1890.

Hildebrandt, hll'deh-bRant', (EDUARD,) a German
painter, born at Dantzic in 1817, studied in Berlin and
Paris, and travelled in almost all parts of the world. He
painted a vast number of pictures, of which the best are
often remarkable for their masterly display of coloration.
Died at Berlin, October 2S, 1868.

Hildebrandt, hil'dgh-bRint', (FERDINAND THEO-
DOR,) a German historical painter, and one of the most
eminent masters of the Dusseldorf school, was born at
Stettin in 1804. He studied under W. Schadow at Ber-
lin, and settled at Dusseldorf. Among his works are
"King Lear and Cordelia," (1826,) "Tancred and Clo-
rinda," (1828,) and "Othello relating his Adventures
to Desdemona," (1848.) Died September 29, 1874.

Hildebrandt, (GEORG FRIEDRICH,) a German phy-
sician and naturalist, born at Hanover in 1764, wrote,
besides other works, a "Manual of Human Anatomy,"
(4vols., 1789-92.) Died in 1816.

HD'de-gard' or Hildegarde, SAINT, a German nun,
born in 1098, became abbess of Saint Rupert's Mount,
near Bingen, on the Rhine. Died in 1180.

See J. C. DAHL, "Die heilige Hildegardis; historische Abhand-
lung," 1832.

Hildenbrand, von, fon Ml'den-bRant', (VALENTIN
JOHANN,) a German medical writer, born in Vienna in
1763 ; died in 1818.

HU'ders-ham, (ARTHUR,) an English Puritan divine,
born in Cambridgeshire in 1563. He held the living of
Ashby-de-la-Zouch from 1593 until his death. He was
a grand-nephew of Cardinal Pole, and was related to
the royal family. He wrote various theological works,
and was esteemed a shining light among the Puritans.
Died in 1631.

Hn'del-ley, (MARK,) an English theologian, born in
Kent in 1698. He became Bishop of Sodor and Man
in 1755, and caused the Bible to be translated into the
Manx language. Died in 1772.

See WEEDON BUTLER, " Memoirs of M. Hildesley." 1799.

HQ'dreth, (RICHARD,) an American journalist and
historian, was born in Deerlield, Massachusetts, June
28, 1807. He graduated at Harvard in 1826, and, while
studying law, contributed numerous articles to magazines.
Admitted to the bar in Boston in 1830, he abandoned
the legal profession at the expiration of two years, to
accept the position of associate editor of the " Boston

a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, d, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fat; mil; not; good; moon:

HILDRETH

1287

HILL

Atlaa," which soon became one of the ablest Whig jour-
nals in New England His health having failed, he spent
the year 1835 in Florida, and while there wrote "Archy
Moore," an anti-slavery novel. It was republished and
favourably reviewed in England, and an enlarged edition,
under the title of "The White Slave," was issued in the
United States in 1852. In 1837 he furnished to the
columns of the "Atlas" a series of articles which con-
tributed powerfully towards defeating schemes then on
foot for the annexation of Texas. He took a conspicuous
part in the Presidential canvass which resulted in the
nomination and election of General Harrison. He also
gave to the public during this period his " Despotism
in America," an able review of the social, political, and
economical aspects of slavery in the United States, to
which he added in 1854 a chapter on the " Legal Basis of
Slavery." His health having again failed, he embarked
in 1840 for British Guiana, and, during a residence of
three years at Georgetown, the capital, wrote his " Theory
of Morals," published in 1844, and "Theory of Politics,
or an Inquiry into the Foundation of Governments and
the Causes and Progress of Political Revolutions," issued
in 1853. Mr. Hildreth is best known, however, by his
" History of the United States of America," from the
discovery of the continent to the close of the Sixteenth
Congress in 1820, (6 vols. 8vo, 1849-52.) It was pro-
jected while the author was a student at Harvard. The
work has been variously criticised ; ">ut all agree in
classing it among the standard histories of our country.
Died at Florence in July, 1865.

See DUYCKINCK, "Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. ii. ;
CLEVELAND, "Compendium of American Literature."

Hildreth, (SAMUEL PRESCOTT,) M.D., an American
physician, born in Massachusetts in 1783. He settled
in Ohio in 1806. His principal works are a " Pioneer
History of the Ohio Valley," (1848,) and " Biographical
and Historical Memoirs of the Early Settlers of Ohio,"
(1852.) Died at Marietta, Ohio, in 1863.

Hilferding, hil'feR-ding', (ALEXANDER FEODORO-
VITCH,) a Russian author, of German descent, born at
Moscow in 1831. Among his numerous works are a
" History of the Serbs and Bulgarians," " History of
the Baltic Slavs," and " Travels in Bosnia, Herzegovina,
and Old Servia." He also wrote much on Slavic phi-
lology. Died July 2, 1872.

HU'gard, (EUGENE WOLDEMAR,) Ph.D., a German-
American scientist, a brother of J. E. Hilgard, was born
at Zweibriicken, January 5, 1833. In 1835 he went with his
father to Belleville, Illinois. He was educated at Freiberg,
Zurich, and Heidelberg, where he graduated in 1853,
was State geologist of Mississippi, 1857-73, professor
of chemistry in the University of Mississippi, 1866-73,
professor of geology in the University of Michigan,
1873-75, and in 1875 became professor of agriculture in
the University of California. He has published many
valuable reports and scienti6c papers.

Hilgard, (Junus ERASMUS,) a distinguished scientist,
born at Zweibriicken, in Germany, January 7, 1825. He
removed to the United States with his parents in 1835.
In 1845 ne entered the coast survey, of which in 1881 he
was appointed superintendent. Died May 8, 1891.

Hilgenfeld, hil'cen-fSlt', (ADOLF BERNHARD CHRIS-
TOPH CHRISTIAN,) a German Biblical critic of the "Tu-
bingen school," was born at Stappenbeck, June 2. 1823.
He became a professor of theology at Jena. He has
written much on New Testament criticism and the Greek
Apocryphal writings, has edited a " Novum Testamentum
extra Canonem Receptum," and published a " History
of the Heresies of Early Christianity," (1884.) He ranks
as a conservative of the rationalistic school.

Hill, (AARON,) an English writer, born in London in
1685. About the age of sixteen he went to Constanti-
nople, and by the aid of his kinsman, Lord Paget, visited
several countries of the East. In 1709 he published a
" History of the Ottoman Empire." Soon after he became
manager of Drury Lane Theatre, and wrote " Elfrida,"
a tragedy, which was followed by several other dramas.
The most successful of these are "Alzira" and "Zara,"
adapted from Voltaire. He wrote a satire on Pope, who
had noticed him in the "Dunciad" in terms which some
think rather complimentary. Died in 1750.

Hill, (ALFRED JAMES,) archaeologist, was born at
London in 1833. He removed to America, where he
entered upon an extensive survey of the archaeology
of the Northwest, platting nearly twelve thousand
Indian mounds north of the Ohio and west of the
Great Lakes. He died in 1895, leaving the manu-
script of several extensive works uncompleted.

Hill, (AMBROSE POWELL,) an American general,
born in Culpeper county, Virginia, about 1825,
graduated at West Point in 1847. He joined the
Confederate army in 1861, became a major-general in
1862, and in 1863 was promoted lieutenant-general.
He commanded a corps at Gettysburg and in the later
Virginia campaigns, and was killed in battle neat
Petersburg, April 2, 1865.

Hill, (BENJAMIN HARVEY,) an American Senator,
born in Jasper county, Georgia, September 14, 1823.
He graduated at the Georgia University in 1844, became
a lawyer, was a Confederate Senator, 1861-65, and was
elected to the United States Senate in 1873 and l877-
He was an able and eloquent speaker and a brilliant
lawyer. Died August 16, 1882.

Trill, (DANIEL H.,) an American general, born in South
Carolina in 1821, graduated at West Point in 1842, and
served in the Mexican war. He commanded a Con-
federate division at the battles of Mechanicsville and
Malvern Hill, July I, 1862, and South Mountain, Sep-
tember, 1862. He served as lieutenant-general under
General Bragg in 1863, and commanded at Augusta,
Georgia, in :865- Died September 24, 1889.

Hill, (DAVID BENNETT,) an American Senator,
was born at Havana, New York, in 1844. He was
admitted to the bar in 1864, was in the New York
Assembly 1869-71, mayor of Elmira 1882, lieutenant-
governor of New York 1882-85, ano^ governor 1885-
91. He was in the United States Senate 1891-97,
and was advocated as the Democratic candidate for
President in 1892, but failed of nomination.

Hill, (DAVID J.,) LL.D., an American educator,
born at Plainfield, New Jersey, June 10, 1850. He
graduated at the university at Lewisburg, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1874, was professor of rhetoric there 1877-
79, and president 1879-88. He was president of the
University of Rochester 1888-96. His principal
works are " Science of Rhetoric," (1877,) " Elements
of Rhetoric," (1878,) "Life of Bryant," (1879,)
"Life of Irving," (1879,) "Genetic Philosophy,"
" International Justice," " A Primer of Finance," etc.

Hill, (DAVID OCTAVIUS,) a Scottish landscape-
painter, born at Perth in 1802, and for many years
secretary to the Royal Scottish Academy. Died in
1870.

Hill, (GEORGE,) D.D., a Scottish divine, born at
Saint Andrew's in 1750. He was principal of Saint
Mary's College, in his native town, and succeeded
Dr. Robertson as leader of the General Assembly.
He published, besides other works, "Lectures on
Divinity." Died in 1819.

Hill, (GEORGE,) an American poet, born at Guil-
ford, near New Haven, Connecticut, in 1796. Among
his principal poems are "The Ruins of Athens" and
"Titania." Died in New York, December 15, 1871.

Hill, (HEADON,) nom-de-flume of F. Grainger, an
English novelist, born in Suffolk in 1857. Since 1890
he has published numerous novels, including "The
Rajah's Second Wife," (1894,) " The Zone of Fire,"
(.1897,) "Spectre Gold," (1898,) etc.

TTill, (ISAAC,) a journalist, born in Ashburnham, Mas-
sachusetts, in 1788. He was for many years editor of
the " New Hampshire Patriot," a Democratic journal,
was elected a United States Senator for New Hampshire
in 1830, and Governor of that State in 1836. Died in 1851.
TTill, (Sir JOHN,) an English writer and literary quack,
born at Spalding in 1716. He obtained skill as a botanist,
made and sold quack medicines, and edited "The In-
spector," a journal which owed its success to the scandal
it contained. He was refused admission to the Royal

; 9 as*; gAard; g as/'; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; H, trilled; sasz; th as in (to. (fl^'See Explanations, p. 23.)

HILL

1288

HILLEBRAND

Society on account of his doubtful character, and sought
revenge by writing a review of their works. His " Vege-
table System," in 26 vols., with splendid plates, sold
at one hundred and sixty guineas per copy. He was
knighted by the King of Sweden, to whom he had pre-
•ented a copy of the last-named work. Died in 1775.

Garrick has defined his merits in the following epigram:
" For iiliysic and farces, his rival there scarce is ;
His farces are physic, his physic a farce is."

See DISRAHLI, " Quarrels of Authors."

Hill, (JOSEPH,) an English scholar, born near Leeds
in 1625, became minister of an English church at Mid-
delburg, Holland. He published an improved edition
of Schrevelius's "Greek Lexicon," (1676.) Died in 1707.
Hill, (MATTHEW DAVENPORT,) a brother of Sir
Rowland, noticed below, born in Birmingham about
1792, became a barrister. He was a member of the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and
laboured with zeal and success to procure amendments
of the laws. He was one of the chief promoters of
"juvenile reformatories." Died June 7, 1872.

Hill, (NATHANIEL P.,) an American Senator, born in
Montgomery, New York, February 18, 1832. He gradu-
ated in 1857 at Brown University, where he was professor
of applied chemistry, 1860-64. He studied metallurgy
in Europe, 1865-66, and in 1867 removed to Denver,
Colorado, as manager of a smelting company. From 1879
to 1885 he was United States Senator fiom Colorado.

Hill, (OCTAVIA,) an English reformer, born about
1838. She worked earnestly among the London poor,
and in 1864 began an important work of improving
the homes of workingmen in the London slums.
She wrote "Homes of the London Poor," (1875,)
"Our Common Land," (1878,) etc.

Hill, (Sir RICHARD,) born in 1733, a brother of Row-
land, was member of Parliament for Salop, and some-
times preached in the Calvinistic Methodist chapels. He
wrote a few religious works. Died in 1808.

Hill, (ROBERT,) a self-taught English linguist, born a;
Miswell in 1699, was a tailor by trade. He was master
of several ancient languages, and wrote " Criticisms on
Job," and a few other works. Died in 1777.

Hill, (Rev. ROWLAND,) a popular preacher and dis-
ciple of Whitefield, was born at Hawkstone, England,
in 1744. He was the son of a baronet, and uncle of
General Lord Hill. After leaving college he was
ordained a deacon of the Anglican Church, but soon
became a zealous and eloquent preacher among the Cal-
»inistic Methodists. Addressing the people in the streets,
the open air, or wherever he could gain audience, he
made many converts in various parts of the kingdom.
In 1783 he built Surrey Chapel, London, in which he
preached about fifty winters. He was the author of " Vil-
lage Dialogues," and other works. Southey, in refer-
ence to a particular occasion, says, " His manner was
animated and striking, sometimes dignified and impress-
ive. The purport of his sermon was good, — nothing
fanatical, nothing enthusiastic." Died in 1833.

Hill. (ROWLAND,) VISCOUNT, an English general, born
at Frees, Shropshire, in 1772, was the second son of Sir
John Hill, and nephew of the Rev. Rowland Hill. He
entered the army as ensign in 1790, and obtained the
rank of colonel in 1800. In 1806 he was made a major-
(reneral and appointed on the staff. In 1808 he served
n Portugal, under Sir Arthur Wellesley and Sir John
Moore, until the battle of Corunna. Promoted to the
rank of lieutenant-general in 1809, he was employed
several years in the Peninsular war, and gained a high
reputation in his profession. In 1814 he was raised to
the peerage, as Baron of Almarez and Hawkstone. He
took part in the battle of Waterloo in 1815, and after-
wards was second in command of the army of occupation
in France. Lord Hill was commander-in-chief of the
army from 1828 until 1842, when he resigned and was
created a viscount He died in 1842, and left the title to
his nephew, Sir Rowland Hill.

Hill, (Sir ROWLAND,) an Englishman, known as the
author of the cheap postage system, was born at Kid-
derminster in 1795. In 1837 he wrote a pamphlet on
" Post-Office Reform, its Importance and Practicability."
Through his persistent efforts, a bill w.is pn^-r d in the

session of 1839-40 to reduce the rate of postage and
render it uniform. The postage has since been further
reduced, and letters are now carried for one penny each
to any part of the United Kingdom. The people ex-
pressed their gratitude for this benefit by a present of
£13,000 raised by subscription. He was appointed
secretary to the postmaster-general in 1846, and sole
secretary to the post-office in 1854. In 1864, his health
having failed, he retired from office, but the treasury
awarded him for life his salary of £2000 per annum, and
Parliament a grant of £20,000. Died August 27, 1879.

Hill, (THOMAS,) a mathematician and Unitarian min-
ister, born at New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1818
graduated at Harvard in 1843. He published, besides
other works, "Geometry and Faith," and contributed
many articles to the " North American Review" and the
"Atlantic Monthly." In 1859 he succeeded Horace
Mann as president of Antioch College, Ohio. He was
president of Harvard University from 1862 to 1868.
Died November 21, 1891.

Hill, (THOMAS,) an Anglo-American painter, born in
England in 1829. When he was twelve years old he was
brought to the United States. He became a decorator,
first in Boston and then in Philadelphia, but in 1861
removed to San Francisco. Among his best pictures
are " White Mountain Notch," "The Yosemite Valley,"
"The Great Cafion," etc.

Hill, (THOMAS FORD,) an English antiquary and philol-
ogist, published "Ancient Erse Poems." Died in 1795.

Hill, (WILLIAM,) D.D., an American divine, born in
Cumberland county, Virginia, in 1769. He graduated
at Hampden-Sidney College in 1788. From 1800 to
1834 he was pastor of the Presbyterian church in Win
Chester, where he died in 1852.

Hil'lard, (GEORGE STILLMAN,) an eminent American
writer, lawyer, and orator, born in Machias, Maine, in
1808. While pursuing his collegiate course at Harvard,
(where he graduated in 1828,) he is said to have been
especially distinguished in declamation and English
composition. He was afterwards for some time asso-
ciated with George Bancroft in his Round Hill Seminary
at Northampton, Massachusetts, and in 1833 was ad-
mitted to the bar in Boston. Besides attending to
an extensive professional business, he afterwards twice
visited Europe, and was a member of both branches of
the Massachusetts legislature. He was author of a great
number of orations, lectures before the Lowell Institute,
and contributions to the "Christian Examiner," "North
American Review," etc. In 1852 he was selected by the
authorities of Boston to deliver the eulogy on the char-
acter of Daniel Webster. The next year appeared his
"Six Months in Italy," (in 2 vols. I2tno,) which had
reached the fifth edition in 1855. "Mr. Hillard's work,"
says a critic in the "Quarterly Review" for April, 1858,
"is that of a scholar and a gentleman, a man of sense
as well as of taste and feeling. His style is pointed and
lull of happy expressions and striking images." Among
other literary labours, Mr. Hillard edited the Poetical
Works of Spenser, (in 5 vols. 8vo.) He was for some
time associate editor of the "Jurist," and was for several
years one of the principal editors of the " Boston Courier."
He contributed several important articles to the "New
American Cyclopaedia," including those on Alexander
and Edward Everett and Rufus Choate. He died in
1879.

Hillebrand, hil'Ieh-bRanr/, (JOSEPH,) a German phi-
losophical writer, born near Hildesheim in 1788. He
Eublished, among other works, "The Philosophy of the
pint," (2 vols., 1835,) and "The German National
Literature since the Beginning of the Eighteenth Cen-
ury," (2 vols., 1845.) Died January 25, 1871.

Hillebrand, (KARL,) a distinguished German histo
rian, a son of the preceding, was born at Giessen, Sep-
tember 17, 1829. Banished from Germany for political
causes, he became in 1863 a professor at Douai. His
"History of France since 1830," "France and the
French, "and a treatise on educational reform, were pub-
lished before his removal, in 1870, to Florence, where
he became the founder and librarian of the Circolo Fi-
lologico. He also published a volume on " England
and the English," and .n " History of German Thought."

a. e, 1,0 ft. y. long; a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, \\, ^,sAor(:a.,e,\.<),of>sfHrt; fir, fall, fat; m?t; n At; pond; moon;

HILLEL

1289

H1NCKKLDEY

Most of his writings are in German. Died at Florence,
October 18, 1884.

Hillel, a famous Jewish rabbi, born at Babylon about
IIO B.C., was descended from King David. He went
to Jerusalem at the age of forty, acquired a thorough
knowledge of the law, and was chosen president of the
Sanhedrim about 30 B.C. The origin of the Talmud or
Mishna is asciibed to Hillel, who was the leader of a
numerous school or party. He died at the age of one
hundred and twenty years.

Hillel, a noted rabbi, supposed to have lived about
300 A.D., was a descendant of the preceding. He re-
formed the Jewish calendar by means of a cycle of nine-
teen years.

Hitler, hil'ler, (FERDINAND,) a celebrated German
composer, born of Jewish parents at Frankfort, October
24, 181 1. He published an oratorio of the " Destruction
of Jerusalem," (1840,) "The Musical Life of our Times,"
(1868,) and Lives of Beethoven and Mendelssohn. Died
at Cologne, May n, 1885.

Hil'ler, (JOHANN ADAM,) whose real name was
HULLER, a Prussian musician and composer, born at

Hiller, (MATTHAUS,) a German Orientalist, born at
Stuttgart in 1646, was professor of Oriental languages
and theology at Tubingen. He wrote a " Latin Hebrew
Lexicon," (1685.) Died in 1725.

Hiller, (PHILIPP FRIEDRICH,) one of the best of the
South-German religious poets, was born at Miihlhausen,
in Wurtemberg, January 6, 1699. He became a Prot-
estant pastor, and died at Steinheim, April 24, 1769.

Hiller, von, fon hil'ler, (JoHANN,) BARON, an Aus-
trian general, born at Neustadt, near Vienna, in 1754.
In 1809 he obtained command of the sixth corps of the
army of the archduke Charles. Although he was de-
feated by Napoleon at Landshut in April, he contributed
greatly to the success of the Austrians at Aspern in the
next month. Died in 1819.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."

Hillern, von, fon hil'lern, (WILHELMINE,) a German
novelist, a daughter of Charlotte Birch- Pfeiffer, was
born March n, 1836. Among her stories are "Double
Life," "A Physician of the Soul," "The Geier-Wally,"
etc.

Hillerup, hil'leh-rup', (FREDERIK CHRISTIAN,) a
Danish poet, born at Vedelsborg in 1793, published a
work called " Italica," (1829,) and "New Poems," ("Nye
Digte,") in 1854. Died May 5, 1861.

Hill'house, (JAMES,) an American lawyer, born in
Connecticut in 1754. He was a Senator of the United
States from 1794 to 1810. Died in 1832.

Hiilhouse, (JAMES A.,) an American poet, son of the
preceding, born at New Haven in 1789. He removed
to New York City, and married Cornelia Lawrence in
1824. His first poem, "The Judgment, a Vision," ap-
peared in 1812. He also wrote the following admired
dramas : " Percy's Masque," " Hadad," and " Demetria "
Died in 1841.

See GRISWOLD, "Poets and Poetry of America;" DUYCKINCK,
" Cyclopedia ot" American Literature," vol. ii. ; CLEVELAND, "Com-
pendium of American Literature ;" " North American Review" for
January, 1840.

Billiard, (HENRY WASHINGTON,) LL.D., an Ameri-
can clergyman and statesman, born in Cumberland
county, North Carolina, August 8, 1808. He graduated
at South Carolina College in 1826, became a lawyer of
Athens, Georgia, in 1829, and was a professor in the
University of Alabama, 1831-34. In 1842 he went to
Belgium as United States minister, was several times
elected to Congress as a Whig, and served as a brigadier-
general in the Confederate service. After the war he prac-
tised law in Georgia, and was also a Methodist preacher.
In 1877 he was appointed United States minister to
Brazil. He published a volume of speeches, (1855,) and
" De Vane," a novel. Died in Atlanta, Dec. 17, 1892.

Billiard, hll'yard, (NICHOLAS,) an English painter,
born at Exeter in 1547, learned the trade of a jeweller,
and afterwards became eminent as a miniature-painter.
He executed an admired portrait of Mary Queen of Scots,

€ as /t; 9 as i; g hard; g asj; G, H, K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as *; th as in j

and was patronized by Queen Elizabeth and James I.
Died in 1619.

Hil'precht, (HERMAN VOLRATTES,) an ar-
chaeologist, born at Hohenerxleben, Germany, in
1859. He studied in various German universities,
emigrated to the United States, and in 1886 became
professor of Assyrian and Semitic philology at the
University of Pennsylvania. He became curator of
the Semitic section of the museum, and was director
of the excavations at Nippur, Babylonia, 1888-99,
which added greatly to our knowledge of the antiquity
of Babylonian civilization. He is the leading au-
thority on cuneiform palaeography.

Hilton, (WALTER,) an English monk of the fifteenth
century, lived at Sheen, and wrote " The Ladder of Per-
fection."

Hilton, (WILLIAM,) a successful English historical
painter, born at Lincoln in 1786. About 1800 he became
a student in the Royal Academy, and in 1804 exhibited
his " Hector reinspired by Apollo." In 1819 or 1820
he was elected a member of the Academy, and in 1825
succeeded Fuseli as keeper of that institution. He at-
tained a high rank among the English artists of his time.
Among his best works are "Nature blowing Bubbles,"
and "The Graces teaching Cupid to play on the Lyre."
Died in 1839.

Hi-me'rI-us, ['1,0/piof,] an eminent Greek sophist ot
Prusa, Bithynia. He became master of a celebrated school
in Athens, and afterwards secretary of the emperor Julian
at Antioch about 362 A.D. He composed many orations,
of which about twenty are extant His style is rather
bombastic. Among his pupils were Gregory Nazianzen
and Saint Basil. He was always a pagan, but moderate
or friendly to the Christians.

Hl-mil'co or Hi-mil'cpn, a Carthaginian navigator,
the date of whose adventures is unknown. Pliny states
that he sailed northward from Gades on a voyage of dis-
covery about the time that Hanno explored the western
coast of Africa. R. Festus Avienus quotes him as his
authority for an account of the islands of the Hiberni
and Albioni.

Himilco or Himilcon, an able Carthaginian general,
who was joined with Hannibal in the command ofa large
army in the war against Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse.
He took Agrigentum after a long siege, during which
the death of Hannibal left him sole commander, (406
B.C.) He defeated Dionysius about 405, soon after which
peace was concluded. The war having been renewed in
397 B.C., Himilco raised an army of 100,000 men, with
which he marched victoriously to the gates of Syra-
cuse. While he was besieging this city, his army was
wasted by pestilence and defeated by the Syracusans.
He escaped to Carthage and killed himself.
See DIODORUS SICULUS, books xiiL, xiv.. and xx.
Himilco or Himilcon was commander of the fleet
of Carthage, on the coast of Sicily, in 214 B.C., while
Marcellus commanded the Romans in that island. He
landed an army in 213, gained some advantages, and,
having failed in an attempt to relieve Syracuse, died of
pestilence in 212 B.C.

Himly, him'lee, (KARL GUSTAV,) aGerman physician,
born at Brunswick in 1772, was professor of medicine at
Gottingen. He was distinguished for his skilful treat
ment of diseases of the eyes, on which he published a
valuable work. Died in 1837.

Himmel, him'mel, (FRIEDRICH HEINRICH,) a Ger-
man composer, born in the duchy of Brandenburg in
1765, was appointed chapel-master at Berlin about 1796.
Among his best works are the operas of " Fanchon" and
"The Sylphs." Died in 1814.

See FiTis, "Biographic Universelle des Musiciens."
Hinch'cliffe, (JOHN,) an English divine and orator,
born at Westminster in 1731. He became head-master
of Westminster School in 1764, and Bishop of Peter-
borough in 1769. Died in 1794.

Hinckeldey, hink'kel-dl, (KARL LUDWIG FRIED-
RICH,) a Prussian administrator, born near Meiningen
in 1803. He became minister or prefect of police in
Berlin in 1848. He was killed in a duel in 1856.

Explanations, p. 23. '

mXCKELMANN

1290

HIPPIAS

Hinckelmanu, hink'kel-man', (ABRAHAM,) a Ger-
man Orientalist, born at Dobeln in 1652, published an
edition of the Koran, (1694,) said to be the first ever
printed in Arabic. Died in 1695.

Hinck'ley, (JoHN,) an English clergyman, bom 11
1617, was rector of Drayton. Died in 1695.

Hincmar, hink'mar, a learned French prelate, bom
in 806 A.D., entered the Abbey of Saint-Dems in child-
hood He acquired much influence, and became a fa-
vourite at the court of Charles the Bald. In 845 he was
elected Archbishop of Rheims. He distinguished him-
self by his firmness in defending the Church against
encroachments of the papal and royal power. He wrote,
besides other works, two treatises on Predestination, in

of Booddha, was born about 602 A.D. He travelled
in Hindostan and other countries, of which he wrote dt-
scriptions. He translated into the Chinese many Hindr-o

.

works on the religion of Booddha.
See "Nouvelle Biographic GeWrale."
Hip-par'ehus, [Gr.

Died in 664 A.D.

FT. HIPPARQUB,

e'pSRk',] son of Pisistratus, an Athenian, who, in part-
nership with his brother Hippias, obtained the chief
power in the state in 527 B.C. He was assassinated by
Harmodius and Aristogiton in 514. Hippias survived;
but, having rendered himself unpopular by cruelty and
suspicious habits, (although it is said he was previously
mild and affable,) he was expelled from Athens in 511.
He afterwards passed many years at the court of the

one of which he attempts to refute the famous Erigena. | Persian king Darius, served as guide to the Persian
He is censured for his severity to Godeschalcus, who army which invaded Greece, and was at the battle of
was confined in a dungeon for his heretical opinions on Marathon, where, according to some writers, he was

the question of predestination. Died in 882 A.D.

See " Gallia Christiana ;" W. F. GESS, " Merkwurdigkeiten am
dem Leben und den Schriften Hincmar's," 1806; "Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Generate. "

Hiiicks, (Rev. EDWARD,) distinguished for his know-
ledge of Assyrian and Egyptian inscriptions, was bora in
Cork, Ireland, in 1791. Died December 3, 1866.

Hind, (JOHN RUSSELL,) an eminent English astron-
omer, born at Nottingham in 1823. He obtained in
1840 a situation in the Royal Observatory at Greenwich.
In 1845 he removed to another observatory in Regent's
Park, London, where he has had remarkable success as

killed, 490 B.C.

See HERODOTUS, books ii., v., vi., and viL ; THIRLWAU, " HU-
tory of Greece."

Hipparchus, [Gr. IOTTO^-DC; Fr. HIPPARQUE; It.
IPPARCO, 4p-paR'ko,] the founder of the science of as-
tronomy, and the greatest astronomer of antiquity, was a
native of Nicza, in Bithynia. He was of Greek extrac-
tion, and flourished about 150 B.C. Many of his obser-
vations were made at Rhodes. His writings are all lost,
except a " Commentary on Aratus," which is the least
important ; but the knowledge of his discoveries has been
preserved by Ptolemy in his " Syntaxis." The first who

1 * . . i y ._• c_ . _ _i ti__ *; _ i ,.,u..

an observer. He discovered, besides several comets, ten ma(je systematic observations, he was also the first who
telescopic planets, namely, Iris, (1847,) Flora, (1847,) discovered that fundamental fact in astronomy, — the
Victoria, (1850,) Irene, (1851,) Melpomene, Fortuna, precession of the equinoxes. A discovery so important
Calliope, and Thalia, (all in 1852,) Euterpe, (1853,) and wou|d have sufficed to immortalize him ; but he also
Urania, (1854.) He wrote several works, among which '• greatly enriched the science of mathematics, and was

The Solar System : a Descriptive Treatise on the
Sun, Moon, and Planets," (1852.) Died Dec. 23, 1895.

Hmd'mau, (THOMAS C.,) an American general, born
in Tennessee about 1818. He lived in Arkansas before
the civil war, and was a member of Congress. He com-
manded the rebel forces at Prairie Grove, Arkansas, in
December, 1862, and served as major-general at the
battle of Chickamauga. Died September 27, 1868.

Hinds, (SAMUEL,) D.D., a British author, born in
Barbadoes in 1793. He graduated at Queen's College,
Oxford, in 1815, and in 1849 was consecrated Bishop of
Norwich. He published a " History of Christianity,^
(1849, often reprinted,) "Sonnets and Sacred Poems,"
and various theological works. Died February 7, 1872.

Hinojosa y Carbajal, e-no-Ho'sa e kaR-Bi-Hll',
(ALVARO DE.) a Spanish poet, who lived about 1620.

See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."

Hinrichs, hln'riKs, (HERMANN FRIEDRICH Wn.-
HELM,) a German philosopher, born in Oldenburg in
1794, published "The Genesis of Science," ("Genesis
des Wissens," 1835,) and other works. Died in 1861.

Hina'dale, (BuRKE AARON,) an American educator,
born at Wadsworth, Ohio, March 31, 1837. He was
educated at Hiram College, of which he was president,
1870-83. In 1883 he was appointed superintendent of
public schools in Cleveland, Ohio. His principal books
are "President Garfield and Education," (1881,)
" Schools and Studies," (1884,) etc. He edited General
Garfield's " Works," (1883,) etc.

Hin'ton, (JAMES,) a noted English surgeon, a son of
J. II. Hiiiton, was born at Reading in 1822. Among his
works are " Man and his Dwelling- Place," (1858,) " Life
in Nature," " Thoughts on Health," (1871,) "Atlas of
Diseases of the Membrana Tympani," "Questions of
Aural Surgery," " The Mystery of Man," and " The Place
of the Physician." He was the most skilful aural sur-
geon of his day, and a very suggestive writer on ethical
subjects. Died December 16, 1875.

Hin'ton, (JOHN HOWARD,) an English writer on his-
tory and theology, was born March 24, 1791. He became
minister of a Baptist congregation in Devonshire Square,
London. He published, besides other works, "The
History and Topography of the United States of North
America," (2 vols., 1832.) Died December 17, 1873.
Hiob, the German of JOB, which see.
Hiooen- or Hiouen-Thsang or Vouen-Thsang,
yoo'en-tsang, a celebrated Chinese traveller and priest

the first who understood trigonometry, both plane and
spherical. He invented the planisphere and the stereo-
graphic projection, and gave rules for the calculation of
eclipses, by means of which he determined the longitude.
According to Pliny, who calls him the confidant and
interpreter of nature, Hipparchus, having perceived a
new star that suddenly appeared in his time, was stimu-
lated by it to form his Catalogue of one thousand and
eighty stars, which is preserved in the "Almagest" of
Ptolemy. In this operation he used the astrolabe, which
was probably invented by him. He originated a more
complete system of geography, and the mode of de-
termining the position of towns by circles drawn on
the earth corresponding to those of the celestial sphere.
Among his lost works were "On the Magnitudes and
Distances of the Sun and Moon," " The Movement of
the Moon in Latitude," and " On the Retrogradation of
the Equinoctial and Solstitial Points."

See PLIKV, "Natural History;" MONTUCLA, "Histoire de«
Maih^matiques ;" DELAMBRE, " Histoire de |'Astronomie ancienne ;"
DR. HOEFKR'S article in the "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'nerale ;' J
A. SCHMIDT. "Dissertatio de Hipparcho." etc., 1689.

Hipparchus, an Athenian comic poet, who lived
probably about 300 B.C.

Hipparque. See HIPPARCHUS.

Hip'pa-sus, [Gr. '\mtaao(,\ a Pythagorean philoso-
pher, born at Metapontum, held, it is said, the doctrine
that fire was the origin of all things.

Hippeau, e'po', (CiLESTiN,) a French IMrattur,
born at Niort in 1803, published a " History of Ancient
and Modern Philosophy," (1833,) etc. Died in 1883.

Hippel, von, fon hip'pei, (THEODOR GOTTLIEB,) a
German humorist and original thinker, born at Gerdauen,
in Prussia, in 1741. He studied law, and became in 1780
burgomaster of Konigsberg. He claimed for women
admission to civil offices and a greater social equality.
Among his works are a " Treatise on Marriage," (" Ueber
die Ehe," 1774,) " Designs after Nature," (1790,) an Au-
tobiography, (1800,) and "The Education of Women,"
(1801.) His character was eccentric. Died in 1796.

See GERVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen Dichtung," fourth edi-
tion, vol. v. ; W. G. KEBER, " Nachrichten und Bemerkungen dey
Eheimen Kriegsrath von Hippel betrefifend," 1802; " Biographic T
von Hippel's zum Theil von ihm sclbst vertasst," 1800.

Hippias. See HIPPARCHUS and HARMODIUS.

Hip'pl-as, I'lmrioc,] a Greek sophist, born at Elis,
was a contemporary of Socrates. His character is ex-
hibiteH by Plato in his dialogue called " Hippias Major."

i, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y,s&ort; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fall, lit; met; not; good ; moon.

HIPPO

1291

HIRSCHING

was elected president in 1890.

held that moisture, or water, is the principle of all things,
and derived much of his system from Thales.

Hippocrate. See HIPPOCRATES.

Hip-poc'ra-tes, [Gr. 'ImroxpuTjif ; Fr. HIPFOCRATE,

HIPPOLYTE ; It. IPPOLITO,]

SUNT, a Christian bishop and ecclesiastical writer,
who has recently attracted great attention on the
part of scholars and theologians. He was dissident

..... Bishop of Portus, (the harbour of Rome,) and the

e'po'kRa-t'; It. IPPOCRATE, ep-pok Ra-ti,] the most emi- authOr of numerous learned works, highly extolled by
nent physician of antiquity, justly styled the " Father of EusebiuS; Terome, and other Christian Fathers. After
Medicine," was born in the island of Cos in 460 B.C., occ ing the see of Portus eighteen years or more,
and was contemporary with Socrates and Plato. He was he £ba|j died in exile in Sardinia about 2^8 A.D.
the son of Heraclides, a descendant of Esculapius, from jfrypafa^ [n^6ArTOf,] a son of Theseus and Hip-
whom he derived, his first lessons ,n medicine His , t£ForyAnti'ol e. The poets relate that his step-
family the Asclepiad* .for many generations had prac- motyhe'r Phsdra £ade to him amorou. overtures which
tised the same art Ihematenals for writing his per- she thfin fc , jnduced Theseus

sonal history are deficient. He is said to have studied . '_ u:_ 1 iU_. _, • J

medicine at Athens under I

philosophy of Gorgias of

tised and taught in Cos also in Thessaly, and at the court Hip-pom'e-don, ftao^dui/,1 a Spartan

of Perdiccas, King , of Macedonia, etc. Soranus relates *££ f A £u| an(fa co'usin </Ki A^s Iv;

that he acquired fame by checking the ravages of the ted | is in'his efforts to reform & |partan

plague m Athens, and was rewarded with the freedom institu[£ns. He*vas ]ivi in 22O B.c.

?f '_ha'.a^l^nl^ L°'^^h°n°U^^Ih!^ !rLt^' Hip-po'na, the name ofga goddess v

him

of Theseus, Nep-

warrior,

he refused the invitation and magnificent offers of Ar
taxerxes, is by some discredited.

His superior talents, his rare sagacity, his signal suc-
cess, and his devoted humanity, inspired universal con-
fidence and respect. He had a great number of pupils,
from whom he exacted an oath that they would never
abuse their trust by criminal piactice, nor divulge pro-
fessional secrets. He held that the body is composed
of four primary elements, fire, air, earth, and

Hip-po'na, the name of a goddess who presided over
horses. Her statues were placed in stables.

Greek poet, who lived
Ephesus. Having been
expelled from that city by its tyrants, he removed to
Clazomene. He wrote satires, of which only a few frag-

Hi'ram, King of Tyre, began to reign about 1025 B.C.

gfiyg^aaagjRS

bile, ana black bile, rie knew Dut little ot anatomy. ,. . .. . tr . f , ,

H . d f dth f b b h's s "lendly relations. He was a wise and successful ruler.

in substituting experiment and observation for specula- See ' Krags *•• and I- chronlcles Hv-

rive theories. He paid more attention than his prede- Hiranyakasipu. See NARASINGHA.

cessors to diet and changes of weather. Among the Hire, de la. See LA HIRE.

most remarkable of his discoveries is that of critical days Hirnheim, hdeRn'him, or Hernhaym, heRn'hlm,

in fevers. Of the numerous (Greek) works ascribed to (HlHRONYMUS,) a German monk and writer, born at

him, it is probable that some were composed by other Troppau in 1635 ; died in 1679.

writers, as there were several noted physicians of the Hirsch, hSSRsh, ( JOHANN CHRISTOPH,) a German

same name. He died at Larissa, at an age which is | economist and^numismatist^born^m 1698^; diedjn 1780.

variously stated between eighty-five and one hundred

and nine years.

As an inventor he is unrivalled by

any physician of ancient or modern times. Among his
chief works are " Prognostics," " Epidemics," " On Regi-

Hirsch, (MAX,) a German (Hebrew) author and
liberal politician, born at Halberstadt, December 30,
1832. Besides books of travel, etc., he has written much
on social and labour questions, politics, etc., and has

men," and "On Air, Water, and Locality." Of the taken a prominent place in the German Reichstag,
eighty-seven extant treatises ascribed to him, only a few Hirsch, (SAMUEL,) Ph.D., an eminent Jewish rabbi,
are undoubtedly genuine. i born at Thalfingen, Rhenish Prussia, June 8, 1815. He

S« SORANUS, "Vita Hippocratis," in FABK.CIUS, " Bibliotheca ' was educated at Metz, Bonn, Berlin, and Leipsic, where

jiedes Hippocrates und seiner Grundsitze," = vols., 1789^ movement among Amejican Jews.
P. GESNHR, "De Divino Hippocrate," 1739: KARL F. MAR- works

hppocrat
Hippocratis,"

739:
1838 ; A. OBTTINGKR,

Among his chief

orks are "Religious Philosophy of the Jews,""Hu-
anity as Religion," " Messiah-Lore of the Jews,"

Uqi

" Apolo]

9*: C.I

cus, " Dissertatio de Vita

" Hippocratis Vita," 1836.

Hippocrates, a Syracusan, shared with his brother
Epicvdes the command of the army which defender1 ,
Syracuse against Marcellus, 213 B.C. ^Died in 212 B.C. Austnan &»ncier, born at Munich in 1831.

Hippocrates OF CHIOS, a noted Greek geometer,

Hirsch de Gerenth, (MAURICE DE,) BARON, an

Left a

large fortune by his father, and marrying a woman

who lived in the fifth century before Christ He studied v/ith a dowry of $20,000,000 he engaged in ex-
at Athens, where he opened a celebrated school. He tensive business operations, and gained a fortune of
first discovered the quadrature of the lune. $200,000,000. With this he entered upon large b

Hip-po-da-mi'a[Gr. 'Imroia/ieia] or Hip-pod'a-me, ne.-olent schemes for the benefit of his fellow- Jews,
A daughter of O2NOMAUS, which see. his gifts aggregating $50,000,000, while those of his

Hip-pod'a-mus ['Imroda/tof] OF MILETUS, an emi- wife were proportionately liberal. He died Decem-
nent Greek architect, lived about 440 B.C. He built ber 10, 1896, and his wife April I, 1899.
the Pirzus of Athens, under the order of Pericles, and Hirscher, heSRsh'er, (JoHANN BAPTIST,) a Swiss
planned the city of Rhodes, about 408 B.C. Catholic theologian, born near Altorf in 1788. His prin-

Hippolyte. See HIPPOLYTUS. cipal work is "Christian Morality," ("Christliche Mo-

Hip-pol'y-te, ['Imro^wn;,! the Queen ol the Amazons, Ia\," 3 vols., 5th edition, 1851.) Died September 4, 1865.
was called a daughter of Mars. The poets feigned that Hirsching, he^Rsh'ing, (FRIEDRICH KARL GOTTLOB,)
she had a girdle coveted by Eurystheus, who ordered , a German antiquary, born at Uffenheim in 1762, became
Hercules to bring it to him. She was killed by Hercules. professor of philosophy at Erlangen in 1792. He pub-

Hippolyte, (Louis MODESTIN FLORVIL,) a
president of Hayti, was born at Cape Haytien in 1827.
He was educated in France, joined the Haytian army,
and distinguished himself. In 1889 he headed the in-
surrection that overthrew President Legitime, and seized

lished several useful works, among which are a "De-
scription of the Best Libraries of Germany," (4 vols.,
1790,) and a "Historical and Literary Manual of Emi-
nent Persons who died in the Eighteenth Century,"
I" Historisch-literarisches Handbuch beriihmter Perso-

j; g hard; g as>; G, H,K,guttural; y,najat; f.,trilled; sasz; thasinMu. (2^="See Explanations, p. 23.)

HIRSCHVOGEL

1292

HJ&RNE

nen," etc., 1794-1815, 17 vols.)

Ihis were edited by J. H. M. Ernesti.

The last 12 volumes of "Reports on the Geology of Massachusetts," (1833-41.)
— • ; Died in 1800. Among his numerous works are "The Geology of the

Hirschvogel, hetRsh'fo'fel, (AUGUSTIN,) a German Connecticut Valley," (1823,) "The Religion of Geology
' rn at Nuremberg in 1506 ; died , and its Connected Sciences," (1851,) and " Illustrations

painter a.tv\ engraver, born
in 1560.

Hirst, (.IENRY B.,) an American poet, born in Phila-
delphia in 1813. He studied law, and was admitted to
the bar in 1843. His first poems appeared in " Graham's
Magazine." He afterwards published " The Coming of

of Surface-Geology," (1857.) By'his exposition of the
fossil footprints of the Connecticut valley he originated
a new branch of science, called Ichnology. He published
in 1848 " Fossil Footprints in the United States." He
was the chief founder and first president of the American

the Mammoth, the Funeral o'f Time, and other Poems," Geological Association. Died in 1864.
(1845, )and "Endymion, a Tale of Greece, in four cantos," See " Silhman's Journal," »oL ili.; "North British Review" foi
'1848.) Died March 30, 1874.

Hirt orHirth, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) a German Orien- Hitchcock, (ETHAN ALLEN,) an American writer and
talist and writer, born at Apolda in 1719, was professor military officer, a grandson of Ethan Allen, was born in
of theology at Jena. Died in 1784. i Vergennes, Vermont, in 1798. He graduated at West

HirtiuB.hir'she-us, (AULUS,) a Roman consul and gen- Point in 1817, and served in the Seminole war in Florida,
eral, was a patricilnby birth. Cicero, who was his inti- > I" tne war witn Mexico he was attached to the staff of
mate friend, speaks highly of his talents. He served General Scott, and in 1847 promoted to the rank of
under Czsar in the Gallic war, and supported his party brigadier-general. He was subsequently sent to Cali-
in the civil war. After the death of Caesar, Hirtius f°rr>ia, as commandant of the Pacific division, but he
joined Brutus against Antony, and was elected consul returned in 1854, and the next year resigned his com-
with C. Vibius Pansa. In 43 B.C. these consuls gained mission. lie wrote "Swedenborg a Hermetic Philo-
a victory over Antony at Mutina, (M6dena;) but Hirtius sopher," (1858.) Died in 1870.

was killed in the action. He is supposed to be the i Hitchcock, (PETER,) an American jurist, born in
author of the continuation of " Csesar's Commentaries" \ Cheshire, Connecticut, in 1780, graduated at Yale in
which forms the eighth book of the "Gallic War," and | l8c"- He represented a district of Ohio in Congress
also of two other treatises on the campaigns of Caesar, from 1817 to 1819, and was subsequently judge of the
viz., the Alexandrian and the African. supreme court of the State for twenty-eight years, for

Hirzel, hetRt'sel, (BERNHARD,) a Swiss Orientalist, ?ix Jears of which Period he was chlef Justice-
born at Zurich in 1807, translated the "Sakuntala" of mi?53-
Kalidasa from the Sanscrit into German. Died in 1847.

Died

Hitch'cock, (ROSWELL DWIGHT,) D.D., I.L.D., an

Hirzel, (HANS CASPAR,) a Swiss physician and sen- I American clergyman, was born at East Machias, Maine,

- •* —•--•<- • iit_-.s-_ r. , August 15, 1817. He graduated at Amherst College in

1836, and studied divinity at Andover Seminary, lie
was a professor in Bowdoin College from 1852 to 1855,

ator, born at Zurich in 1725, wrote a "1 realise on Rural
Economy," and " The Rustic Socrates," (1761-74.) Died

'"nisely, hez'le', (JEAN JOSEPH,) a Swiss historian, >;eca.me professor of church historyln Union Theological'
born in 1800, wrote, in French, " Researches on William 3emi"ary '" New York in 1855, and in iSSo was chosen
Tell," (1843.) and other works on Swiss history. '5s J ldent- _ Among his works are a " Lite of Edwaid

Hisham. See HE-SHAM.

Hisinger, hee'sing-er, or Hising, hee'sing, (WiL-
HELM,) a Swedish mineralogist, born in 1766, published,
besides other works, " Lethea Suecica, seu petrificata
Sueciae," (1837-40.) Died in 1852.

HiatiaeuB, his-te-ee'us, |Gr. '[muuof ; FT. HisriiE,
is'te'a',] an able and crafty ruler of Miletus, to whom

Darius intrusted the duty of guarding a bridge over the
Danube during his invasion of Scythia, about 512 B.C.
He refused to desert Darius at the instigation cf Mil-

Robinson," (1863,) an " Analysis of the Bible." (Itioy,)
and "Socialism," (1878.) Died June 16, 1887.

Hit' tell, (JOHN SHERZER,) an American author,
born at Jonestown, Pennsylvania, in 1825. He was
for twenty-five years a journalist in San Francisco,
and wrote " History of the Mental Growth of Man-
kind in Ancient Times," "The Evidences against

Christianity," "The Resources of California," etc.

His brother, THEODORE HENRY HITTELL, bom in
1830, went to California in 1855 and practised law

tiades ; but he afterwards revolted, and was put to death there after 1862. He wrote " History of California,"
by the Persians about 494 B.C. i « General Laws of California," etc.

Hittorf, hit'toRf or ^e'toRr*, (JACQUES IGNACE,) an emi-

Hita, de, dk ee'ti, (GiNES PEREZ,) a Spanish chrcmi- nent architect and antiquary, born at Cologne in 1793,
cler, born in Murcia, lived between 1550 and 1600. He j was a pupil of BeManger. He was appointed architect to

wrote an interesting work, entitled "The Civil Wars of
Granada."

See TICKNOR, "History of Spanish Literature."

the King of France in 1818, after which he visited Italy.
He commenced about 1834 the church of Saint Vincent
de Paul, (in the Italian style,) and designed the remark-
Hitch'cock, (CHARLES HENRY,) Ph.D., an American able works of the Place de Concorde. Among his capital
geologist, a son of Prof. Edward Hitchcock, was born 'works are the Grand Circus, (1840,) the Panorama, the
at Amherst, Massachusetts, August 23, 1836. He grad- roof of which is supported by twelve iron cables, and
aated at Amherst College in 1856. He studied divinity the Cirque-Napoleon, (1851.) M. Hittorf acquired a
at New Haven, and science at the Royal School of European reput lion by these structures, and by his
Mines. London. He was professor of geology at Lafay- writings on classical art, namely, " Polychromic Archi-
ette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, 1866-70, and after- lecture of the Greeks," (1830,) "Modern Architecture
wards was professor of the same science in Dartmouth of Sicily," (1837,) and "Ancient Architecture of Sicily."
College. He publishedmanyscientific papers, andseveral He was a member of the Institute. Died in 1867.
volumes of reports prepared in conneclion wilh various See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

State geological surveys. Hitzig, hit'sic, (JERDINAND,) a German biblical critic,

Hitch'cock, (EDWARD,) an eminent American geol- : born in Baden in 1807. He became professor of theology
ogist, born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, May 24, 1793. at Zurich in 1833. His principal works are a "Transla-
He became pastor of the Congregational church in Con- lion and Exposition of Isaiah," (1833,) and commentaries
way, Massachusetts, in 1821, and professor of chemistry on the other greater prophets, (1841-50.) Died in 1875.
arid natural history in Amherst College in 1825. 1111840 Hitzig, (GEORG HEINRICH FRIEDRICH,) a distin-
he published his "Elementaiy Geology," a valuable guished German architect, born in 1811 ; died in 1881.
work, which passed through rwenty-five or more edi- Hjaerne or Hiaerne, he-eVneh, (URBAN,) a Swedish
tions. From 1845 to '854 he was president of Amherst physician and naturalist, born in 1641, became first phy-
College, the prosperity of which increased greatly under sician to the king Carl XI., and vice-president of tho
his direction. He became about 1845 professor of natu Council of Mines. He wrote, besides other works,

ral theology and geology in that institution. Having
been appointed State geologist for Massachusetts, he
made a geological survey of that State, ami

"Acta et Tentamina chimica," (" Chemical Experiments,"
1712,) and " Oryctographia Suecana," (1716.) Died in
1724-

a, e, i, o, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, s/iart; a, e, i, p, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mil; nfit; good; moon:

HJORT

1293

HOBBES

Hjort, he-oRt' or hyoRt, (PEDER,) a Danish granv
manan, born near Copenhagen in 1793. After an ex-
tensive tour in France and Italy, he became professor
of German at Sorbe. He wrote several successful works
on grammar, among which are "Tydsk Grammatik for
Dansktalende," ("German Grammar for the Use of
Danes," 5th edition, i85l,)"Tydsk Lasebog for Dansk-
talende," (" German Reader for the Use of Danes," 3d
edition, 1843,) and "Den Danske Borneven," ("The
Danish Child's Friend." Died November n, 1871.

Hliii, hleen, Hlina, hlee'na, or Lyna, lee'na, [sup-
posed to be derived from klynat to " warm" or " become
warm,"] in the Northern mythology, a goddess, whose
office it is to watch over those whom Frigga wishes to
guard from peril. As Frigga represents the earth's
fertility, so Hlin typifies the mild warmth which protects
the tender plants from the breath of the Frost-giants.

Hlodyn, hlo'din, [in all probability the same as HLU-
_DANA, the Latin name of a deity of the ancient Germans,]
in the Norse mythology, the mother of Thor, and prob-
ably another name for Fiorgyn or Fiorgvin, (also called
the mother of Thor,) the goddess of the earth. Thorpe
derives it from Hafta, (allied to the English "lade" and
" load,") to " heap up," to " load." Fiorgynn (as a mas-
culine noun) was said to be the father of Frigga.

Hlubek, hloo'bek, (FRANZ XAVER WILHELM,) a Ger.
man writer on rural economy, born in Silesia in 1802. His
principal works are " The Nutrition of Plants and Statics
of Agriculture," (1841,) and a "Complete Treatise on
Rural Economy," (2 vols., 1846.) Died Feb. 10, 1880.

Hoad'ley or Hoadly, (BENJAMIN,) an English divine,
corn at Westerham in 1676, took orders about 1700.
His zeal for religious liberty and opposition to the High-
Church principles caused his promotion in 1715 to the see
ofBangor. In 1717 he preached a sermon before the king,
from which arose the great Bangorian controversy. This
was maintained by Snape, Law, and other partisans of
the High Church on one hand, and Hoadley on the other.
He was made Bishop of Hereford in 1721, and of Win-
chester in 1734. He wrote a "Life of Dr. Samuel
Clarke," and a few other works. Died in 1761.

See " Biographia Britannica,"

Hoadley, (BENJAMIN,) M.D., eldest son of the pre-
ceding, was born in London in 1705, and graduated in
1729. In 1742 he was appointed physician to the king's
household, and in 1746 to that of the Prince of Wales.
He wrote " The Suspicious Husband," a comedy, which
was successful, and assisted Hogarth in the " Analysis
of Beauty." Died in 1757.

Hoar, (EBENEZER ROCKWOOD,) an able lawyer, the
son of Samuel Hoar, noticed below, was born at Con-
cord, Massachusetts, in 1816. His mother was a daugh-
ter of the celebrated Roger Sherman. He graduated at
Harvard in 1835, was admitted to the bar about 1840,
and practised in Boston. In 1859 he was appointed a
justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, was
attorney-general of the United States, 1869-70. and
member of Congress, 1873-75. Died Jan. 31, 1895.

Hoar, (GEORGE FRISBIE,) LL.D., an American Sen-
ator, born in Concord, Massachusetts, August 29, 1826, a
son of Samuel Hoar, noticed below. He graduated at
Harvard College in 1846, and at the Dane Law School,
served in Congress, 1868-76, and was sent to the United
States Senate from Massachusetts in 1877, and suc-
cessively re-elected. He served on the Tilden-
Hayes Electoral Commission, and presided over the
Republican National Convention of 1880.

Hoar, (SAMUEL,) a lawyer, born at Lincom, Massa-
chusetts, in 1778, was the father of the preceding. He
was sent by the Governor of Massachusetts to South
Carolina in 1844, to protect the rights of certain free
negro sailors who had been imprisoned in Charleston ;
but he was driven from that city by a mob before he
could perform his mission. Died in 1856.

Hoare, (PRINCE,) an English artist and dramatist,
born at Bath in 1754, was the son of William Hoare,
noticed below. He studied painting at Rome, and in
1799 was chosen foreign secretary of the Royal Acad-
emy. He is chiefly known as the author of dramas, as
"No Song, No Supper," " Lock and Key," etc. Died
in 1834.

Hoare, (Sir RICHARD COLT,) a noted English anti-
quary, born in 1758, married in 1783 the daughter of
Lord Lyttleton, and inherited the title of baronet in 1787.
He gained distinction as a topographer and antiquarian
by his " Ancient and Modern History of Wiltshire," and
wrote several other works. Died in 1838.

Hoare, (WILLIAM,) R.A., an English historical and
portrait painter, born at Bath about 1706 He was one
of the original members of the Royal Academy. After
studying many years at Rome, he returned to Bath, and
worked with great success, especially in portraits. Died
n 1792.

Ho'bart, (AUGUSTUS CHARLES,) known as HOBART
P \SIIA, a naval commander, born in England, April i,
1822, a son of the Earl of Buckinghamshire. He entered
the royal navy in 1836, commanded the Queen's yacht,
1845-47, and served in the Crimean war. In 1861-65,
being still an officer of the British navy, he commanded
a blockade-runner on the coast of the United States.
In 1867 he entered the Turkish navy, served against the
Cretan insurgents, and was soon made an admiral and
inspector-general of the navy. In 1881 he was made a
marshal of the Turkish Empire. Died in 1886.

Ho'bart, (GARRET AUGUSTUS,) "Vice-President of

the United States, was born in Monmouth county,

Xew Jersey, June 3, 1841. He was admitted to the

l.ar in 1869, was a member of the New Jersey House

1873-78, and of the Senate 1879-85, being president

i if the Senate in 1881. He became very prominent

; in Republican politics, and was elected Vice-President

i for the term 1897-1901. He died November 21,

1899.

Ho'bart, (JOHN HENRY,) D.D., born in Philadelphia
111 '775. was ordained in 1798. He was successively
pastor at New Brunswick, Hempstead, and Trinity
Church, New York, and was chosen Bishop of New
York in 1816. He published numerous theological
works. Died in 1830.

Hobbema or Hobbima, hob'be-ma, (MINDERHOUT j
Ger. MEINDERT; Fr. MINARD,) an excellent Flemish
landscape-painter, was born probably at Coevorden about
1638. Little is known of his personal history. His
favourite subjects were simple rural and sylvan scenes
diversified by a winding stream, a ruined tower, or a dis-
tant village. He excelled in perspective and colouring.
His works are rare, and command very high prices.
'Jver twenty thousand dollars has been paid for one.
Died in December, 1709.

Hobbes, hdbz, (THOMAS,) a famous English philos-
opher, born at Malmesbury in 1588. As tutor in the
family of the Earl of Devonshire, he travelled several
times on the continent with his pupils, and became ac-
quainted with Gassendi, Descartes, etc. In 1628 he pub-
lished a Latin translation of Thucydides, and in 1642
a treatise on government, — "Elementa Philosophica o>
Give." He was a royalist in the civil war, and an ad-
vocate of unconditional obedience to the king. In 1647
he was mathematical tutor to the Prince of Wales,
(Charles II.,) then in Paris. His treatise on "Human
Nature" (1650) was followed by the " Leviathan," (a
complete system of his philosophy, including his politi-
cal, moral, and theological views,) which made a great
sensation, and gave offence to theologians, and — though
it was hostile to liberal principles— even to the royalists.
In 1666 this work and his "De Give" were censured by
Parliament. Soon after the restoration, he received a
pension of one hundred pounds. His paradoxical opin-
ions were warmly controverted by Cudworth, Clarendon,
and others. In 1675 he published a translation in verse
of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey," which drew from
Pope the assertion that "his poetry is too mean for
criticism." In his old age, which was passed a't the
seat of his patron, the Earl of Devonshire, he publisher)
a " History of the Civil War from 1640 to 1660," ana
other works. " A permanent foundation of his fame,"
says Mackintosh, "consists in his admirable style, which
seems to be the very perfection of didactic language.
Short, clear, precise, pithy, his language never has more
than one meaning, which never requires a second
fhought to find. . . . His little tract on 'Human Na-

« as k; 5 as s; g &jn/,- g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, «ara/; R, trilled; s as z; th as in //Sw.

xplanations, p. 23.)

HOBBS

1294

HODGES

ture' has scarcely an ambiguous or a needless word. . . .
Perhaps no writer of any age or nation, on subjects so
abstruse, has manifested an equal power of engraving
his thoughts on the mind of his readers. . . . His style so
stimulates attention that it never tires, and, to those who
are acquainted with the subject, appears to have as much
spirit as can be safely blended with reason." Died 1679.
Hobbs, (ALFRED CHARLES,) an American lock
expert, born at Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1812.
He entered the lock and safe business, invented an
unpickable lock, and became such an expert that he
could open the best safe-locks in a remarkably brief
time. His most famous exploit was in London, with
a Brahma lock, for which an offer of two hundred
guineas was made to any one who could open it
without a key. Hobbs did so in fifty-one hours. He
opened another combination-lock in a few minutes with
his back to the door. His own lock resisted the efforts
of pickers. He died November 6, 1891.

Hob'hpuse, (Sir BENJAMIN,) M.P., an English states-
man, born in 1757, was a prominent member of the House
of Commons from 1797 to 1818, held several civil offices,
and was attached to the party of Fox. He wrote a
" Treatise on Heresy," and " Remarks on France and
Italy." Died in 1831.

Hobhouae, (JOHN CAM,) Lord Broughton, an Eng-
lish statesman and writer, bom in 1786, was a son of the
preceding. He became intimate at college with Lord
Byron, in company with whom he visited Spain, Greece,
and Turkey in 1809. He published in 1812 " A Journey
through Albania, and other Provinces of Turkey, with
Lord Byron," which was long the best account of that
country, and, in 1816, " Letters on the Hundred Days, or
Last Reign of Napoleon," (in 2 vols.) He was elected to
Parliament by the Radicals or Liberals of Westminster
in 1819, and obtained success as a speaker. In 1831
he became secretary of war in the Whig ministry. He
was appointed secretary of state for Ireland in 1833, and
was president of the board of control from 1846 to 1851.
Died in June, 1869.

Hob'son, (JOHN ATKINSON,) an English reform
writer, was born at Derby, July 6, 1858. He was a
University Extension lecturer from 1887 to 1897, and
published "The Physiology of Industry," (1889,)
" Problems of Poverty," (1891,) "The Evolution of
Modern Capitalism," (1894,) "The Problem of the
Unemployed," (1896,) "John Ruskin, Social Re-
former," (1898,) etc.

Hob'son, (RICHARD PEARSON,) an American
naval engineer, was born at Greensboro, Alabama,
August 17, 1870. He graduated at the Naval Academy
in 1889, became a naval constructor, and was on the
cruiser New York during the blockade of Santiago,
where he sunk the collier Merrimac in the harbour
channel to prevent the escape of the Spanish fleet.
He was taken prisoner, but was soon exchanged. He
subsequently attempted to raise the wrecked Spanish
ships, and succeeded with the Maria Teresa.

Hoc'cleve or Oc'cleve, (THOMAS,) an early English
poet and lawyer, is supposed to have been born about
1370. He wrote "The Story of Jonathan," and other
poems. " His poetry," says Hallam, " abounds with
pedantry, and is destitute of all grace and spirit"

Hoche, ^6sh or /;osh, (LAZARE,) a French general, who
rose from a very humble rank in society, was born at
Montreuil, near Paris, in 1768, and entered the French
guards at the age of sixteen. He favoured the Revolu-
tion of 1789, and was made a lieutenant in 1792. Hav-
ing studied tactics, and served with credit at Thionville,
Dunkirk, etc., he became in a short time successively
general of brigade and general of division, and at the
age of twenty-four commanded the army of the Moselle.
In 1793 he defeated Wurmser and drove him out of Al-
sace, soon after which he was arrested by the Jacobin
leader Saint-Just an<f imprisoned at Paris. The fall of
Robespierre in 1794 restored him to liberty and com-
mand. Employed tc subdue the royalists of La Vendee,
he effected much by his address and moderation, and in
1795 defeated the enemy at Quiberon. In 1797, com-

I manding the army of the Sambre and Meuse, he opened
the campaign against the Austrians by a daring passage
of the Rhine in their presence, and defeated them in
, several actions. In the contest between the Director}
ind the Legislative Councils, Hoche favoured the former,
who invoked the aid of his army, but soon issued counter-
oiders and employed another in the service. He died,
of poison, (as was suspected,) in 1797. He was one of
the noblest spirits and ablest generals that the Revo-
lution produced, and, if he had lived, might have been a
formidable rival of Bonaparte.

Hochstetter, vou, ton hoK'stSt'ter, (FERDINAND,)
a German geologist, born at Esslingen, April 30, 1829.
He was naturalist to the Novara expedition around the
world, 1857-59. He lived some years in New Zealand,
and published "Geology of New Zealand," (1864,) and
a much larger work on the same subject, in German, in
1866. He later became a professor in the Vienna Poly-
technic School. He published " Ueber den Ural," (1873,)
and " Die Erde," a popular work. Died at Vienna, July
17, 1884.

Hocquincourt, A', do'kaN'kooR', (CHARLES DE
MONCHY,) born in Picardy in 1 599, became marshal of
France in 1651, and commanded the royal army which
was defeated by the Prince of Condi in 1652. He de-
serted to the Spaniards, and was killed at Dunkirk in
1658.

Ho'dell, (FRAXS OSCAR LEONARD,) a Swedish
dramatist, born in 1840. He published a comic paper,
the " Sondags-Nisse," 1881-90, and wrote and
adapted for the stage more than a hundred plays.
The most popular of these was " Andersson, Peters-
son, and Lundstrom." Died May 25, 1890.

Ho'dfr, Ho'dur, (HotJr,) or Hod, written also
Hoder, the blind god in the Norse mythology. Through
the cunning malice of Loki, he became the slayer of his
brother Balder, whose death 'Vali avenged by killing
Hoder. (See BALDER, and VALI.)

Hodge, (ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER,) D.D., LL.D., an
American theologian, a son of Dr. Charles Hodge,
noticed below. He was born at Princeton, New Jersey,
July 18, 1823, graduated at Princeton College in 1841, and
at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1847, and became
a Presbyterian clergyman. He became a professor
at Princeton in 1877, and published a number of
books on theological subjects. Died in 1886.

Hodge, (CHARLES,) D.D., an eminent American
theologian, born in Philadelphia in 1797. He graduated
at Princeton in 1815, and studied divinity at the Princeton
Theological Seminary, in which he became professor of
Oriental and Biblical literature in 1822. In 1840 he suc-
ceeded to the chair of didactic and exegetical theology,
and in 1852 added to it the professorship of polemic
theology. In 1825 Dr. Hodge established, and was for
many years editor of, the " Biblical Repertory and Prince-
ton Review," at that time the ablest theological quar-
terly in America, and the chief organ of the Old-School
division of the Presbyterian Church. Two volumes of
his contributions to this "Review," entitled "Princeton
Theological Essays," were published in 1846-47, and a
third volume, "Reviews and Essays," in 1857. He died
June 19, 1878.

Hod' ge§, (EDWARD,) Mus. Doc., an English musician
and composer, born at Bristol, July 20, 1796. In 1838
he left England for America, and next year was appointed
organist of Saint John's Episcopal Chapel in New York
He returned to England in 1863, and died in 1867.

Hodges, hoj'ez, (NATHANIEL,) an English physician,
who practised in London, and gained distinction by his
faithful services during the great plague of 1665, when the
most of the doctors fted from the danger. He wrote, in
Latin, an account of this calamity, (1672.) He died in
prison for debt in 1684.

Hodges, (WILLIAM,) R.A., an English painter, born
in London about 1744. He painted landscapes wit'i
moderate success, and was employed as draughtsman
in Captain Cook's second vovage, (1772.) He after-
wards visited India and painted some Indian views. He
published " Select Views in India," (2 vols., 1788,) and
" Travels in India in 1780-85," (I793-) Died in 1797.

a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, $, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; m£t; not; good; moon;

HOD G KIN

129S

HOFER

Hodg'kin, (THOMAS,) an English historian, born)
at Tottenham in 1831. He published " Italy and Her
Invaders," (7 vols., 1880-98,) etc.

HSdg'kln-spn, (EATON,) born at Anderton, Cheshire,
in 1789, is distinguished for his researches respecting the
strength of iron pillars, rails, etc. He discovered thai
an iron rail in the form ol an inverted letter T will sup-
port a greater pressure thin any other. From numerous
experiments he derived formulae for solid and hollow
iron pillars, which are generally adopted. He co-
operated with Mr. Stephenson in the construction of the
tubular Britannia bridge about 1845. Died in 1 86 1.

Hodg'son, (BRIAN HOUGHTON,) a British ethnolo-
gist, born in 1800. While in the government service
in Nepaul, and afterwards, he made a large collection
of the northern Buddhistic literature, and wrote many
valuable papers on the ethnology and zoology of Ne-
paul and Thibet. He collected more than ten thou-
sand birds. Died in 1894.

Hodg'son, (FRANCIS,) an English poet, born in
1781, was a friend of Lord Byron, and provost of
Eton College. He produced a version of Juvenal,
(1808,) "Sacred Lyrics," (1842,) and other poems.
Died in 1852.

Hodgson, (JOHN EVAN,) an English artist, born
at London in 1831. His first picture was exhibited in
1856. He painted historical subjects 1861-69, but
afterwards mainly confined himself to scenes from
Moorish life. He was elected to the Royal Academy
in 1879.

Hodierna, o-de-*R'na, or Adierna, a-de-eVnJ, (Gl-
AMBATTISTA,) a Sicilian astronomer and priest, bom at
Ragusa in 1597, verified the positions of the fixed stars,
and discovered the motions of Jupiter's satellites. His
"Medicseorum Ephemerides" (1656) is the first book,
says Lalande, "in which we find observations on the
eclipses of Jupiter's satellites." He wrote a treatise on
the System of Saturn, (1657,) and other works. Died
in 1660.

Hodius. See HODY.

Ho'djf, [Lat. HO'DIUS,] (HUMPHRY,) D.D., an Eng-
lish divine and eminent scholar, born at Oldcombe in
1659. About 1694 he became chaplain to Archbishop
Tillotson. He was chosen professor of Greek at Oxford
in 1698, and Archdeacon of Oxford in 1704. He pub
lished an excellent work "On the Original Texts of the
Bible, and the Greek and Latin Versions," ("De Bibli-
Drum Textis Originalibus," etc., 1705,) also, "On the;
Illustrious Greek Restorers of the Greek Language,"
(1742,) which is commended by Hallam. Died in 1706

See DR. JBBB, "Notitia de Vita et Scriptis H. Hodii."

Hoe, (RICHARD MARCH,) born in New York City in
1812, is known as the inventor of Hoe's type-revolving
printing-press, which makes the impression on both
sides of the sheet at the same time. Died in 1886.

Hoeck. See yEpmus and HOEK.

Hoefer, ho'fer, [Fr. pron. ho'fair',] (JoHANN CHRIS-
TIAN FERDINAND, a German writer, distinguished for
his learning and versatility, was born at Doeschnitz, in
Thuringia, in 1811. He became in 1834 secretary to
Victor Cousin, whom he assisted in the translation of
the works of Plato. He left Cousin in 1836, after which
he studied medicine, and practised several years in Paris.
In 1843 he was sent to Germany by M. Cousin to
examine the German methods of medical instruction
and practice. He published, besides other works, a
" History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the
Present," (2 vols., 1842.) In 1851 he was selected by
MM. Didot to direct their great biographical dictionary,
"Nouvelle Biographic Generale," for which he wrote
able articles on Aristotle, C«esar, Columbus, Descartes,
Erasmus, and others. Died in 1878.

Hoefnaeghel, hooPna'gel or hoof'na'Hel, (GEORGE,,
a Flemish painter, born at Antwerp in 1545, was painter
to the Elector of Bavaria. He excelled in water-colour
painting. Died at Vienna in 1600.

Hoek or Hoeck, van, also written Honk,
(JAN,) a Flemish painter of history, born at Antwerp

about 1600, was one of the most skilful pupils of Rubens.
He worked for a long time in Germany, and was patron-
ized by the emperor Ferdinand II. He passed his latter
years in Antwerp. His design and colouring are highly
praised He was very successful in portraits. Among
his master-pieces are " Samson and Delilah," and " Christ
on the Cross," (at Bruges.) Died in 1650.

See J. C. WKVKBMAN, "De Schilderkonst der Nederlander3."

Hoek, (ROBERT,) a brother of the preceding, born
in 1609, was a skilful painter. He painted miniatures
which were admired for extreme fineness of touch and
beauty of colour. His principal works are " The Twelve
Apostles," an army, and a camp. Died in 1668.

Hoelderlin. See HOLDERLIN.

Hoelfken. See HOLFKEN.

Hoelty. See HOLTY.

Hoeltzlinus. See HOLTZLINUS.

Hoenir or Hbnir, ho'nir, [etymology unknown,] in
the Norse mythology, a god who, with Lodur, assisted
Odin in creating mankind. He is supposed to have con-
tributed as his portion sense or perception, while Odin
gave breath and vitality, and Lodur animal warmth and
'he flowing (or circulating) blood. (See ODIN.)

Hoepfner. See HOPFNER.

Hoepken. See HOPKEN.

Hoerberg. See HORBERG.

Hoeschel. See HOSCHEL.

Hoest See HOST.

Hoet, hoot, (GERARD,) an eminent Dutch historical
painter, born at Bommel in 1648. He worked mostly at
Utrecht and the Hague. Among his chief works are
the " Rape of the Sabines," and the " Sacrifice of Dido."
"The talent of Hoet," says Descamps, "is known
throughout Europe. He composed with much genius,
and his works display vast erudition." Died in 1733.

See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc

Hoeven, van der, vSn der hoo'ven, (JAN,) an able
Dutch naturalist, born at Rotterdam in 1801, became
professor of zoology at Leyden in 1835. His principal
work is an excellent " Manual of Zoology," (" Hand-
boek der Dierkunde," 2 vols., 1827-33,) which has been
translated into English, (London, 1854.) He died March
10, 1868. His brother ABRAHAM (1798-1855) was pro-
fessor of theology at Amsterdam and Utrecht, and was
considered one of the most eloquent orators of Holland.

Ho'ey, (FRANCES SARAH CASHEL,) an authoress,
born at Bushy Park, near Dublin, Ireland, February 15,
1830. Her maiden name was JOHNSTON. In 1846 she
married a Mr. Stewart, and in 1858 Mr. J. Cashel Hoey.
She published many novels, and translated the " Memoirs
of Mine, de Remusat" from the French.

Ho'ey, (JOSEPHINE SHAW, ) a favourite American
actress, born at Liverpool, England, in 1824. She
married in 1849 John Hoey, for many years manager
and president of the Adams Express Company. She
continued to act until 1865. Died in 1896.

Hoeyer. See HOYER.

Hofer. See HOEFER.

Hofer, ho'fer, (ANDREAS,) a celebrated Tyrolese pa-
triot, born in the valley of the Passeyr in 1767. On
the breaking out of the insurrection against the French
and the Bavarian government, to which the Tyrol had
been lately transferred, he entered into secret negotiations
with the archduke John for the deliverance of the coun-
try. In April, 1809, with the assistance of an Austrian
army, Hrefer, at the head of the Tyrolese peasantry,
defeated the French and Bavarian troops at the Ster-
zinger Moose. In the May following, the Austrians,
under Genera! Chasteler, suffered a defeat from the
superior numbers of the enemy near Worgl. Soon after
this the Tyrolese were again victorious in an engagement
near Mount Isel ; but, the Austrian army being with-
drawn after the battle of Wagram, the country was once
more invaded by Marshal Lefebvre. On the I3th of
August, 1809, Hofer, with his army of Tyrolese peasants,
signally defeated the French commander near Mount
Isel, after a long and obstinate conflict ; but, overpowered
at last by the reinforcements sent from France, he took
refuge in the mountains. Being soon after betrayed bj

€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, (rilled; s as z; th as in this.

anations, p. 23.)

HOFER

1296

HOFFMANN

a former friend, he was tried at Mantua, and was shot
in February, 1810.

See "Andreas Hofer und die Tyroler Insurrection," Munich,
1811: HORMAVR, "Geschichte Andreas Hofer's Sandwirths," etc,
1809 ; BECKER, " Andreas Hofer und der Freiheitskampf in Tyrol,"
jvols., 1842; "Memoirs of Andrew Hofer," translated from the
German by C. H. HALL.

Hofer, ho'fer, (EDMUND,) a distinguished German
novelist, born at Greifswalde, October 19, 1819. He was
educated at Greifswalde, Heidelberg, and Berlin. His
very numerous novels were widely popular, and his de-
scriptions of Pomeranian peasant -life are excellent.
Among his stories are "Auf deutscher Erde," (1860,)
"Land- und Seenovellen," (1871,) "Stille Geschichten,"
(1871,) etc. He also wrote a " History of German Lit-
erature," (1876,) and "Wie das Volk spricht," (1876,) a
collection of rustic sayings. Died May 23, 1882.

Hoff, von, fon hoff, (KARL ERNST ADOLF,) a German
geologist, born at Gotha in 1771, wrote a "History of
the Natural Changes of the Surface of the Globe," (5
vols., 1822-41.) and edited, from 1801 to 1816, "The
Almanac of Gotha," a statistical publication of very
high character. Died in 1837.

Hoffbauer, hof'bow'er, (JoHANN CHRISTOPH,) a Ger-
man writer, born at Bielefeld in 1766, published, besides
other works, " Researches into the Diseases of the Soul,"
(3 vols., 1802-07.) Died in 1827.

Hoffman, (CHARLES FENNO,) a popular American
poet and novelist, born in New York in 1806, graduated
at Columbia College. He studied law, and was admitted
to the bar about 1828. In 1835 ne produced a successful
descriptive work entitled " Winter in the West." He
edited successively "The American Monthly Magazine"
and "The New York Mirror." Among his works are
"The Vigil of Faith, and other Poems," and a number
of songs. " No American," says R. W. Griswold, " is
comparable to him as a song-writer." He published in
1840 "Greyslaer," a novel. In 1849 he was attacked
with a mental derangement. Died at Harrisburg, Penn-
sylvania, June 7, 1884.

See GBISTTOLD, " Poets and Poetry of America," and " Prose
Writers of America;" DUYCKINCK, "Cyclopzdia of American Lite-
rature," vol. ii.

Hoffman, (DAVID,) an eminent American lawyer,
born in Baltimore in 1784, was professor of law in the
University of Maryland from 1817 to 1836. He after-
wards resided in Philadelphia. He published a "Course
of Legal Study," which has been highly commended.
According to Judge Story, " it contains by far the most
perfect system for the study of the law that has ever
been offered to the public." He also wrote or compiled
"Chronicles selected from the Originals of Cartaphilus
the Wandering Jew," (2 vols., 1855.) Died in 1854.

See " North American Review" for January, 1830.

Hoffman, //ofmoN', (FRANCOIS BENotr,) an able
French critic and dramatic poet, born at Nancy in 1760.
He produced many successful operas and dramas, among
which are "Phaedra," (1786,) "Adrien," (1792,) and
" Stratonice," a comedy, (1792.) He wrote literary cri-
tiques for the "Journal de 1 Empire" and the "Journal
des Debats" for many years. " He had," says Sainte-
Beuve, " many qualities of a true critic, — conscience and
independence. . . . He was learned with variety and
without pedantry." Died in 1828.

See SAINTE-BEUVE, " Causeriesdu Lundi" for February 25, 1850;
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne"rale."

Hoffman, (MURRAY,) an American judge, born in
New York, September 29, 1791. He graduated at Co-
lumbia College in 1809. In 1839 he was appointed
assistant vice-chancellor of New York, and was a judge
of the superior court of New York, 1853-61. He pub-
lished various law-books, chiefly on chancery subjects,
besides several works on ecclesiastical law. Died May

7, 1878-

Hoffmann, hof man, (ANDREAS GOTTLIEB,) a German
theologian, born in the county of Mansfeld in 1796, be-
came professor of theology at Jena in 1822. He pub-
lished a "Treatise on Hebrew Antiquities," (1832,) and
wrote many articles for the " Encyclopaedia" of Ersch
and Gruber. Died March 16, 1864.

Hoffmann, (AUGUST HEINRICH,) an eminent lyric
jioet and philologist, called also Hoffmann von Pal-
lersleben, (fll'lers-li'ben,) was born at Fallersleben, in
Hanover, in 1798. He studied at Gottingen and Bonn,
and became in 1835 professor of the German language
and literature at Breslau. He published " German Social
Songs of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,"
and " Mines for the History of the German Language
and Literature ;" also ballads, songs for children, war
lyrics, and other poems, which are greatly admired for
their simplicity, fervour, and pathos. Died in 1874.

See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe , ' " Leven»-
schets van A. H. Hoffmann von Fallersleben. "

Hoffmann, (CASPAR,) a German physician, born at
Gotha in 1572, published numerous works on medicine.
I lied at Altdorf in 1648.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Hoffmann, hofmln, (CHARLES ALEXANDER,) a
Polish writer, born in Masovia in 1798, produced in 1827
a Polish translation of the works of Dr. Franklin.
Having been identified with the insurrection of 1830, he
was driven into exile in 1832. He was the husband of
Clementina Hoffmanowa. Died July 6, 1875.

Hoffmann, (CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED,) a German juris-
consult, born at Lauban, in Lusatia, in 1692, became
professor of law at Leipsic in 1718, and afterwards at
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He acquired a high reputation
by his writings, (in Latin,) among which are a " History
of the Roman Law of Justinian," (1720-24,) and "Li-
brary of German Public Law," (" Bibliotheca Juris pub-
lici Germanici," etc., 1734.) Died in 1735.

See ERSCH und I.RLTBKR, "AMsemeine Encyklopaedie ;" HlR-
SCHING. " Historisch-literarisches Handbuch."

Hoffmann, (CHRISTOPH LUDWIG,) an eminent medi-
cal writer, born at Rheda, in Westphalia, in 1721, was
physician to the Electors of Cologne and Mentz. Among
his principal works are treatises " On the Small-Pox,"
(2 vols., 1778,) and "On the Sensibility and Irritability
of the Diseased Parts," (1779.) Died in 1807.

Hoffmann or Hoffmanowa, hof-mi-no'vi, (CLE-
MENTINA,) a popular Polish authoress, whose maiden
name was TANSKA, was born at Warsaw in 1798, and
liberally educated. She produced about 1820, in Polish,
her " Memorial of a Good Mother," which had a great
popularity. She was married to Charles A. Hoffmann,
with whom she removed to Paris about 1832. Among
her works, which were published collectively in 1833, (in
10 vols^,) are letters, historical tales, essays, and biog-
raphies of eminent Poles. Died in 1845.

Hoffmann, (DANIEL,) a German Lutheran divine,
born at Halle about 1538, was professor of theology at
Helmstedt, He was censured for teaching that the
truths of philosophy conflict with the truths of religion.
Died in 1611.

Hoffmann, (ERNST THEODOR WOLFGANG; after-
wards called ERNST THEODOR AMADEUS,) one of the
most remarkable and original of German story-tellers,
(End/tier,) viis born at Konigsbergin 1776. He studied
law, and subsequently received several minor appoint-
ments under the government. In 1816 he became coun-
sellor of the royal court of judicature at Berlin. Died
in 1822, his health having been previously undermined
by dissipation. His gifted and versatile mind led him
to the cultivation of music, poetry, and art But he " is
celebrated chiefly," says Dr. Hedge, " for his successful
use of the magic and demoniac element in fiction. He
does not seek to make the flesh creep and the hair bris-
tle, but aims rather at the diaphragm. He views all
these infrrnalia on the humorous side ; and if any one
trait is particularly prominent in his writings, it is irony."
Menzel, after alluding to the strange combination which
his mind exhibited of manliness, humour, poetry, and
morbid sensibility, remarks, " From the dev:! do^n to a
wry-faced child's doll, from the dissonance of life which
rends the soul down to a dissonance in music which only
rends the ear, the immeasurable kingdom of the ugly,
the repulsive, the annoying, was gathered around him,
and his descriptions paint alternately these tormenting
objects, and the torments which they prepare for a beau-
tiful soul, with inimitable vividness and truth." Again,
he says, " Hoffmann's innermost being was music ; and

i, e 1, 6, u, y, long: a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, q, obicure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; m5on;

HOFFMANN

1297

HO CAN

the prayer of Saint Anthony is never wanting to his Hof'land, (BARBARA,) a popular English writer, born
hellish caricatures, nor the Christmas bell to the witches' at Sheffield in 1770, was the daughter of Robert Wreaks,
sabbath." Among his principal works are "Phantasie- She became the wife of Thomas Hofland, the painter, in
stiicke in Callot's Manier," (4 vols., 1814,) and "Sera- 1808. She wrote numerous novels and moral tales, which
pions Briider," (4 vols., 1819-21.) His various other had a wide circulation. The " Son of a Genius
tales, etc. would fill several volumes. I ('813) is probably her most successful work. Died

Hoffmann, (FRANZ,) a German theistic philosopher, i in 1844.

born at Aschaffenburg, January 19, 1804. In 1835 he Hofland, (THOMAS CHRISTOPHER,) an eminent Eng-
was made professor of philosophy at Wurzburg, where lish landscape-painter, born at Worksop, in Nottingham-
he died, October 22, 1882. He was a follower of Baader, i shire, in 1777. He married Mrs. Hoole, who, under the
whose works he edited. Besides works on logic, etc., name of Hofland, became well known as a novelist, and
Hoffmann published eight volumes of philosophical resided mostly in or near London. His subjects were
writings. ! chosen from the river and lake scenery of the British

Hoffmann, [Lat HOFFMAN'NUS,] (FRIEDRICH,) an Islands. He published a richly illustrated volume called
illustrious German physician, was born at Halle in 1660. "The British Angler's Manual," (1839.) Died in 1843.
He studied at Jena, and, after travelling in England and Hofler, hof'ler, (KARL ADOLPH KONSTANTIN,) a
Holland, settled as a physician at Halberstadt in 1688. German historian, born at Memmmgen, in Bavaria,
On the establishment of the university at Halle he was March 26, 1811. He was educated at Munich and Got-
appointed in 1693 its first professor of medicine by tingen, and in Italy. He was (1838-47) a professor of

the Elector Frederick III. of Brandenburg. On the
invitation of Frederick I. of Prussia, he removed in
1708 to Berlin, where he was made royal physician, but
still retained his professorship. He returned in 1712
to Halle, where he died in 1742. Hoffmann rendered
most important services to practical medicine by his ex-
periments with various remedies : his " Elixirium Vis-
cerale" and " Liquor Anodynus Mineralis," commonly
called " Hoffmann's Anodyne," are still popular, and he
was one of the first to bring mineral waters into more
general use. He wrote, in Latin and German, numerous
medical works, among which is " Medicina Rationaiis
systematica," (9 vols., 1718-40.) His complete works
were published in 6 vols. quarto, (1740.)

See SCHULZE, "Vita F. HoffmannL" prefixed to his Works, 1730;
BALDINGER. "Programmade F. Hoffmann! et H. Boerl^
in Medicinam practicam," 1772; LOVKN, " Dissertatio
manno ejusque Medicina Rational! systematical' 1846.

Hoffmann, (HEINRICH,) a German humourist,
bom at Frankfort in 1809. He became a medical
specialist, and while treating children drew comical
pictures to amuse them. These, with humourous

havii Mentis
de F. Hoff-

history in Munich, and after 1851 at Prague. Among
his works are " The German Popes," (1839,) " Collection
of Materials for Prankish History," (1849-52,) " Frank
ish Studies," (1852-53,) "Text-Book of Universal His-
tory," (1850-56,) etc.

Hofmann, hof man, (AUGUST WILHELM,) a German
chemist, born at Giessen, April 8, 1818. He held pro-
fessorships in London, 1845-63, and in the University of
Bonn, 1863-65, and went to Berlin University as pro-
fessor in 1865. Hofmann's is one of the great names
in the history of organic chemistry. He wrote many im-
portant scientific papers. He published "Einleitung in
die moderne Chemie," (1865,) etc. Died May 5, 1892.

Hofmann, (ERNST,) a Russian mineralogist, of Ger-
man descent, born at Overlack, in Livonia, January 20,
1801. He was educated at Dorpat and Heidelberg, and
held professorships in the universities of Kiev and Saint
Petersburg. Died at Dorpat, June 5, 1871. His writings
illustrate Russian geography, geology, and minerals.

Hofmann, von, fon hof man, (JOHANN CHRISTIAN
KONRAD,) a German theologian, founder of the so-called

, ' Erlangen school" of Lutheran theology, was born at

letter-press, were published in 1845 under the title °I Nuremberg, December 21, 1810, and was professor of

"Struwwelpeter," the book being widely translated, theology at Rostock and Erlangen. Died December 20,

and running through more than one hundred and 1877.
forty editions. Died in 1894. Hofmannswaldau, von, fon hofmans-wil'dSw,

Hoffmann, (JOHANN GOTTFRIED,) a German writer sometimes written Hofmandswaldau, ( CHRISTIAN

on political economy, born at Breslau in 1765. He be- HOFMANN,) a German poet, born at Breslau in 1618.

came councillor of state in Berlin in 1808, and attended He published in 1673 a collection of poems, entitled

the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Among his works is "Sinnreiche Heldenbriefe." Died in 1679.
"The Science of Money," ("Die Lehre vom Gelde," See GBRVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur."
1838.) Died in 1847. Hofrneister, hofmls-ter, (WILHELM,) an eminent

Hoffmann, (JOHANN JAKOB,) a Swiss scholar, born German botanist, born at Leipsic, May 18, 1824. He

at Bale in 1635, obtained in 1667 the chair of Greek in held professorships at Heidelberg and Tubingen. Died

his native city. His principal work is a "Universal January 12, 1877.

' il," etc., (in Hofs

Lexicon, Historical, Geographical, Political,'
Latin, 1667.) Died in 1706.

Hofstede de Groot, hof'sta-deh deh gRot, (Prrrus,)
a Dutch (Frisian) theologian, born at Leer, October 8,

Hoffmann, (JOHANN JOSEPH,) a German scholar, !go2. In 1829 he became a professor of theology at
born at Wurzburg, February 16, 1805. He studied in Groningen. He was the recognized head of the "Gro-
the university of his native town, and affer 1830 devoted , ningen theology," and his party took the name of " Evan-
himself to the study of Japanese, Chinese, and Malay. ] gelicals," in opposition to the "Moderns," (the so-called
He became professor of Japanese at Leyden. Died ; Leyden school,) as well as to the strict "Orthodox" party.
January 23, 1878. His chief work is a great " Japanese ; He published " Theologia Naturalis," " Institutiones His-
Dictionary," which he left incomplete. toriae Ecclesiae," etc. His principal work is " Opvoeding

Hoffmann, (MORITZ,) a German physician and bota- j der Menschheid," (the " Education of Mankind," 1847.)
nist, bom at Fiirstenwalde in 1622, became professor of Ho'gan, ( JAMES FRANCIS,) an Australian author,
surgery at Altdorf, and published several medical and
botanical works. Died in 1698.

Hoffmann, hof man, (TYCHO,) a Danish writer, was
keeper of the seals of Denmark. He wrote " Historical
Portraits of Eminent Danes." Died in 1754.

Hoffmannaegg, von, fon hof'man-seg', ( JOHANN London, ^" The Lost Explorer, (1890,) anc
CENTURIUS,) COUNT, a German botanist, born at Dres- Convict King."

den in 1766. Having explored the botanical riches of Ho'gan, (JOHN,) an Irish sculptor, born at Tallow,
Portugal for several years, he returned to Germany in Waterford county, in 1800. He studied m Rome, 1823
1804, and published with M. Link his magnificent " Por- -29, and settled in Dublin. Among his chief works is
tuguese Flora," (in French, 22 parts, 1809-33.) Died in I "The Drunken Faun," for which he received a medal
-g4o at the Exposition of Paris in 1851. Died about 1858.

Honmannua. See HOFFMANN. Ho'gan, (JOHN JOSEPH,) D.D., a bishop, born a«

Hoffmeiater, hof mis-ter, (FRANZ ANTON,) a German Cahirguillamore, county of Limerick, Ireland, May 10,
musician and composer, born at Roihenburg in 1754. 1829. He was educated in the Roman Catholic msti-
Died at Vienn«, February 10, 1812. I tutions of Saint Louis, Missouri, was ordained a pnest

was born in Ireland in 1854, and was taken to Aus-
tralia in infancy. He became a journalist, and in
1887 went to London, where he published " The Irish
in Australia." Later works we're " The Australian in

€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as mt/us.

82

Explanations, p. 23.)

HOGARTH

1298

HOHENSTA UFEX

in 1852, became Bishop of Saint Joseph in 1868, and
Bishop of Kansas City in 1880.

Ho'garth, (DAVID GEORGE,) an English archae-

ologist, born in Lincolnshire in 1862. After 1887 he
was engaged in active explorations in Asia Minor,
Cyprus, and Egypt, and was correspondent for the
" Times" during the Turko-Greek war of 1897. He
published various antiquarian works.

Ho'garth, (GEORGE,) a Scottish writer on music, born
in 1783, was the father-in-law of Charles Dickens, the
novelist. He published " Musical History, Biography, „
and Criticism," (2 vols., 1836,) which is highly com- Dunse m
mended, and "Memoirs of the Musical Drama," (2 vols.,
1838.) He became musical and dramatic critic for the
London "Daily News" in 1846. Died in 1870.

Hogarth, (WILLIAM,) a celebrated satirical painter,

ing Tales," (1820,) "The Three Perils of Man," etc.,
and contributed to " Blackwood's Magazine." In 1820
he married Margaret Phillips, and resided afterwards

on a farm at Altrive. Hogg is one of the principal
actors and interlocutors in Christopher North's famous
" Noctes Ainbrosianae." Died in 1835.
See WILSOH, '

of Hogg's Worl

" Life of James Hogg," pr<

siana;," New York, 1855.

Hogg, (ROBERT,) LL.D., a Scottish botanist, born at
1818. His works include " Hand-Book of
Hardy Annuals," "Manual of Fruits," "British Pomol-
ogy," "Gardener's Manual," etc. Died March 14, 1897.

Hohenlohe, ho'en-lo'eh, a celebrated family of Ger-
man princes. The Protestant line includes the houses

born in London in 1697, was apprenticed to a silversmith, °{, Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Hohenlohe-Oehnngen, and
whom he left in 1718. He then earned a subsistence I Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen. The Catholic line includes the
for some time by engraving, and studied drawing in the ! houses of Hohenlohe-Bartenstem-Bartenstein, Hohen-

academy of Sir James Thornhill, whose daughter he I uhe-Bartenstem-Jagstberg, and

married in 1730. He acquired skill in portraits, but1 bure-SdiillingMuriL

soon exchanged that branch of art for one more suited WohPnloho.Tn»»lfin»=n h~',

to his original genius, — the dramatic or satirical species,
in which he is unrivalled. In 1733 he published a
series of engravings called the " Harlot's Progress,"
which had a large sale, and was followed by the " Rake's
Progress," " Marriage a la Mode," " Industry and Idle-
ness," " Beer Lane," and " The Enraged Musician." His
pictures abound in comic humour, and display great skill
in caricature, as well as great originality and fertility of
invention. His works have also the merit of conveying
useful lessons of morality. In 1753 he published his
"Analysis of Beauty," in which he maintains that a

_______ _______ ^^... «* .,^-

of war uiideVk'ing Louis

Hohenlohe-Walden

Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, ho'en-lo'eh ing'el-fing'en,

(FRIEDRICH LUDWIG,) PRINCE, a Prussian general, born
in 1746. He distinguished himself in the campaigns of
i 792 and 1 793, and obtained command of an army in 1 795.
He commanded the Prussian forces which were defeated
by Napoleon at Jena on the I4th of October, 1806. On
the i6th the king gave him command of all the troops
that had escaped from Jena and Auerstadt. He was
compelled to abandon Berlin to the enemy, and soon after
was taken prisoner, with about 15,000 men, at Prentzlow.
He retired to private life, and died in 1817 or 1818.

Holu-iilohe-SchUlingafurst, von, fon ho'en-lo'eh-
shil'lings-furst', (CHLpDwiG KARL VICTOR,) PRINCE, a

He early
Himself a
was the
In'^sii'he'b'ecame leader of 'he liberals in every anti-clerical movement in

general of division and aide-de-camp to Napoleon whom Bavarla- Though he had always been a zealous anti-

he followed in the Russian campaign. After the battle Prusslan. he was accused during the Austro-Prussian

of Waterloo he went to Brazil, where he died in 1830 war °' favourlng Bismarck's designs, and subsequently

Hogendorp, van, (GijSBERTKAREL,) COUNT, a Dutch alded m establishing the new empire. In 1874 he was

statesman, brother of the preceding, born at Rotterdam sent as Gerrnan ambassador to Paris, and in 1885 he

in 1762. He united with several others to form a pro- was aPP°inted governor of Alsace-Lorraine. In 1894

visional government in 1813, and was president of the I16 liecame chancellor of the German empire, succeed-

commission which framed a new constitution. He was '"8 '" tnat office Count de Caprivi, who was the succes-

minister of foreign affairs, aftd vice-president of the sor "f Prince Bismarck. He resigned in 1900.

council, until he resigned in 1816. He wrote "Consider- Hohenlohe-SchillingBfurst, von (GusTAV

ations on the Political Economy of the Low Countries,'
(10 vols., 1818-23.) Died in 1834.

ADOLF,) PRINCE, a German cardinal, a brother of the
preceding, born at Rottenburg, February 26, 1823. He

Hogg, (jABEZ,)an English surgeon and author, i studied law and divinity at Erfurt, Bonn Breslau, Munich,

was born at Chatham in 1817. He practised as an an^ Rome' *** ortia'»td a Prl.est b? Jluf IX" ln '849-
__h,h i • «, i ar|d was made secret chamberlain and almoner to the

f UdJ °f : pope, and Bishop of Edessa. In ,866 he was made a

Jtography, and issued a series of illustrated school- ^rHdi'nal iest, ^d in ,879 a cardinal-bishop and arch-
books, some of which were highly successful. His i jes, ofHSanta Maria Maggiore, holding the see of Al-
work on the microscope (1854) reached its fifteenth £ano. In ,8g4 he resjgrfeed his bishopric and retired
edition in 1898, and Is the accepted text-book on this temporarily to Germany. Died in Rome, Oct. 30, 1896.
e published various medical works on Hohenlohe- Waldenburg-SchillingBfurst, ho'-
ophthalmological subjects, and numerous other scien- en-lo'eh wil'den-booRG' shil'lings-fuRst', (ALEXANDER
tific works. LEOPOLD FRANZ EMMERICH,) PRINCE OF, a Hungarian

H6gg,(J AMES,)" the Ettrick Shepherd," born in Ettrick prelate, born at Kupferzelle in 1794. Died in 1849.
Forest, in Scotland, in 1772, was the son of a shepherd, Hohenstaufen, ho'^n-stow'fen, [from hack, "high,"
and followed his father's employment until he was thirty and Staufen, "hill" or "eminence,"] in the singular,
years of age. In 1803 a collection of his poems was pub- Hohenstaufe, ho'en-stow'feh, a celebrated family of
lished, under the title of "The Mountain Bard," the German princes, who reigned from 1138 to 1254. The
proceeds of which (about £300) enabled him to take a first of the line, FRIEDRICH VON BUREN, received the
farm. He failed, however, in this enterprise. After many name on account of having removed his dwelling from
struggles with adversity, he went to Edinburgh, to try i a valley auf 'den Staufen, ("up the hill" or "mountain.")

LI,, f » .1 L' _1 ^ _O TT • • 1 J J JL J

his fortune in authorship, about 1810. Having issued a
literary periodical called " The Spy," without success, he
was encouraged by his friends to devote himself to poetry,
and in 1813 gave to the public the "Queen's Wake,"
which procured him a high reputation as a poet. It is
generally considered as his best work. His success stimu-
lated him to the rapid production of many other poems,
among which are "The Pilgrims of the Sun," (1815,)
"Poetic Mirror," "Sacred Melodies," and "The Border
Garland," (1819.) He wrote, in prose, "The Brownie
of Bodsbeck, and other Tales," (1818,) "Winter Even-

His son, FRIEDRICH VON STAUFEN, was rewarded by
the emperor Henry IV. for his eminent services by the
duchy of Suabia and the hand of his daughter Agnes.
Henry also made him Regent of Germany while he fought
against the pope in Italy. Friedrich died in 1 105, leaving
two sons, Friedrich and Conrad, the latter of whom was
crowned King of Germany, with the title of CONRAD
III. His nephew, FRIEDRICH BARBAROSSA, the most
celebrated of the line, was chosen emperor in 1 152. (Set
FREDERICK I. of Germany, and KYFFHAUSER.) The
Hohenstaufen line ended with CONRADIN in 1268.

«, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, \, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon;

HOHENZOLLERN

1299

I

Hohenzollern, ho'en-tsorie'Rn, the name of an an-
cient princely German family, from which the imperial
house of Germany and the reigning families of Roumania
and Bulgaria are descended. The name is derived from
the castle of Zollern, in Suabia, which is said to have
been built by Tassillon, or Thasilio, about 8<x/ A.D.

Hoijer, ho'e-yer, (BENJAMIN CARL HENRIK,) an emi-
nent Swedish philosopher, born in Dalecarlia in 1767.
His promotion was hindered by the liberal political
principles of his youth. He produced a treatise "On
the Progress of Critical Philosophy," an " Outline of
the History of the Fine Arts," and other works. In 1808
he became professor of philosophy at Upsal, where he
gained a high reputation as a lecturer. Died in 1812.

Ho'kan-aon, (OLOF,) a Swedish orator, originally a
peasant, born in the province of Bleking in 1695, was
elected in 1726 to the Diet, in which he acquired great
influence by his prudence and eloquence. Died in 1769.

Holanda, de, da o-Un'da, (FRANCISCO,) a Portuguese
'ainter, born in 1518, studied in Rome, and appears to
,ave returned to Portugal. He painted portraits for
Charles V. of Germany, and was skilful in miniature.
Under the patronage of John III. he painted oil pictures
for the palaces and churches of Lisbon. Died in 1584.

Holbach, d', dol'baK or dol'bfk', (PAUL THIERRY or
THYRY, also given as PAUL HEINRICH DIETRICH and
PAUL FRIEDRICH,) BARON, a skeptical philosopher,
born at Heidelsheim (Palatinate) in 1723. He inherited
a fortune, and passed all his life, except childhood, in
Paris, where he was the patron and associate of the
Encyclopaedists. Diderot, Helvetius, Grimm, Rousseau,
and other authors often met at his table. He translated
from the German several works on chemistry and mine-
ralogy. His atheistic opinions were developed in his
" System of Nature," (" Le Systeme de la Nature," 1 770,)
under the pseudonym of MIRABAUD, the morality of
which book Voltaire stigmatized as execrable. It was
also refuted by Frederick the Great. Holbach was the
reputed author of other works, among which were " The
Social System," (1773,) and "La Morale universelle,"
(1776.) Died in 1789.

See DIDEROT, " MemoireV'/ojriixr; ROUSSEAU, " Confessions;"
DAMIRON, " NUmoire sur Thierry d'Holbach," 1851.

Holbein VON HOLBEINSBERG, hol'bin fon hol'binz-
b?RG', (FRANZ,) a popular German dramatist and actor,
born near Vienna in 1779; died in 1855.

Holbein, (HANS,) THE ELDER, a German painter of
Augsburg, born about 1450. Among his master-pieces
are the scenes from the life of Saint Paul in the church of
Saint Paul at Augsburg. He died in 1526, leaving three
sons, AMBROSE, BRUNO, and HANS, who were artists ;
the last-named rose to great eminence.

Holbein, (HANS,) THE YOUNGER, one of the most
celebrated German painters, born at Griinstadt in 1497.
At an early age he removed to BSle, where, after prac-
tising his art for a time, he was recommended by Erasmus
to the English chancellor, Sir Thomas More. After
residing in his family about three years, Holbein was
introduced to King Henry VIII., who gave him abundant
employment and bestowed upon him a large pension.
He devoted himself, while in England, chiefly to portrait-
painting; and his numerous productions in this depart-
ment are esteemed master-pieces. His drawings, upwards
of eighty in number, representing the principal person-
ages of Henry's court, are characterized by Walpole as
" exceedingly fine, and possessing a strength and vivacity
equal to the most perfect portraits." Holbein died in
London, of the plague, in 1554, or, according to R. N.
Wornum and others, in 1543. Among his greatest his-
torical pictures are the celebrated " Dance of Death,"
the "Adoration of the Shepherds and Kings," and a
" Last Supper." His portraits of Sir Thomas More and
of Erasmus also deserve especial mention. " His works,"
observes Cunningham, " have sometimes an air of stiff-
ness, but they have always the look of truth and life.
He painted with g-reat rapidity and ease, wrought with
his left hand, and dashed off a portrait at a few sittings."
Holbein was also a skilful architect and wood-engraver.

See HEGNHR, " Leben Hans Holbein's," Berlin, 1827; Das-
CAUPS, " Vies des Peintres Fiamands, Allemands," etc. ; R. N. WOR-
mjM, "Life of Holbein;" NAGLER, "Allgemeines ICiinstler-Lexi-
'.on:" CUNNINGHAM, "Lives of Painters, Sculptors," etc. ; KARL

FRIEDRICH VON RUMOHR, " H. Holbein der Jiingere in seinem Vet-
haltniss zum Deutschen Formschnittwesen," 1830; "Edinburgh
Review" for April, 1867.

Holbein, (SIGISMUND,) a German painter and en-
graver, is supposed to have been an uncle of the pre-
ceding. Died after 1540.

Holberg, von, fon hol'be'RG, (LuDwic,) BARON, an
eminent Danish author and comic poet, born of pool
parents, at Bergen, Norway, in 1684. In youth he was
employed as a private tutor, and learned French, Italian,
and English. He studied philosophy at Oxford, England,
for about two years. Impelled by a love of travelling,
he visited many countries of Europe, and was afterwards
professor of eloquence at Copenhagen. About 1720 he
published his heroic-comic poem " Peder Paars," which
was immensely popular. His celebrity was increased
by numerous comedies which appeared between 1723
and 1746. One of his best comedies is " The Busy Idler ;
or, The Man who never has Time." His fertile mind
enriched nearly every department of literature, and raised
him to affluence. His talent for satire is displayed in
"Niels Klim's Subterranean Journey," in Latin, (1741,)
the plan of which resembles "Gulliver's Travels." He
also wrote a "History of Denmark," (1735,) and a
" Universal History." Frederick V. created him a baron
in 1747. He is the founder of the Danish theatre, and
the first Danish author who excelled in humorous and
satirical composition. Died in 1754.

See his Autobiography, in Latin, 1727-44, (English translation,
London, 1827;) and his Life, in German, by ROBERT PRUTZ, 1857;
K. L. RAHBEK, "Om L. Hoiberg som Lystspildigter," etc, a vols.,
1815-16: P. T. WANDAL, " Levensbeschrijving van L, Holberg,"
1765; WBRLAUFF," HistoriskeAntegnelser til L. HolbergsLystspil,"
1838; HOWITT, "Literature and Romance of Northern Europe,"
chap. xxi. ; "Nouvelle Biographic Gt£n£rale;" C. L. BRIGHTWKLL,
"Annals of Industry and Genius," London, 1863: "North British
Review" for July, 1869.

Hol'bpurne, (Sir ROBERT,) M.D., an eminent Eng-
lish lawyer, was a member of Charles I.'s privy council
during the civil war. He published several legal treat-
ises. Died in 1647.

Hol'brook, (JOHN EDWARDS,) M.D., a distinguished
American naturalist, born in Beaufort, South Carolina,
in 1795. He graduated at Brown University in 1815;
and, having taken his medical diploma at Philadelphia,
he prosecuted his professional studies for four years in
Europe. He returned to the United States in 1822, and
in 1 824 succeeded to the cljair of anatomy in the Medical
College of South Carolina. In 1842 appeared his "Amer-
ican Herpetology, or a Description of the Reptiles in-
habiting the United States," (5 vols. 410,) which is said
to have laid the foundation of that branch of science in
this country. Died September 8, 1871.

Holcombe, hol'kum, (WILLIAM H.,) an American
homceopathist, born at Lynchburg, Virginia, in 1825. He
became a resident of New Orleans. Besides several
volumes of homoeopathic literature, he published " Our
Children in Heaven," (1868,) " Poems," and other works,
including several brochures setting forth New Church
(Swedenborgian) views. Died November 28, 1893.

Hoi' croft, (THOMAS,) an English dramatist and trans-
lator, born in London in 1744. He was successively a
groom, shoemaker, school-master, and actor. He wrote
numerous dramas and several novels. His comedies
"Duplicity," (1781,) and "The Road to Ruin," (1792,)
were very successful. He made good translations of
numerous French and German works, among which are
Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy," "The Posthumous
Works of Frederick the Great," (1789,) and "Tales of
the Castle." He was indicted for treason with Hardy
and Horne Tooke in 1794, but was discharged without a
trial. Died in 1809.

See "Memoirs of his Life," by himself, 3 vols., 1815; "Edin-
burgh Review" for April, 1804, and October, 1806.

Holda, h61'da or hol'di, written also Holle, [probably
from the German hold, "kind," "propitious," "lovely,"1!
an ancient German goddess, corresponding in some re-
spects to the Frigga of the Northmen. She presides over
aerial phenomena, and imparts fertility to the earth.

Hol'den, (EDWARD SINGLETON,) an American astron-
omer, born at Saint Louis, Missouri, November 5, 1846.
He graduated at Washington University in 1866, and at
West Point in 1870. He served in the artillery and en-

€ as/i,- jas j; gAard; gas/';G, H, K, guttural; a, nasal; R, trilled: sasz; th as in this.

Explanations, p. 23

HOLDEN

1300

HOLLAND

gineer corps, United States army, was in 1873 ap-
pointed professor of mathematics in the navy, became
director of the Washburn Observatory in 1881, presi-
dent of the University of California in 1883, and was
director of the Lick Observatory 1888-98. He pub-
lished " Astronomy," (1877,) and other works.

Hol'den, (GEORGE,) an eminent English Hebraisf,
born near Lancaster in 1793, became perpetual curate
of Mayhull, at Liverpool. Among his principal works
are "An Attempt towards an Improved Translation of
the Proverbs of Solomon," (1819,) and "The Scripture
Testimonies to the Divinity of our Lord," (1820.)

Holden, (HENRY,) a learned Roman Catholic priest,
born in Lancashire, England, in 1596, lived for many
years in Paris. He wrote, in Latin, an " Analysis of
Divine Faith," (1652,) which was commended by Dupin.
and other works on theology. Died in 1662.

Holden, (Sir ISAAC,) an English inventor, born at
Hurlet in 1807. He discovered the principle of the
lucifer match in 1829, (but had been anticipated,)
and made important inventions in wool-combing
machinery. He was made a baronet in 1893. Died
in 1897.

Hol'der, (CHARLES FREDERICK,) an American
author, bom at Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1851. His
works include "Life of Louis Agassiz," "Charles
Darwin's Life and Work," and numerous works of
popular natural history.

HoI'der, (JOSEPH BASSETT,) M.D., an American zool-
ogist, born at Lynn, Massachusetts, October 26, 1824.
He graduated in medicine in 1850, served in the medical
department of the United States army, and was one of
the founders of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory in New York. His principal works are a " History
ol the North American Fauna," (1878,) and "History
of the Atlantic Right Whales," (1883.) Died in 1888.

Hol'der, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S., an English writer, born
In Nottinghamshire in 1614, published, besides other
works, "Elements of Speech," (1669,) and "Treatise on
the Natural Grounds and Principles of Harmony," (1694,)
which, says M. Fetis, "is one of the best works on that
subject." It is said that he taught a deaf-mute to speak.
Died in 1697.

Holderlin or Hoelderlin, hol'der-leen', QOHANN
CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,) a German poet, born at Lauffen
in or about 1770. He wrote "Hyperion, or the Hermit
in Greece," (2 vols., 1799,) a romance, which has some
beautiful passages, and "Lyric Poems," (1826,) which
are admired for fervour of fancy and depth of thought.
Died in 1843.

Holds'wprth, (EDWARD,) an English scholar, born in
1688, was educated at Oxford. He wrote a Latin poem,
called " Muscipula," ("Mouse-trap.") Died in 1747.

Holdaworth, written also Holsworth, Olds-worth,
and Oldisworth, (RICHARD,) an English divine, born
at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1590. He became professor
of divinity at Gresham College in 1629, and master of
Emanuel College in 1637. He left, besides other works,
"Valley of Vision," in twenty-one sermons, (1651.)
Died in 1649.

Hole, (MATTHEW,) an English religious writer, born
about 1640, was vicar of Stoke Courcy, in Somersetshire.
He wrote " Discourses on the Liturgy of the Church of
England," (6 vols., 1714-16,) and other works. Died
about 1730.

Hole, (RICHARD,) an English poet, born at Exeter.
He produced a poetical version of Homer's "Hymn to
Ceres," (1781,) "Arthur," a poetical romance, (1789,)
and a few other works. He became rector of Farring-
don in 1792. Died in 1803.

Holfken or Hoelfken, liolf ken, (GusTAV,) a German
writer on national economy, born at Hattingen, in Prus-
sia, in iSn. He published, besides other works, "The
Condition, Policy, and Development of the Power of
England," (2 vols., 1846.)

Holger (hol'ger) the Dane, a half-mythical national
hero of Denmark, whose legend in its present form was
worked up by Saxo Grammaticus. It is believed, how-
ever, that the French or Walloon form of the name

I (OciER THE DANE) is older than the other, and that the
1 word " Dane," as here used, at first signified not an inhabi-
tant of Denmark, but a dweller in theaSrwor forest-region
now called Ardennes. The Danish legend represents
Holger as sleeping for ages in a vault under the castle
of Kronborg. with his beard grown through a table of
stone. At some future time he will awake, break the
table, and rescue his country from her enemies.

Hol'inS-hed or HolTngS-hed, (RAPHAEL,) an Eng-
lish annalist, the date and place of whose birth are
unknown. He published valuable chronicles of England,
Scotland, and Ireland, (1577.) Modern historians have
borrowed largely from him. Died about 1580.

Hol'kar, (Jeswunt Rao, jSs'wunt rl'o,) a son of
fuckagee, noticed below, was an able warrior, and 3
formidable enemy of the British. He defeated Scindia
in 1802, and raised a large army. In the spring of 1804
war broke out between him and the British. Holkar
defeated Colonel Monson's division of 12,000 men in
July, near the Chumbul and Bannas Rivers. In Novem-
ber of 1804 he was surprised and routed by Lord Lake
at Furruckabad. He made a treaty of peace in January,
1806. Died in i8tl.

Holkar, (MulTiar Ra'p or Row,) a Mahratta chie£
born at Hoi, in the Deccan, in 1693. Having distinguished
himself in war, be became ruler of a large part of Malwa.
He died in 1766.

A daughter-in-law of the preceding, named AHALYA
BAEE, (a-ha'le-J bl'ee,) or ALYA BHYE, (then a widow,)
succeeded to the government on the death of Mulhar
Rao Holkar, and during an administration of more than
thirty years displayed extraordinary virtues both as a
woman and a ruler. She was equally distinguished for
her wisdom, her humanity and benevolence, and her
moderation and sense of justice. Died in 1795.

Fora very interesting account of her character and administration,
see SIR JOHN MALCOLM'S " History of Central India."

Holkar, (Tuckagee,) supposed to be a nephew of
Mulhar Rao Holkar, obtained possession of his do-
minions in 1767. He was the ally of Scindia against
the Rajpoots. Died in 1797.

Holl, hoi, (EL1AS,) an eminent German architect, born
at Augsburg in 1573, studied his art in Venice His
capital work is the Rathhaus, or Town Hall, of Augs-
burg, (i6i8,)one of the finest structures for that purpose
in Germany. He built also the arsenal, the church
called " Mariahilf," and other public edifices of Aups-
burg. Died in 1636.

H611, (FRANCIS,) an English engraver, born in Camden
Town, March 23, 1815. His brother, WILLIAM HOLL,
(1807-71,) was also distinguished as an engraver. Francis
died at Godalming, January 14, 1884.

Holl, (FRANK,) an English painter, a son of Francis
Holl, was born at Kentish Town, London. July 4, 1845,
and was educated at University College, London. Hi'
reputation for history, life-pictures, portraits, etc., \s very
great. In 1878 he was elected an associate of the Royal
Academy, and a Royal Academician in 1883. Died
July 21, 1888.

Holland, (EDWIN CLIFFORD,) an American poet and
journalist, born in Charleston, South Carolina, about
1794. He edited for some time the " Charleston Times,'
and became noted as a satirist and controversialist. In
1814 he published a volume of "Odes, Naval Songs,
and other Poems," originally contributed to Dennie's
"Port-Folio." Died HI 1824.

Hol'land, (HENRY,) an eminent English architect,
born about 1746. He was patronized by the Prince of
Wales, (afterwards George IV.,) for whom he designed
the Pavilion at Brighton, and Carlton House, the portico
of which was much admired. He was architect of the
old Drury Lane Theatre, begun about 1790, and after-
wards burned. Died in 1806.

Holland, (Sir HENRY,) M.D., F.R.S., an eminent
English physician, born at Knutsford, in Cheshire, in
October, 1788. Having graduated at Edinburgh in 1811,
he made the tour of Europe, and published, on his re-
turn, " Travels in the Ionian Isles, Albania, and Greece,"
(1815.) He settled in London, and gradually rose to
ereat distinction in his profession. He became phy-

a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon;

HOLLAND

1301

HOLMAN

sician-in-ordinary to Prince Albert in 1840, and to Queen
Victoria in 1852. In 1853 ne was created a baronet
His principal work is " Medical Notes and Reflections,"
(1836.) Died in 1873. He married in 1834 Saba, eldest
daughter of the Rev. Sydney Smith. She wrote a "Me-
moir" of her father. She died in 1867.

Holland, (HENRY RICHARD VASSALL Fox,) LORD,
in English peer, born in Wiltshire in 1773, was the only
son of Stephen Fox, second Lord Holland, and Mary
Fitzpatrick. By the death of his father he succeeded to
the peerage in 1774, at the age of one year. He inher-
ited a large share of the talents and noble dispositions
of the family of Fox. He was educated at Oxford, and
married Lady Webster in 1797. In the House of Lords
he spoke frequently against the administration, and sup-
ported the measures of his uncle, the famous orator
Charles James Fox. His powers as a speaker were of
a very high order. In 1802 he visited Paris, in company
with his uncle and Lady Holland. He held the office
of privy seal a few months in :8o6. Throughout his
career he was constant to the Whig party ; and when
they came into power in 1830 he was appointed chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster. He published an

Bells," (1859,) "Rubbing the Gilt Off," (1860,) "Odd
Journeys," (1860,) "Ways of Life," (1861,) "Ragged
London," (1861,) "Underground London," "Rough
Diamonds," "To-Day," (1864,) "Miscellanea," (3 vols.,
1874,) "The Story of Liecester Square," (1892,) etc.

Hol'lins, (GEORGE N.,) an American naval officer,
born at Baltimore about I Soo. H e became a commander
in 1841, and bombarded Greytown, in Nicaragua, in 1851.
He took arms against the Union in 1861, and commander',
the naval forces which were defeated by Captain Farragut
below New Orleans in April, 1863. Died January iS,
1878.

Hollina, (JOHN,) an English painter of genre and
portraits, born at Birmingham in 1798; died in 1855.

Hol'lis or Hol'les, (DENZIL,) LORD, an English poli-
tician, second son of the Earl of Clare, and orother-in-
law of the Earl of Strafford, was born at Haughton in
1597. In the reign of Charles I. he was one of the
leaders of the opposition in Parliament, and in 1629 was
condemned to imprisonment during the king's pleasure.
He was one of the five members whom the king rashly
attempted to arrest in the House of Commons on a
charge of treason, (1642.) After the division between

excellent "Life of Lope de Vega," (1817,) and "Three ; the Presbyterians and Independents occurred, Hollis
Comedies from the Spanish," which are rendered with was the leader of the former. He was expelled from Par-
great poetical felicity. His " Foreign Reminiscences" liament at the time of Pride's Purge, and fled to France,
appeared after his death, which occurred in 1840. In "
his time Holland House was the favourite resort, as
Macaulay says, "of wits and beauties, of painters and
poets, o/ scholars, philosophers, and statesmen."

Holland, (JosiAH GILBERT,) M.D., (TIMOTHY TIT-
COMB,) a popular American author, born at Belchertown,
Massachusetts, in 1819. In 1847 ne became associate
editor of the " Springfield Republican." He published a
" History of Western Massachusetts," (1855,) "The Bay
Path, "a novel, (1857,) "Titcomb's Letters to Young Peo-
ple," (1858,) " Gold Foil," (1859,) " Miss Gilbert's Career,"
(1860,) "Bitter-Sweet, a Dramatic Poem," (1867,)
"Sevenoaks," (1876,) and "Nicholas Minturn,"
(1877.) In 1870 he became editor of " Scribner's
Magazine." Died October 12, 1881.

Holland, LORD. See Fox, (HENRY.)

Holland, (NATHANIEL.) See DANCE.

Holland, (THOMAS ERSKINE,) a British legal
author, was born at Brighton in 1835. He became
professor of English, and afterwards of international,
law at Oxford. Of his works on legal subjects the
best known is his " Elements of Jurisprudence," which
has become a text-book in most of the law schools of
England and America.

Hollanda. See HOLANDA.

Hollar, hol'laR, (WENZEL or WENCESLAUS,) a cele-
brated Bohemian engraver and designer, born at Prague
in 1607. Having met with the Earl of Arundel in Co-
logne, he accompanied him on his return to London,

He favoured the restoration, was created a peer by
Charles II. in 1660, and was sent as ambassador to
France in 1663. Died in 1680.

See "Memoirs of Denzil Holies," 1699; HUME, "History of
England;" " Biographia Britannica;" GUIZOT, "Monk's Contem-
poraries," London, 1865.

Hollis, (THOMAS,) a munificent benefactor of Har-
vard College, born in England in 1659. He was for
many years a successful merchant in London, where he
died in 1731. He founded two professorships in Harvard,
— the Hollis divinity professorship and the professorship
of mathematics. Besides books and philosophical ap-
paratus, his bequests to the college in money amounted
to about ,£5000, — probably equal to more than five times
as much as these figures would represent at the present
time.

HoLUs, (THOMAS,) F.R.S., an English gentleman and
republican, born in London in 1720, was an ardent friend
of civil and religious liberty, and noted for his public
spirit. He possessed a large fortune, which he used
liberally for charitable purposes and in the publication
of books. He published good editions of Toland's " Life
of Milton," (1761,) and Algernon Sidney's Works. Died
in 1774.

Hollis, (THOMAS PELHAM.) See NEWCASTLE,
DUKE OF.

Hollmann, hol'man, (SAMUEL CHRISTIAN,) a Gei-
man philosopher, born at Stettin about 1696, was pro-
fessor of philosophy at Gottingen for about fifty years.
He wrote, in Latin, several works on philosophy, meta-

and was employed to engrave some of the pictures of his physics, and logic. Died in 1787.
gallery. In 1639 he brought out his "Ornatus Mulie- ! Hollo-way, (THOMAS,) a skilful English engraver,
bris Anglicanus," an admirable work, illustrating the j born in London in 1748. He engraved the plates for
dress of Englishwomen of all classes at that time. Lavater's " Physiognomy," and the Cartoons of Raphael

Owing to the troubled state of the country, he was, not-
withstanding his genius and industry, soon reduced to
great poverty. Many of his works are etchings. Died
in London in 1677.

Hollerius. See HOULLIER.

Holies. See HOLLIS.

Hol'ley, (HORACE,) D.D., born at Salisbury, Con-
necticut, in 1781, graduated at Yale College in 1803.
He became minister of the Hollis Street Unitarian
Church, Boston, in 1809, and president of Transylvania
University, Kentucky, in 1818. He published a volume
of sermons. Died in 1827.

See a " Memoir of Dr. Holley," by his widow.

Holley, (MARIETTA,) an American author, born
in Jefferson county, New York, in 1844. Her works
are of a humourous character, and include " My Opin-
ions and Betsy Bobbett's," " Samantha at Saratoga,"
"Sweet Cicely," etc.

Hol'lingi-head, (JOHN,) an English author, born
at London, September 9, 1827. He became a journalist
and theatrical manager. He published " Under Bow

at Windsor. He spent several years on the latter, and had
the title of engraver of history to the king. Died in 1827.

Holly, (JAMES THEODORE,) D.D., an American-
Haytian bishop, born of coloured parents, at Washing-
ton, D.C., in 1829. Though bred a Roman Catholic, he
in 1856 became a presbyter in the Episcopal Church.
In 1 86 1 he founded an American colony of coloured per-
sons in Hayti, where he became a missionary. In 1874
he was consecrated Bishop of Hayti.

Hol'man, (JAMES,) an Englishman, distinguished at
" the Blind Traveller," was born about 1788. He served
for some years in the royal navy, until he became blind,
(about 1812.) He performed a journey through several
countries of Europe, (1819-21,) of which he published
a narrative in 1822. After that date he visited the other
continents, and published "Travels through Russia,
Siberia," etc., (1825,) and a " Voyage round the World,"
(4 vols., 1840.) He was arrested as a spy by the Rus-
sians. Died in 1857.

Holman, (JOSEPH GEORGE,) an actor and dramatist,
born in London. After performing in London and Dub-

« as k; 9 as i; g hard; g asj; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( JJ^"See Explanations, p. 23. )

HOLMES

1302

HOLT

lin, he emigrated to the United States in 1800, and was
manager of the Charleston Theatre. He wrote a few
comic operas. Died in 1817.

Holmes, homz, (AuiEL,) D.D., an American divine,
born at Woodstock, Connecticut, in 1763, graduated at
Yale in 1783. He was pastor of the First Congrega-
tional Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 1792 to
1832. In 1805 he published "American Annals," the
result of great industry and research. " We consider
it," says Professor Sparks, "among the most valuable
productions of the American press." He was the father
of Dr. O. W. Holmes, noticed below. Died in 1837.

Holmes, homz, (ALFRED,) an English violinist and
composer, born in London in 1837. His opera " Inez de
Castro," and his symphonies " The Youth of Shak-
speare," " Robin Hood," and " The Siege of Paris," were
performed with considerable success. Died at Paris,
March 4, 1876.

Holmes, homz, (GEORGE,) an English antiquary, born
in Yorkshire in 1662, was clerk to the keepers of the
records in the Tower. Died in 1749.

Holmes, (GEORGE FREDERICK,) LL.D., an American
educator, born at Georgetown, British Guiana, August
2, 1820. He was educated in the University of Durham,
England, was admitted to the bar in South Carolina in
1842, and held professorships in Richmond College, Wil-
liam and Mary College, the University of Mississippi,
(of which he was president, 1848-49,) and the University
of Virginia. He published English grammars, two His-
tories of the United States, and other works, besides
many review articles, etc. Died November 4, 1897.

Holmes, (ISAAC EDWARD,) a political leader in South
Carolina, born in Charleston in 1796, rose to eminence
at the bar, took a conspicuous part in the nullification
movement of South Carolina in 1832-33, and from 1839
to 1851 was a member of Congress. Died Feb. 24, 1867.

Holmes, (MARY JANE,) an American novelist,
born at Brookfield, Massachusetts. Her works include
"Tempest and Sunshine," (1854,) "Lena Rivers,"
"Edith Lyle," "Gretchen," (1887,) etc.

Holmes, (NATHANIEL.) See HOMES.

Holmes, (OLIVER WENDELL,) M.D., a distinguished
American author, wit, and poet, was born in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, August 29, 1809. He graduated at Har-
vard in 1829, and commenced the study of law, but soon
abandoned it for medicine. Early in 1833 he visited
Europe, where for nearly three years he pursued his
medical studies, attending the hospitals of Paris and
other large cities. He returned to his native country
in 1835, and took the degree of doctor of medicine at
Harvard in 1836. In 1838 he was elected professor of
anatomy and physiology in Dartmouth College. About
two years afterwards he resigned this position, and in
1847 was chosen to fill the same chair at Harvard Uni-
versity, as successor to Dr. Warren. Holmes had dis-
tinguished himself as a poet even before he left college.
In 1836 he read before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, at
Cambridge, " Poetry, a Metrical Essay," which was soon
after published in a small volume, with a number of his
other poems. In 1857-8 he contributed to the " Atlantic
Monthly" a series of papers entitled "The Autocrat of
the Breakfast-Table," which were followed in 1859 by
another series, called "The Professor at the Breakfast-
Table," and in 1872 by "The Poet at the Breakfast-
Table." These contributions abound in humour and wit,
and exhibit a shrewd insight into human character. His
other principal productions are "Elsie Venner," (1861,)
and "The Guardian Angel," (1868,) besides numerous
minor works, among which are " Mechanism in Thought
and Morals," (1870,) "Songs of Many Seasons," a col-
lection of poems, (1874,) "John L. Motley, a Memoir,"
(1878,) "The Iron Gate, and Other Poems," (1880,) and
a biography of Emerson, (1885.) As a poet, Dr. Holmes
was especially distinguished for wit and humour joined
with a remarkable felicity of expression. As a song-
writer he had few, if any, superiors in America ; but
he particularly excelled in the playful vein. Among
his effusions of this class we could not, perhaps, select
an example which better exhibits his playful fancy or his
wonderful facility and fertility of resources as a versifier,

than his lines addressed to Agassiz when setting out on

his scientific tour in South America. Died Oct. 7, 1894.

See DUYCKINCK, "Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. iL :

Marcli 1849, (by WHITTIER ;) " Saturday Review," Oct. 13, 1

Holmes, (ROBERT,) D.D., an English divine, born in
Hampshire in 1749. In 1790 he was chosen professor
of poetry at Oxford, and in 1804 Dean of Winchester.
He wrote odes, tracts, and sermons, and commenced an
edition of the Septuagint, which was finished by Parsons.
Died in 1805.

Holmes, (THEOPHILUS H.,) an American general,
born in North Carolina, graduated at West Point in
1829. He became a general in the Confederate army
in r86i, and commanded in Arkansas in 1862-63. Died
June 21, 1880.

Holmskiold, holm'ske-old', (THEODOR,) a Danish
physician and naturalist, born in 1732. He published a
fine work on the Fungi in 1790. Died in 1793.

Holmstrom or Holmstrcem, holm'stRbm, (ISRAEL,)
a popular Swedish poet, born at Stockholm, followed
Charles XII. in his campaigns, with the title of councillor
of war. Died in 1708.

Hol-o-fer'nes, an Assyrian general, who lived at an
uncertain epoch, and was killed by Judith, a patriotic
Jewess.

See the Apocryphal Book of Judith.

Hol'royd, (JOHN BAKER,) Earl of Sheffield, an English
political writer and military officer, bom in Yorkshire in
1741. He edited some posthumous works of Gibbon.
Died in 1821.

Hoist, hoist, (HANS PETER,) a Danish poet, born at
Copenhagen in i8n. He published "National Ro-
mances," (1832,) " Poems," (" Digte," 1840,) and other
works, written in an elegant style. His poem called
"Adieu" ("Farvel," 1840) has been translated into
many languages. Died in 1893.

See P. L. MOLLER, notice in the " Dansk Pantheon."

Hoist, von, fon hoist, (HERMANN EDUARD,) a Ger-
man historian, born at Fellin, in Livonia, (Russia,) June
19, 1841. He was educated at Dorpat and Heidelberg.
He removed to New York in 1867. In 1872 he was
called to a professorship of history at Strasburg, and in
1874 was made professor of modern history at Freiburg.
He later visited the United States, and became pro-
fessor of history at the University of California in 1892.
His writings include a very able "Constitutional His-
tory of the United States," and a " Life of J. C. Cal-
houn."

Holstein, hol'stln, (JOHAN LUDWIG,) a worthy Dan-
ish statesman, born at Ltibtz in 1694, became prime
minister in 1735, and president of the Royal Academy
of Sciences in 1742. Died in 1763.

Hol-ste'nI-us, [Ger. pron. hol-sta'ne-as,] (LuCAS,)
the Latin form of the name of LUCAS HOLSTE, (hol'steh,)
an eminent German scholar, born at Hamburg in 1596.
He studied at Leyden, and went to Paris, where he joined
the Roman Catholic Church in 1626. His friend Peiresc
recommended him to Cardinal Barberini, whom he ac-
companied to Rome in 1627. He became librarian to
Barberini in 1636, and librarian of the Vatican in the
pontificate of Innocent X. He projected great literary
works, some of which he left unfinished. In 1630 he
published a Greek and Latin edition of Porphyry's " Life
of Pythagoras," to which he added an excellent notice
of Porphyry. Among his other published works is
" Demophili, Democratis et Secundi Sententias Morales
Graece et Latine," ("The Moral Maxims of Demophilus,
Democrates, and Secundus, in Greek and Latin " with
notes, 1638.) Died in 1661.

See WILKBNS, " Leben des gelehrten Luc* Holstenn_ ' 1723,
NICEKON, "Me"moires," vol. xxxi. ; M5LLER, "Cimbria Literate;**
"Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Holt, (FRANCIS LUDLOW,) an English barrister, was
queen's counsel and vice-chancellor of Lancashire from
1826 to 1844. For many years he was editor of Bell's
" Weekly Messenger." Died in 1844.

a, e, i, 5, u, y, long: i, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, I. o, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure: far, fall, lit; mf t; nftt; good; moon;

HOLT

HO MB ERG

Holt, (Sir JOHN,) an eminent English judge, born at
Thame in December, 1642, was entered at Gray's Inn in
1658, and called to the bar in 1663. Having become
eminent in his profession, he was chosen recorder of
London; but for his firm opposition to the despotic
measures of James II. he was removed. He distin-
guished himself in the Convention Parliament of 1688,
and at the accession of William III. was appointed lord
chief justice of the king's bench in 1689. In 1700 he
declined the office of lord chancellor. He performed
the duties of chief justice with wisdom, honour, and
courage, until the end of his life. " His name," says
Mackintosh, " never can be pronounced without venera-
tion as long as wisdom and integrity are revered among
men." Died in 1709.

See LORD CAMPBELL, " Lives of the Chief Justices ;" "Life
of Sir John Holt," (anonymous,) 1764; Foss, "The Judges ol
England."

Holt, (JOHN,) an English writer and teacher, born in
Cheshire in 1742. He wrote, besides a few other works,
"Characters of the Kings and Queens of England," (3
vols., 1786-88.) Died in 1801.

Holt, (JOSEPH,) an American minister of state, born
in Breckinridge county, Kentucky, about 1807. He
practised law at Louisville. In March, 1859, he was
appointed postmaster-general. He succeeded John B.
Floyd as secretary of war in December, 1860, and by his
energy and zeal for the Union rendered important
services in the critical times which ensued. About Sep-
tember, 1862, he became judge-advocate-general of the
armv. Died August I, 1894.

Holte, holt, (JOHN,) an English school-master, born
in Sussex about 1470, wrote the first Latin grammar
ever printed in England, which was dated about 1497.

Holtei, von, fon hol'tf, (KARL,) a German poet and
dramatist, born at Breslau in 1797. He produced many
comedies and dramas, among which are "The Old
General," and " Glory and Poverty," a volume of poems,
(1826,) "German Songs," (1834,) and memoirs of his
life, entitled " Forty Years," (1843-50.) Died in 1880.

Holty or Hoelty, hbl'tee, ( LUDWIG HEINRICH
CHRISTOPH,) an excellent German lyric poet, born at
Mariensee, near Hanover, in 1748. He studied at Gbt-
tingen, where he formed friendships with Voss, Stoll-
berg, and others. He supported himself for a time by
translating from the English, and giving lessons, until his
health failed. His elegies, idyls, and odes are admired
for tenderness of feeling, artless grace, and naivetl. He
died prematurely in 1776. The first edition of his poems
appeared in 1783.

TBR

and Poetry of Europe ;" notice of Holty i

published by Voss in 1804.

Holtzlinus, holts-lee'nus, (JEREMIAS,) a German
philologist, born at Nuremberg; died at Leyden in 1641.

Holtzmann, holts'man, (ADOLF,) a German philolo-
gist, born at Carlsruhe, May 2, 1810. He was educated
at Berlin, Munich, and Paris, and became professor of
German at Heidelberg, where he died, July 3, 1870.
Among his numerous works are translations of the
" Mahabharata" and the " Ramayana," and an " Old-
German Grammar," of which only one volume has been
published.

His son, HEINRICH JULIUS, born in 1832, published
a large number of theological works, becoming a rep-
resentative of the advanced modern school in theology.

Holub, ho'loop, (Dr. EMIL,) a Bonemian traveller,
born at Holitz, October 7, 1847. He practised the pro-
fession of medicine in the diamond-region of South
Africa, and became a high authority on the ethnology,
geography, languages, and natural history of trans-
equatorial Africa. Among his works are " Seven Years
in South Africa," (1880-81,) "African Colonization,"
(1882,) etc.

Hol'w^ll, (JOHN ZEPHANIAH,) born in Dublin in 1711.
Having studied surgery, he went to India in I732> an<^
became a member of the council at Calcutta about 1755.
He was one of those who survived the confinement in
the " Black Hole," of which he published a narrative,
(1757.) He succeeded Colonel Clive as Governor of

Bengal in 1759. Holwell also published "Interesting , «lle Biographic Giinerale."
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.

Historical Events relative to Bengal and Hindostan, with
the Mythology of the Gentoos," (3vols., 1764-71.) Died
in 1798.

Hol'y-day, (BARTEN,) D.D., an English divine, bor»
at Oxford in 1593, was chaplain to Charles I. He wrote
" Survey of the World," a poem, and translated Juve-
nal and Persius. Died in 1661.

Holyoak, hol'yok, (FRANCIS,) an English clergyman,
born in Warwickshire about 1567, published a "Dic-
tionary of Latin Words," (1606,) which was enlarged
by his son Thomas. Died in 1653.

HSl'yoake, (GEORGE JACOB,) an Engjjsh agitator,
born at Birmingham, April 13, 1817. He for many years
edited " The Reasoner" and " The Present," organs of
" secularism" in civilization and morals, and was for a
time imprisoned on a charge of atheism, although he
asserted that his system was not opposed to theology,
though apart from it He all his life refused to take an
oath, from which circumstance he incurred much loss.
He published a large number of books, among which
are a " History of Co-operation," (1874,) " Self-Help
a Hundred Years Ago," (iSSS,) "Sixty Years of an
Agitator's Life," (1892,) and "Public Speaking and
Debate," (1895.)

Holyoke, hol'ySk, (EDWARD AUGUSTUS,) M.D., an
American physician, was born in Marblehead, Massa-
chusetts, in 1728. He graduated at Harvard in 1746,
and for seventy-nine years followed his profession with
I eminent success in Salem, where he died, March 31, 1829.
i At the age of ninety-two he performed the operation of
paracentesis, and on his hundredth anniversary partook
of a public dinner given him by the physicians of Salem
and Boston.

See " Memoirs of Edward A. Holyoke," Boston, 1829.

Hol'yoke, (SAMUEL,) an American teacher and com-
poser of vocal and instrumental music, born at Boxford,
Massachusetts, in 1771. He published " Harmonia
Americana," (1791,) "The Columbian Repository of
Sacred Harmony," (1809,) and other works. Died in
1816.

HoVy-wood, Hall-fax, or Sac'ro Bos'co, (JOHN,)
a noted mathematician of the thirteenth century, was
professor of mathematics in the University of Paris.
The time and place of his birth are unknown. He wrote
a work entitled " De Sphaera Mundi."

Holzbauer, holts'bSw'er, (!GNAZ,) a German com-
poser, born in Vienna in 1711, produced operas, sym-
phonies, etc. " He has a good style," says Mozart, " and
composes very fine fugues." Died in 1783.

Holzer, holt'ser, (JOHANN,) an eminent German
fresco-painter and engraver, was born near Marienburg,
in the Tyrol, in 1709. He painted numerous frescos in
Augsburg of religious subjects, among which is "The
Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian." He produced spirited
etchings of " The Adoration of the Magi," after Berg-
miiller, of the "Ecce Homo," after his own design, and
of other paintings. Died in 1740.

Homann, ho'man, QOHANN BAPTIST,) a German
geographer and engraver of maps, born at Kamlach, in
Suabia, in 1664. He settled in Nuremberg, and published
many maps, which were more than ordinarily accurate
He formed a large collection of the same, under the title
of "Atlas," (1716.) His establishment, called "Officina
Homanniana," was well known throughout Europe.
Died in 1724.

Homberg, hom'be'RG, (WiLHELM,) M.D., an excel-
lent chemist, born of German parents at Batavia, in Java,
in 1652, came to Europe at an early age. He studied
chemistry and other natural sciences with Otto Guericke
and Boyle, and visited the principal capitals of Europe
in pursuit of knowledge. About 1685 he practised medi-
cine at Rome with success, and in 1691 removed to
Paris, where he was chosen a member of the Academy
of Sciences, to which he contributed many memoirs.
He was patronized by the Duke of Orleans, who chose
him as his first physician. He discovered boracic acid
and Homberg's pyrophorus. Died in Paris in 1715.
See FONTKHBLLK, " filoge de Homberg;" NICERON, "Mi-
ires;" F. HOEFER, " Histoire de 1» Chimie," tome ii. ; "Noo-

Explanations, p. 23.)

HOME

HOMER

Home, (DAVID.) See HUME.

Home, (DAVID,) a Scottish Protestant minister, who
lived in France during the reign of James I. of Eng-
land. He wrote "Apologia Basilica," (1626.)

Home, (Sir EVERARD,) an eminent Scottish surgeon,
born in the county of Berwick in 1756, studied medicine
with his brother-m-law, the celebrated John Hunter.
He practised in London with distinction, and was presi-
dent of the Royal College of Surgeons. He published
" Lectures on Comparative Anatomy," and other pro-
fessional works. Died in 1832.

Home, (HENRY,) Lord Kames, a Scottish judge, born
at Kames m 1696, was called to the Edinburgh bar in
1724. After publishing several legal treatises, which
were well received, he was appointed in 1752 a judge of
the court of sessions, and took the title of Lord Kames.
In 1758 he wrote a valuable work, entitled " Historical
Law Tracts." His greatest work, " Elements of Criti-
cism," (1762,) was regarded by some as an admirable per-
formance, and is highly commended by Dugald Stewart
Dr. Johnson said, "The Scotchman has taken the right
method in his ' Elements of Criticism.' " He was ap-
pointed one of the lords of justiciary in 1763. Died in 1782.

See LORD WOODHOUSELEE, "Memoirs of the Life of Henry
Home," i8of-io, a vols. ; WILLIAM SMELLIE, "Life of Lord
K.vnes," 1800 : CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent
Scotsmen."

Home or Hume, (JoHN,) a popular Scottish drama-
tist, born at Ancrum in 1724. He was licensed to preach
in 1747, and settled at Athelstaneford. In 1756 he
became at once distinguished by the publication of his
"Tragedy of Douglas," which was performed first at Edin-
burgh with unbounded applause, and is still very popular
on the stage. " I think nobody can bestow too much praise
on Douglas," says Professor Wilson. " There has been
no English tragedy worthy of the name since it ap-
peared." It rendered the author so obnoxious to the
elders of the Kirk that he retired from the ministry.
He was patronized by the Earl of Bute, who procured
him a pension of £300. Home wrote several other
dramas, much inferior to "Douglas," and a " History of
the Rebellion in 1745." Mrs. Siddons once said "she
never found any study [which, in the technical language
of the stage, means the getting verses by heart] so easy
as that of Douglas." Died in 1808.

See SIR WALTER SCOTT'S critique on the " Life and Writings of
John Home," in the "Quarterly Review" for June, 1827; HENRY
MACKENZIE, " Life of John Home," prefixed to a collection of his
works, 3 vols. 8vo, 1822; "Noctes Ambrosianae" for April, 1822;
CHAMBERS, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."

Ho'mer, [Gr. 'O^poc; Lat. HOME'RUS ; Fr. HOMERE,
o'maiR'; Ger. HOMER, ho-maR';* It. OMERO, o-ma'ro,l
the reputed author of the two great epics the " Iliad" ana
the " Odyssey," and the most celebrated poet that ever
lived, is generally supposed to have been born at Smyrna,
or Chios, t (Scio,) and to have flourished about one thou-
sand years before the Christian era ; but both the place
and the century of his birth are involved in the greatest
uncertainty. The best ancient authorities, including
Aristotle and Aristarchus, represent him as contemporary
with the Ionian migration which occurred about one
hundred and forty years after the Trojan war. Of the
two great poems above named, the " Iliad" has been
aptly called " the beginning of all literature." In the
opinion, indeed, of the greatest critics of antiquity, it was

• See principles of German pronunciation, in the Introduction.
t If the weight of authorities is m favour of Smyrna, the greater
•umber would seem to be on the side of Chios. (See Smith's " Clas-
sical Dictionary.") Byron appears to give the preference to the lat-
ter ; for he calls Homer

"The blind old man of Scio's rocky isle."

Bride of Abytfos, canto ii

It has been suggested (and it seems highly probable) that Homer,
though born at Smyrna, may have afterwards removed to Chios,
where his family, or a branch of it, (the Homeridje,) are said to have
Hired for several generations. Seven different cities are said to have
disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer, as expressed
m the following couplet by Antipater of Sidon :
'Eirra

,

X/ivpya, XiiK. KoAo^wc, Idaxi), IIvAot , 'Apyof , Afliji ai.
Literally. " Seven cities (or states) contended for the wise race of
Homer, [i.e. the race or origin of the wise Homer,] Smyrna, Chios,
Colophon, Ithaca, Pylos, Argos, and Athens." Some writers substi-
tute Salamis for Ithaca »nd Rhodes ("PoSiw) for Pylos.

not only the beginning, but the end ; it was not merely
the first attempt at the production of a great poem, but
the faultless model which excited alike the admiration and
despair of all succeeding poets. In the words of Aris-
totle, 'Ofajpof . . . te£a xo2 diai'oip Travraf irntp$efoj}K£.\
" Hie omnes sine dubio," says Quintilian, "in i mini genere
eloquentiae procul a se reliquit"§ Some other ancient
writers speak in even stronger terms of praise.

Among the ancients, none appears ever to have doubted
that Homer was a real personage, and that he was the
author of the most wonderful poem of antiquity, (the
" Iliad.") But before or about the time of the Christian
era there was a class of critics who denied that the
" Iliad" and " Odyssey" were the productions of the same
author. They were called Xupi'sovrff, or " Separators."
It cannot be denied that there is a remarkable difference
between those works, not in one or two points only, but
in several important respects. Perhaps the most striking
difference is that which exists in respect to the character
of the gods in the two poems. The gods of the " Iliad"
are completely human in their character, — unless it be
that they have more than human foibles or vices. They
are capricious and selfish, and seldom, if ever, show
much regard for justice. The deities of the " Odyssey"
appear as the rewarders of merit and the avengers of
sin or crime. There is, moreover, a marked difference
in the spirit or tone of the two poems. To explain this
difference, Longinus tells us that the " Iliad" was com-
posed by Homer when he was in the vigour of life, while
the " Odyssey" was the production of his old age.

Modern critics had seemed disposed to leave the ques-
tion of Homer's age and the authorship of the Homeric
poems very much where they had been left by the writers
of antiquity, until a little before the close of the last cen-
tury, when F. A. Wolf startled the world by announcing
a new theory respecting the Homeric poems, (1795.) He
maintained that, as writing was not in use among the
Greeks until long after the time in which those poems
must have been composed, it would have been wholly
impossible for an^r poet, however great his genius, to
compose and retain in memory even one such work as
the "Iliad" or "Odyssey." For this and other reasons,
he concludes that the two great epics which go under the
name of Homer were really produced by a number of
different authors, and that these separate productions
were, after the introduction of the art of writing, thrown
together as they happened to fit, so as to form a continu-
ous whole. The inconclusiveness, not to say absurdity,
of such a train of reasoning must, we think, be obvious
to every unbiassed mind. We meet, even now, with
persons who by two or three perusals can commit to
memory the whole of such a poem as the " Lady of the
Lake." " Who can determine," says Miiller, " how
many thousand verses one thoroughly filled with his sub-
ject . . . might produce in a year and confide to the
faithful memory of disciples devoted to their master and
his art ?" When we take into consideration the fact
that the mental activity of the ancients, instead of being
divided and diluted among an endless variety of studies
or pursuits, was concentrated and constantly exercised
on a comparatively few, the retaining of even two such
works as the " Iliad" and " Odyssey" will not, perhaps,
seem more incredible than many feats of memory which
are known to have been performed in modern times.
Nor must it be forgotten that the poetry of Homer, unlike
that of many of our great modern poets, is, generally
speaking, remarkable for the simplicity and directness of
its language ; and these qualities, added to the marvellous
facility and animation of the narrative, render the verse
extremely easy to be learned and retained in memory.

The consummate art with which the various parts of
the " Iliad" (though sometimes seemingly disconnected)
are arranged and adapted so as to delay the denouement
and yet to heighten the interest till near the very end,
proves the poem to have been, beyond all reasonable
doubt, the work of one master-mind. But this master-
mind may very probably have used materials prepared

t " Homer has surpassed all [other writers] in diction (or expres-
sion) and in thought"

J " In every kind of eloquence he undoubtedly has left all [others]
far behind him."

I, e, T, 5, 5, y, kng; a,e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1,6, u, Jf, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m!t; not; good; moon:

HOMER

HONDEKOETER

(or him by preceding poets, just as the consummate
architect, when erecting an edifice designed to be the
admiration of all coming time, may avail himself of the
materials, and, for subordinate parts of the building, even
of the designs, furnished by inferior workmen. There
seem, indeed, to be strong reasons for believing that
before the time of Homer there existed many poems
treating of the events of the Trojan war, and that he, in
selecting and combining the facts necessary to the plot
>f his great work, occasionally adopted some of the finest
l_ies of his predecessors, at the same time changing or
adapting others to suit his purpose, so as to give the
whole poem the impress of his matchless skill and tran-
scendent genius. This supposition will perhaps best
explain the introduction into the poem of such a great
variety of words or phrases differing in different parts of
the work, as well as the marked diversity of dialects. It
is well known that Shakspeare used freely, in some of
his historic dramas, not only the ideas, but, in repeated
instances, the very lines, of some of the poets that had
gone before him. At other times he appears to have
adopted some of the leading ideas, and perhaps many
of the expressions, of previous dramatists, and yet to
have so cast them into the mould of his own mind, and so
coloured them with the hues of his wonderful imagina-
tion, that he may be said to have surpassed the fabled
achievements of the alchemists, and transmuted his crude
materials into something far more precious than gold.

But, while we claim it as a point established, that the
" Iliad" is virtually and essentially the production of a
single poet, we must admit that the question is still un-
decided whether the same Homer was also the author
of the "Odyssey." "If," says the learned and accom-
plished critic already quoted, "the completion of the
1 Iliad' and ' Odyssey' seems too vast a work for one
man, we may perhaps have recourse to the supposition
that Homer, after having sung the ' Iliad' in the vigour of
his youthful years, in his old age communicated to some
devoted disciple the plan of the ' Odyssey,' which had long
been working in his mind, and left it to him for comple-
tion." (K. ( ). Miiller's " History of Greek Literature.")
The prevailing belief that Homer was blind appears to
have taken its origin from one of the so-called Homeric
hymns addressed to the Delian Apollo, the author of
which calls himself the blind poet who lived in rocky
Chios. The hymn in question was considered by some
of the most judicious of the ancient writers to be the
p. oduction of Homer himself; but this view is not ac-
cepted by the best modern critics. The wonderful accu-
racy of many of the descriptions in the "Iliad" utterly
precludes the idea of their having been written by a
poet who had not himself been an eye-witness of the
scenes which he paints so admirably. But he might, per-
haps, have described in his blind old age scenes which
had been indelibly stamped upon his memory in youth
jr early manhood. (See, on the various questions con-
nected with the Homeric poems, Colonel W. Mure's
"Critical History of the Literature, etc. of Ancient
Greece," (1850,) and the able article on " Homerus," in
Smith's " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography.")
See, in addition to the works referred to in the article, OLOF
CELSIUS, " Dissertatio de Homeri Vita et Scriptis," 1714 ; LuooLPk
KUESTKR, "Historia critica Homeri," 1696; THOMAS BLACKWELL,
"Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer," 1735; KOPPBN,
" Ueber Homer's Leben und Gesange," 1788 : CARL ERNST Sciiu-
BARTH, " Ideen uber Homer und sein Zeitalter," 1821 ; MATTHIAS
ASP, " Disputationes de Homero," 1714; J. E. TURR, " Hometus
en zijn Scnriften," 1810; ALPHONSK DH LAMARTINE, "Homere,"
1852; FORTIA D'URBAN, " Homere et ses ficrits," 1832; BERNARD
THIBRSCH, " Das Zeitalter des Homer," 1824; J. PASCHIUS, "Di»-
eertatio de Poetarum Principe Homero," 1687 ; EDOUARD JUSTE,
" Dissertation sur 1'Origine des Poemes attribu^s a Homere,'' 1849;
'* Homer and his Successors in Epic Poetry," in the " Quarterly Re-
view" for January, 1857; MATTHEW ARNOLD'S admirable observa-
•ions " On Translating Homer." in liis " Essays," 1865.

Ho'mer, (Rev. HENRY,) an English scholar, born at
Birdingbury in 1752, was educated at Cambridge. He
edited several Latin authors, and, in partnership with
Dr. Combe, published a complete edition of Horace.
Died in 1791.

Ho'mer, (WlNSLOW,) an American painter, born in
Boston, Massachusetts, February 24, 1831. He learned
in youth the business of a lithographer, and afterwards

began to draw on wood for engravers. In 1859 he estab-
lished himself in New York, and was for a time artist
and war-correspondent for a newspaper of that city. His
war-pictures, and especially " Prisoners at the Front,"
(1865,) gave him great fame. He is a member of the
National Academy, and resides at Scarborough, Maine.
Homci<;. See HOMER.

Homeridae, ho-mer'e-dee, (singular, Ho-mgrl-deS,)
or Ho'mer-ids, the name applied to the family of the
poet Homer. (See HOMER, note t.)
Homerus. See HOMER.

Homes or Holmes, homr, (NATHANIEL,) D.D., an
English theologian, ejected for nonconformity in 1662, was
a believer in the fifth monarchy. He wrote the " Resur-
rection Revealed," and other works. Died in 1678.

Homeyer, h6'm!-er, (KARL GUSTAV,) a German
jurist, born at Wolgast, in Pomerania, August 13, 1795.
He studied in Berlin, Gottingen, and Heidelberg; in
1824 was made extraordinary, and in 1827 ordinary, law-
professor in Berlin. His principal works are an edition
of the " Sachsenspiegel," and " Die Haus- und Hof-
marken," (1870.) Died October 20, 1874.

Homeyer, von, fon ho'mi er, (ALEXANDER,) a Ger-
man soldier and naturalist, born at Vorland, in Pome-
rania, January 19, 1834. In 1874 he led an expedition
into Central Africa. He is noted as an ornithologist and
entomologist.

Homeyer, von, (EuGEN FERDINAND,) a German
ornithologist, born at Herdin, November 11, 1809. His
best-known work is "The Migration of Birds," (iSb'i,)
and he is the owner of the largest collection ever made
of European birds.

Ho-mil'J-us, jGer. pron. ho-mee'le-as,J (GOTTFRIED
AUGUST,) an eminent German organist and composer of
church music, born at Rosenthal, in Bohemia, in 1714.
Among his best works are a cantata for Christmas, and
a number of motets. He was organist and director of
music at Dresden. Died in 1785.

Hommaire de Hell, X;o'm5R' deh /;el, (!GNACH
XAVIER MORAND,) a French geologist, born at Altkirch
in 1812, explored the regions which border on the Black
and Caspian Seas, and left an account of his travels, in
3 vols. Died at Ispahan in 1848.

Hommel, hom'me.1, [Lat. HOMME'LIUS,] (KARL FER-
DINAND,) a learned jurist and ingenious writer, born at
Leipsic in 1722. He became professor of feudal law at
Leipsic in 1752, and of civil institutes in 1756. Among
bis works are " Literatura Juris," (1761,) a very piquant
treatise on legal literature, " Rhapsodia Qujestionum in
Foro quotidie obvenientum," (" Questions occurring daily
in the Forum," 5 vols., 1765-79; 4th edition, 7 vols.,
1787,) and "Sceleton Juris civilis," ("Skeleton of Civil
Law," 4th edition, 1767.) Died in 1781.
Hommelius. See HOMMEL,

Hompesch, von, fon hom'pe'sh, (FERDINAND,) the
last grand master of the Knights of Malta, was born at
Dusseldorf in 1744; died in 1803.

Honain, (or Honein,) ho-mn', (Aboo-Yezeed or
Abu- (Abou-) YezSd, S'boo yeh-zeed',) otherwise
called Honain-Ben-Ishak, (b?n is'hik',) an Arabian
physician, born at Heerah, (Hirah,) in Mesopotamia, liveo
mostly at Bagdad. Died about 875 A.D. He translated
into Arabic the works of Hippocrates, Galen, Euclid, etc.
See IBN- KHALLIKAN, " Biographical Dictionary ;" HAJI-KHALJA.
" Lexicon Bibliographicum."

Hondekoeter, hon'deh-koo'ter, (GILES,) a noted
Dutch landscape-painter, born at Utrecht in 1583, was
the son of the Marquis of Westerloo. He often added
to his landscapes highly-finished figures of birds.

Hondekoeter, (GYSBRECHT,) a son of the preceding,
and a painter of poultry, was born in 1613 ; died in 1653.

Hondekoeter, (MELCHIOR,) an excellent painter, a
son of the preceding, was born at Utrecht in 1636. He
studied with his father and his uncle, John B. Weenit
He painted poultry, pea-fowls, and other birds, with a
skill that has never been surpassed. The backgrounds
of his pictures are adorned with beautiful landscapes.
Among his works is "The Entrance of the Animals into
the Ark." Died in 1695.

See JAKOB CAMPO WBYERMAN. "De Schilderkonst der Neder-
landers."

€ as k: c as s: g hard; g as /; <:. H. Vi.gvitura!: N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.

Explanations, p. 23.;

HONDIUS

1306

HOOD

Hondius, hon'de-us, or Hondt, h6nt, (ABRAHAM,) a
Dutch painter and engraver, born at Rotterdam in 1638.
He painted hunting-scenes, anin.als, and landscapes
with success. " He often equals the best masters," says
Descamps. Among his works are " The Burning of
Troy," and " The Animals entering the Ark." He worked
some years in England, where he died about 1692.

Hondiua, (HENDRIK,) an engraver of maps and por-
traits, born at Ghent in 1573. His principal work is a
series of portraits of one hundred and forty-four artists,
mostly Flemings. He also engraved some pictures by
Albert Diirer and Holbein. Died at the Hague in 1610.

See BASAN, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs ;" STRUTT, " Dictionary
of Engravers."

Hondius or De Hondt, deh h6nt, (HENRY,) called
THE YOUNGER, born in London in 1580, was accounted
;he best engraver of the family. He engraved portraits,
landscapes, and history after several Flemish painters.
Among his works are portraits of Queen Elizabeth and
James I. Died at Amsterdam about 1650.

See BASAN, "Dictionnaire des Graveurs."

Hondiua or De Hondt, (JossEor JODO'CUS,) a skilful
Flemish engraver and geographer, born at Wacken about
1550, was the father of the preceding. He had a high
Deputation as an engraver on copper. He worked in
London, and afterwards settled in Amsterdam, where he
engraved maps of superior quality, and published new
editions of the " Grand Atlas" of Mercator. Died in 161 1.

Hondt, hont, (WlLLEM,) a Flemish engraver, a bro-
ther of Henry the Younger, born at the Hague in 1601.

Hone, ho'neh, (GEORG PAUL,) a German lawyer, born
at Nuremberg in 1662, wrote " Iter Juridicum," and other
works. Died in 1747.

Hone, (NATHANIEL,) a portrait-painter, born in Dub-
lin about 1730; died in 1784.

Hone, (WILLIAM,) an English writer, born at Bath in
1779, resided in London, and failed several times as a
bookseller. He wrote " The Political House that Jack
Built," a satire, which was illustrated by Cruikshank
and ran through fifty editions. He was prosecuted for
his Parody on the Liturgy in 1818, and, having ably
defended himself, was acquitted. In 1826 he began to
issue in weekly numbers his " Every-Day Book," which
had a large sale, and was commended by Professor
Wilson, Scott, Lamb, and Southey. It was followed by
the "Table-Book" and the "Year-Book," which were
well received, but did not save the author from insol-
vency. He was in prison for debt about three years.
Died in 1842.

See "The Early Life and Conversion of William Hone," written
by himself

Honey-wood, hun'ne-wood, (SAINT JOHN,) an Amer-
ican poet, born in Massachusetts in 1765 ; died in 1798.

See GRISWOLD, " Poets and Poetry of America."

Honore de Sainte-Marie, o'no'ri' deh saNt'mi're',
[Lat. HONORIUS DE SANCTA MARIA,] called, after he
entered the cloister, BLAISE VAUXELLE, (vS-seV,) a
learned monk, born at Limoges in 1651 ; died in 1729.

Ho-no'rl-us J-, a native of Campania, was elected
Pope or Bishop of Rome in 626 A.D. He is charged
with assenting to the heresy of Monothelism. The Council
of Constantinople, held in 680, condemned his doctrine
on this point Died in 638.

Honoriua U, POPE, previously known as Cardinal
Lamberto and Bishop of Ostia, succeeded Calixtus II.
in 1124. Tebaldus was chosen pope at the same time
by a number of bishops, but forbore to contest his
claim. Honorius died in 1130. See, also, CADALOUS.

Honorius 1 1 1 , elected Pope in 1216, was a Roman
oy birth. His proper name was CENCIO SAVELLI. He
crowned Frederick II. Emperor of Germany in 1220, in
the hope that he would lead a crusade against the Turks.
He was more successful in instigating the King of France
to a crusade against the Albigenses. He died in 1227,
and was succeeded by Gregory IX.

Honorius IV, POPE, (Cardinal GIACOMO Savelli,)
a native of Rome, was elected in 1285 as successor to
Martin IV. Died in 1287.

Ho-no'rf-us, (FLAVIUS,) a Roman emperor, the sec
ond son of Theodosius the Great, was born at Constan-
tinople in 384 A.D. At the death of his father, in 395, he

inherited the Western Empire, (his elder brother Area-
dius having obtained the Eastern,) under the guardian-
ship of Stilicho, a famous general, whose daughter he
married. His court was held at Milan, and afterwards
at Ravenna. About 402 Alaric the Goth invaded Italy,
and was defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia. In 408 Stili-
cho was put to death by order of Honorius, who was a
man of weak and vicious character. From this event
may be dated the fall of the Roman power. Rome
was taken and pillaged by Alaric in 410, and the empire
went rapidly to ruin. He died, without issue, in 423,
and was succeeded by Valentinian III.

See GIBBON, " History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire;" SOZOMKN, " Historia Ecclesiastica ;" JORNANDBS, "De
Rebus Getitis ;" TILLEMONT, " Histoire des Empereurs."

Honorius de S a net a Maria. See HONOR* DB
SAINTE-MARIE.

Hontheim, von, fon hont'hlm, (JoHANN NIKOLAUS,)
a German jurist and Catholic priest, born at Treves in
1701. He became Bishop (in partibus) of Myriophis in
1748, and suffragan of the see of Treves. He published
under the pseudonym of JUSTINIUS FEBRONIUSB famous
book against the usurpations of the popes, entitled " De
Statu Ecclesiae et legitima Potestate Romani Pontificis,"
(5 vols., 1763,) which was often reprinted. Died in I79a

Honthorst, hint'horst, or Hundhorst, hunt'hoRst,
(GERARD,) a Flemish painter, called also by the Italians
GERARDO DELLA NOTTE, ("Gerard of the Night,") be-
cause he excelled in nocturnal scenes. He was born at
Utrecht in 1592, and was a pupil of A. Bloemaert. He
worked in Rjme and in England, where he painted
portraits of the royal family and gained a high repu-
tation. Among his works is "The Prodigal Son." He
was a good colorist, and excelled in design. Died at
the Hague in 1660. His brother WILLEM was a suc-
cessful portrait-painter. Died at Berlin in 1683, aged
about eighty.

See PILKINGTON. " Dictionary of Painters."

Hood, (ALEXANDER.) See BRIDPORT.

Hood, hood, (EDWIN PAXTON,) an English dissenting
minister, born at Westminster in 1820. He wrote "Self-
Formation," "William Wordsworth," a biography,

Life of Swedenborg," "Lamps, Pitchers, and Trum-
pets," " Oliver Cromwell," (1882,) " Scottish Character-
istics," (1883.) etc. Died June 12, 1885.

Hood, hood, (JOHN B.,) an American general, born
in Bath county, Kentucky, in 1831, graduated at West
Point in 1853. He commanded a division of Lee's army
at Antietam, September, 1862, and at Gettysburg, July
1-3, 1863. He lost a leg at the battle of Chickamauga,
September 20, 1863, soon after which he was promoted
to be a lieutenant-general. In the spring of 1864 he
commanded a corps of the army opposed to General
Sherman in Northern Georgia. He succeeded General
Johnston in July as commander-in-chief of that army,
which was then near Atlanta. General Johnston was
removed because he had adhered to a cautious and de-
fensive policy. Hood assumed the offensive, and attacked
General Sherman on the 22d of July, and again on the
28th, but was repulsed with heavy loss. He was com-
pelled to abandon Atlanta on the 1st of September, 1864.
(See SHERMAN, W. T.) After he had damaged the rail-
road by which Sherman's army was supplied, General
Hood invaded Middle Tennessee, attacked Genera]
Schofield at Franklin, November 30, and besieged Nash-
ville. He was defeated on the ifjth of December, 1864,
by General Thomas, at the decisive battle of Nashville,
where he lost fifty pieces of cannon, and was relieved of
the command in January, 1865. Died August 30, 1879.
See " Southern Generals," New York, 1865.
Hood, (ROBIN,) a famous English outlaw, who is sup-
posed to have lived in the reign of Richard I. Sherwood
Forest was his head-quarters. His exploits are the sub-
ject of many popular ballads, which applaud his gal-
lantry to the ladies and his generosity in sharing among
the poor the spoils of the rich. He was the chief of a
numerous band, who seem to have lived chiefly on the
products of the chase.

See W. W. CAMPBELL, " Historical Sketch of Robin Hood and
Captain Kidd," New York, 1853; "Edinburgh Review" for July,
1847: " North American Review" for January, 1857.

a, e, I, o, u, y, /(7«f; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, p, ofaeiire; far, fill, fit; met: nfttjgood; mo"on

HOOD

i3°7

HOOK

Hood, (SAMUEL,) VISCOUNT, an English admiral,
born at Butley in 1724, entered the navy in 1740, and
became captain in 1754. In 1780 he was made a rear-
admiral, and was second in command in the West Indies.
The next year he succeeded Rodn»y in command of the
fleet, with which he fought De Grasse near the mouth of
the Chesapeake, but failed to relieve the British army at
Yorktown. He took part in the victory over De Grasse
in April, 1782, and was rewarded with the title of Baron
Hood of Catherington. In 1784, after a close contest
with Fox, he was elected to Parliament, and in 1788 ap-
pointed a lord of the admiralty. In 1793 he commanded
against the French in the Mediterranean and at the siege
of Toulon. He was made, in 1796, Viscount Hood of
Whitley, and afterwards an admiral. Died in 1816.

See CAMPBELL, " Lives of British Admirals."

Hood, (Sir SAMUEL,) cousin of the preceding, was a
vice-admiral in the British navy, and a brave and skilful
officer. He took part in the victory of Rodney over De
Grasse in 1782, and in the battle of the Nile, (1798.) In
1806 he was returned to Parliament for Westminster,
and captured three French ships near Rochefort. He
was afterwards appointed to command in the East Indies,
where he died in 1814.

Hood, (THOMAS,) a famous English humourist and
popular author, born in London in 1798, was the son of
a bookseller. He served an apprenticeship to an en-
graver, but soon exchanged that employment for literary
pursuits. In 1821 he became sub-editor of the " London
Magazine," by which he gained access to the society of
many authors who have since risen to eminence. His
" Whims and Oddities" (1826) displayed an abundant
vein of inimitable wit and comic power. He issued the
" Comic Annual" from 1830 to 1842, which was followed
by his " Comic Album," " Whimsicalities," and " Hood's
Own." His tales and novels were less successful than
his humorous works. Among his most popular poems
are the " Song of the Shirt," (which first appeared in
" Punch,") the " Bridge of Sighs," and the " Dream of
Eugene Aram." He was editor of " The Gem" for one
year, and, in the latter years of his life, editor of the
" New Monthly Magazine." Like poor Yorick, he was
"a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy." As
a punster he is unrivalled. Some of his serious poems
are exquisitely tender and pathetic. In 1844 he began to
issue " Hood's Magazine," for which he wrote until his
last illness. A pension of £100 which had been granted
to him was transferred to his widow. Died in 1845.

"London Magazine" for December, 1826; "British Quarterly Re-
Yiew" for October, 1867.

Hood, (THOMAS, or " TOM,") a son of Thomas Hood,
the humorist and poet, already noticed. He was born
at Wanstead, England, January 19, 1835, and was edu-
cated at Pembroke College, Oxford. Among his works
are " Pen and Pencil Pictures," (1854-55,) a volume of
Poems, (1861,) some books for children, and a number
of novels. In 1865 he became editor of " Fun," a Lon-
don comic paper. Died November 20, 1874. His talent
was much like his father's, but not so brilliant.

Hooft, hoft, (NiKLAAS,) a Dutch historical painter,
born at the Hague in 1664; died in 1748.

Hooft or Hoofft. (PiETER CORNELIS,) an excellent
Dutch poet and historian, born in Amsterdam in March,
1581. After leaving college he travelled in France and
Italy, and filled several civil offices. He published about
1602 " Granida," a tragi-comedy, which is a master-piece.
He wrote other dramas, and erotic poems of great
merit, and translated Tacitus into Dutch. His chief
prose works are a " Life of Henry IV. of France," (1626,)
and a " History of the Netherlands,";" De Nederlandsche
Historien," 2 vols., 1642-54,) which is esteemed a model
of grace, purity, and vigour, both in thought and style,
He has the honour of rendering his vernacular language
more polished and classical than it was before his rime.
He was a friend of Grotius. " Though deeply religious,"
says the " Biographic Universelle," "he never ranged
himself under the banner of any outward communion."
Many critics assjgn him the highest place as a writer of

Dutch prose ; but, though a great purist, his style abound*
'n Latin idioms. Died at the Hague, May 21, 1647.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" and VAM
KAMPEN'S article on " Hollandische Sprache und Literatur," in the
same work : also." Nouvelle Biographic G£ne>a!e ;" JAN VAN KRUYPF,

838; LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe;" " Fraser'j
Magazine" for March, 1854.

Hooge, de, deh ho'ceh or ho'neh, written alsoHoogh,
(PiETER,) a Dutch painter of genre, born about 1644.
Little is known of his history. His colour is good, his
design correct, and his manner natural. He represents
the effects of light with great skill. Among his works
(which command high prices) are a " Supper," an "In-
terior," and a "Guard-Room." Died in 1708.

See DESCAMPS, " Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc

Hooge or Hooghe, de, (ROMEYN,) an eminent Dutch
designer and engraver, was born at the Hague about 1 640,
or, as others say, about 1650. He worked for a long time
in Paris, and passed his latter years at the Hague. He
had a rich imagination and great facility, but was deficient
in correctness. Among his works are " The Entrance of
Louis XIV. into Dunkirk," and "The Assassination of
De Witt." Died in 1725.

See J. C. WEYERMAN. "De Schilderkonst der Nederlandere."

Hoogeveen, ho'geh-van' or ho'Heh-van', sometimes
written Hoogeven, (HENDRIK,) a Dutch Hellenist, born
at Leyden in 1712, was successively rector of the gym-
nasiums of Breda, Dort, and Delft, and was an excellent
grammarian. He is the author of a valuable treatise
on " Greek Particles," (" Doctrina Particularum Linguae
Graecae," 2 vols., 1769,) and " Dictionarium Analogicum
Unguaa Graecae," (Cambridge., 1800.) Died in 1791.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" HARLKSS,
"Vitas Philologorum."

Hoogstaad, van, vSn hoo'stit', (GERART,) a Flemish
painter of history and portraits, born at Brussels, was
living in 1661.

Hoogstraaten, van, vSn hSc'stRa'ten, (DAVID,) a
Dutch scholar, a nephew of the following, was born at
Rotterdam in 1658, and became a classical professor at
Amsterdam. He compiled a Latin-Dutch Dictionary,
(1704,) and wrote several elegant Latin poems, " Poe-
mata," (1710.) Died in 1724.

Hoogstraaten, van, (SAMUEL,) a Dutch painter,
born at Dort in 1627, was a pupil of Rembrandt, and
the master of Houbraken. He painted portraits, land-
scapes, etc. with success, and wrote a good work on the
theory of painting. Died in 1678.

His father, DIRCK, born at Antwerp in 1596, was also
a skilful landscape-painter. Died in 1640.

See PILKINGTON'S "Dictionary of Painters."

Hoogvliet, h5c'vleet or hoH'vleet, (ARNOLD,) a popu-
lar Dutch poet, born at Vlaardingen in 1687, was edu-
cated for a merchant, and held the position of cashier in
his native place. His reputation is founded on an epic
poem, called "Abraham the Patriarch," (1727.) which
was received with extraordinary and durable favour.
"No book in Dutch literature," says Marron, "has
been honoured with a more decided national adoption."
(" Biographic Universelle.") He afterwards published a
collection of poems on various subjects, which are not
unworthy of his name. Died in 1 763.

See JAN VAN KRUVFF, " Leven van A. Hoogvliet," 1782; WlL-
LEM TERPSTRA, "Oratio de A. Hoogvlietio Poeta," 1816.

Hoogzaat, hoc'zit, (JAN,) an able Dutch painter,
born at Amsterdam in 1664. He decorated the chateau
of Loo for William III. of England. Died in 1712.

Hook, hook, (JAMES,) an English composer and mu-
sician, born at Norwich in 1746. He was employed as
organist at Vauxhall Garden, London, for many years,
and composed numerous popular ballads, songs, con-
certos, etc. Died in 1827.

Hook, (JAMES,) LL.D., an English writer, brother of
Theodore E. Hook, was bom in London about 1771. He
was educated for the church, and in 1825 was appointed
Dean of Worcester. His principal works are two
novels, called "Pen Owen" and "Percy Mallory."
Died in 1828.

Hook, (JAMES CLARKE,) an English painter, born in
London, November 21, 1819. In the early part of his

as/t; casjv ghard; g as ;'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: sasz.- ill as in this. (JlJP'See Explanations, p. 23.)

HOOK

1308

HOOKER

career he painted subjects from Italian history and
scenes from Shakspeare, but later has executed many
marine pieces and scenes from English domestic life.
He became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1850,
and a full Academician in 1860.

Hook, (THEODORE EDWARD,) born in London in
1788, was the son of James, the musical composer, noticed
above. He was an excellent vocalist, an expert mimic,
and a prodigy of colloquial power. In 1805 he wrote
"The Soldier's Return," an operatic farce, which was
very successful. He was addicted to punning, to extrava-
gant dissipation, and to audacious practical jokes. His
brilliant wit and marvellous faculty of improvisation
rendered him an idol of the gay world, and commended
him to the favour of the prince-regent, who procured his
appointment in i8i2as treasurer to the colony of Mauri-
tius, with a salary of about ^2000. In 1818, a large de-
ficit being found in his treasure-chest, he was sent home
charged with peculation. The legal inquiry, however,
proved nothing against him except a culpable negligence
of his official duties. In 1820 he became editor of the
"John Bull" newspaper, which was very successful in a

1 Gilbert Gurney," a novel, which contains an autobiog-
raphy of himself. In 1836 he was editor of the " New
Monthly Magazine." Died in 1841.

See R. H. BARHAM, " Life and Writings of Theodore Hook,"
1848; "Life of T. Hook," from the "Quarterly Review," London,
1853 : R. H. HORNK, " New Spirit of the Age," 1844 : " Quarterly
Review" for May, 1843, (vol. bociL ;) " Noctes Ambrosianz ;" Moin,
" Poetical Literature of the Past Half-Century ;" SAMUEL SMILES,
"Brief Biographies;" "Memories of Authors," in the "Atlantic
Monthly ' for April, 1865.

Hook, (WALTER FARQUHAR,) an English theologian,
a nephew of the preceding, was born in London in
1798. He became vicar of Leeds in 1837, and Dean
of Chichester in 1859. Among his works are "Hear
the Church," (28th edition, 1838,) "Ecclesiastical Biog-
raphy," (8 vols., 1845-52,) "Church Dictionary," (7th
edition, 1854,) and "Lives of the Archbishops of Can-
terbury," (9 vols., of which the first volume was published
in 1860.) He was noted for his zeal and success in the
cause of church extension. Died October 20, 1875.

Hooke, hook, (NATHANIEL,) a Roman Catholic his-
torian, born about 1690, was an intimate friend of Pope the
poet. His principal work is "The Roman History from
the Building of Rome to the End of the Commonwealth,"
(4 vols. 4to, 1733-71,) which was often reprinted, and is
commended as a faithful compilation. I le was employed
by Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, as editor of her
Memoirs, (1742.) Died in 1764.

Hooke, (ROBERT,) M.D., an English philosopher,
born at Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, in 1635, and
noted for his inventive faculty, mechanical genius, and
scientific acquirements. In 1662 he was chosen curator
of experiments to the Royal Society, of which he was
a Fellow, and afterwards secretary. About 1666 he
became professor of geometry in Gresham College, and
city surveyor of London. Among his multifarious
accomplishments was skill in architecture, which he
exercised in drawing the plan of Bedlam and other
public buildings in London. He wrote many memoirs
on various branches of natural science. He had a
dispute with Hevelius on the subject of the telescope,
and attacked Newton's theory of light and colours.
He claimed the invention of the barometer, quadrant,
balance-spring for watches, etc. Died in 1702.

See "Biographia Britannica;" WALLER, "Life of R- Hooke;"
WOOD, "Gresham Professors."

Hook'er, (HERMAN,) an American Episcopalian di-
vine, born at Poultney, Rutland county, Vermont. He
published, among other works, "The Portion of the
Soul," etc., (1835,) "The Philosophy of Unbelief in
Morals and Religion," and "Uses of Adversity," (1846.)
Died in 1857.

See GRISWOLD, " Prose Writers of America."

Hook'er, (hook'?r,) otherwise called VSw'elL.
(JOHN,) M.P., an English historian, born at Exeter
about 1524, was uncle of Richard Hooker, noticed
below. He represented Exeter in Parliament in 1571.

He compiled a large part of Holinshed's "Chronicles,"
(1586,) and wrote a treatise on the order and usage of
Parliaments, and a few other works. Died in 1601.

Hook'er, (JOSEPH,) an American general, born in
Hadley, Mass., November 13, 1814, graduated at West
Point, in 1837. He served as captain in the Mexican
war, (1846-47,) and gained the brevet of lieutenant-
colonel at Chapultepec. Having resigned his commis-
sion about 1853, he lived several years in California. He
was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers about
May, 1861, served at the battle of Williamsburg, and in
the "seven days' battles" near Richmond, June 26-July
I, 1862. He became a major-general in July, and com-
manded a corps at the battle of Antieta'm, September
17, 1862, a few days after which he was promoted to
the rank of brigadier-general in the regular army. He
commanded a grand division under General Burnside
at Fredericksburg in December, 1862, and succeeded
Burnside as commander of the army of the Potomac in
January, 1863. This army, which probably amounted
to 100,000 men or more, engaged the enemy at Chan-
cellorsville, May 2 and 3, and was defeated, but was not
pursued. During this battle he was stunned by a
cannon-ball. He was relieved of the command on the
28th of June, 1863, and was sent to Tennessee with two
corps in September of that year. He contributed to the
victory gained by General Grant at Lookout Mountain,
November 24 and 25, 1863, and commanded a corps of
the army which General Sherman moved from Dalton
to Atlanta, May-August, 1864. He afterwards had
command of the Northern Department. Died in 1879.
Hooker, (Sir JOSEPH DALTON,) an eminent
botanist and traveller, a son of Sir William Jackson
Hooker, was born in 1817. He studied medici»e, and
in 1839 sailed as surgeon with the expedition of Sir
James Ross to the Antarctic Ocean. On his return he
published " Flora Antarctica," (2 vols., 1844-47,) the
descriptions and illustrations of which are highly com-
mended. Between 1848 and 1852 he explored the bo-
tanical productions of the Himalayas, and published
" Himalayan Journals," (2 vols., 1854,) and " Flora In-
dica." He accompanied Asa Gray through the western
United States in 1877. In 1855 he became assistant
director at Kew, and succeeded his father as director
in 1865. Of his various botanical works the best
known is " The Student's Flora of the British Islands,"
(1870.) The most important are "Genera Planta-
mm," (with Bentham, 1862-83,) and "Index Kcw-
ensis," (with Jackson, 1893 et seq.)

Hooker, (RICHARD,) an eminent English divine and
author, born at Heavytree, near Exeter, in 1553. After
graduating at Oxford, he took orders in 1581, and in an
unguarded hour married a scolding wife. By the favour
of Sandys, Bishop of London, he became Master of the
Temple in 1585. Here he was involved in a controversy
with Mr. Travers, a Calvinist, who was also a lecturer
in the Temple. One of the consequences of this dispute
was the production of his great argument for the consti-
tution and discipline of the Anglican Church, entitled
"The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity." After he began
this work, desiring a more retired station than the
Temple, he obtained in 1591 the rectory of Boscombe,
to which the prebend of Salisbury was added. From
1595 until his death he was rector of Bishopsbourne.
His work above-named was published from 1594 to
1597. It is regarded as a great bulwark of the Church,
a monument of sound learning, and a noble model of
literary excellence. According to Hallam, "the finest
as well as the most philosophical writer of the Eliza-
bethan period is Hooker. The first book of his ' Eccle-
siastical Polity' is at this day one of the master-pieces
of English eloquence. ... So stately and graceful is the
march of his periods, so various the fall of his musical
cadences upon the ear, so rich in images, so condensed
in sentences, so grave and noble his diction, that I
know not whether any later writer has more admirably
displayed the capacities of our language, or produced
passages more worthy of comparison with the splendid
monuments of antiquity." ("Introduction to the Litera-
ture of Europe.") Died in 1600.

a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, Jf, short; a, ?, i, p. obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; nSt ; good; moon

HOOKER

'3°9

HOPE

Hooker, (Rev. THOMAS,) one of the founders of Con-
necticut, was born at Marfield, England, in 1586. After
preaching in Holland, he emigrated in 1633 to Boston,
Massachusetts, and was the first pastor of Cambridge.
In 1636, in company with Samuel Stone, he founded the
city of Hartford, where he was minister until his death.
He was a very influential man in the churches, and wrote
many treatises, among which is the "Application of
Redemption." Died in 1647.

See E. W. HOOKER. "Life of Thomas Hooker," 1849.

Hooker, (WILI.IAM JACKSON,) F.R.S., a distinguished
English botanist, born at Norwich in 1785. He pub-
lished in 1811 "A Journal of a Tour in Iceland in 1809,"
and described, with Dr. Taylor, British mosses in
"Muscologia Britannica," (1818.) His "Flora Scotica"
appeared in 1821. He produced an excellent "Flora
Exotica," (3 vols., 1823-27.) For many years he was pro-
fessor of botany in the University of Glasgow. Among
his greatest works are "Icones Filicum," or "Figures
and Descriptions of Ferns," (with Dr. Greville, 2 vols.,
1829-31,) " Flora Boreali-Americana," (2 vols., 1829-40,)
and a "British Flora," (1830; 6th edition, 1850,) which
gives a complete description of British plants, arranged
after the natural method. He was appointed about 1840
director of the royal gardens at Kew, which have been
greatly improved under his superintendence, and are
said to surpass all other gardens in the world in the
number and variety of the plants. He was the father
of Dr. J. D. Hooker, noticed above. Died in 1865.

Hooiakoo, Houlakou, HtUaktt, hoo'lS-koo', or
Hoolagoo, hoo-la-goo', sometimes very improperly
written Hulakoo, a grandson of Jengis Khan, born in
1217, was the first of the Eel-Khans, (Ilkhans or Ilchans,)
or Mongol kings of Persia. He was commanded by
his elder brother Mangoo (the father of Kooblai Khan)
to complete the conquest of Persia, which he accom-
plished about the year 1255. He exterminated the Is-
maeelians, or Assassins, and afterwards directed his forces
against Bagdad, which he took in February, 1258, and
delivered up to pillage and massacre. If we may believe
the statements of the Moslem historians, nearly 800,000
persons, including Motassem (the last of the Abbasside
caliphs) and his eldest son, perished on that occasion.
As a warrior, Hooiakoo was distinguished for his san-
guinary cruelty : he was nevertheless a patron of science,
and the celebrated Eel-Khanee (or -Khannee) astro-
nomical tables were prepared under his auspices, and
derive their name from his title of Eel-Khan, signifying
the prince or chief of the tribe. He died in 1265, and
was succeeded by his son, Abaka Khan.

See MALCOLM, "History of Persia," vol. i. chap. x. : VON
HAMMER, "Geschichte der Ilchane:" D'OHSSON, "Histoire des
Mongols."

Hoole, hool, (Rev. CHARLES,) born at Wakefield,
England, in 1610, taught school with credit in London,
etc., and was afterwards rector of Stock. He wrote a
" Latin Grammar," and other school-books. Died in 1666.

Hoole, (ELIJAH,) an English Orientalist and Wesleyan
minister, born at Manchester about 1798. He served as
a missionary in India, and published " Madras, Mysore,
and the South of India." Died in 1672.

Hoole, (JOHN,) an English dramatist and translator,
born in London in 1727, was educated in Grub Street.
He was a friend of Dr. Johnson, and was a clerk in the
East India House about forty years. He wrote several
tragedies, and translated into bad or insipid verse the
great poems of Tasso and Ariosto. In reference to his
version of Tasso, (published in 1763,) Sir Walter Scott
called Hoole a " noble transmuter of gold into lead."
His "Orlando Furioso" appeared in 5 vols., 1773-83.
Died in 1803.

See "Biographia Dramatics."

Hoole, MRS. See HOFLAND, (BARBARA.)
Hooniay oon or Humayflu, hoo'mi'yoon', Emperor
of Hindostan, of the dynasty of the Great Moguls, was
the eldest son of Baber. He was born at Cabool in 1508,
and ascended the throne in 1530. Agra was his capital.
He was defeated by the Afghans in 1540. His brothers
having rebelled against him, he was driven out of his
kingdom, and took refuge at the court of Persia. In
1545 he returned with an army and recovered his throne.

He gained decisive victories over the Afghans, umlei
Sekunder Shah, on the Sutlej, in 1554, and at Sirhind in
'555- He died in 1556, and was succeeded by his son,
the celebrated Akbar. He was versed in astronomy, and
wrote several poems.

See "Private Memoirs of Houmaioon," translated from the Per-
sian by MAJOR C. STEWART; FERISHTA, " History of the Rise of
the Mahomedan Power io India," translated by GENERAL HRIGGS;
W. ERSKINE, " History of India under Baber and Humayun," 2 vols.,
1854; ABOOL-FAUHL, " Akbar-Nameh."

Hoop'er, (GEORGE,) D.D., an English prelate, born
at Grimley in 1640, was educated at Oxford, and was
an excellent classical and Oriental scholar. In 1677 he
was almoner to Mary, Princess of Orange, and in 1691
became chaplain to William and Mary, and Dean of Can-
terbury. He obtained the bishopric of Saint Asaph in
1703, from which he was afterwards transferred to that
of Bath and Wells. He published numerous religious
works. Died in 1727.

Hooper or Hoper, (JOHN,) an English reformer and
martyr, born in Somersetshire about 1495. While a stu-
dent at Oxford, he was converted to the Protestant faith.
In 1539, to escape the Bloody Statutes of Henry VIII., he
retired from England and passed several years at Zurich.
At the death of Henry he settled in London, where he
became an eminent and eloquent preacher. In 1550 he
was made Bishop of Gloucester, and in 1552 received
the bishopric of Worcester in commendam. Soon after
the accession of Mary he was condemned as a heretic,
and, refusing to recant, was burned at the stake in 1553.
He wrote numerous theological works.

See Fox, " Book of Martyrs ;" BUKNET, " History of the Reforma-
tion."

Hoop'er, (LuCY,) an American writer, born at New-
buryport, Massachusetts, in 1816, wrote sketches entitled
"Scenes from Real Life," (1840,) "The Poetry of Flow-
ers," and other works. She died in 1841, and her "Literary
Remains" were published in 1842, with a Memoir.

See GRISWOLD, " Female Poets of America ;" " Democratic Re-
view" for July, 1842.

Hooper, (Lucv HAMILTON,) an American author,
born at Philadelphia in 1835. Her maiden name was
JONES. She published " Poems," and " Under the Tri-
color," a novel. For a long time she was a newspaper
correspondent in Paris. Died August 31, 1893.

Hooper, (ROBERT,) a British medical writer, was born
in 1773. Among his works are a "Medical Dictionary,"
(1798; 8th edition, by Dr. Grant, in 1839,) and "Sur-
geon's Vade-Mecum," (3d edition, enlarged by Dr.
Dunglison, 1824.) Died in 1835.

Hooper, (WILLIAM,) an American patriot, was born
in Boston in 1742. He graduated at Harvard in 1760,
studied law with James Otis, and rose to eminence in
his profession in Wilmington, North Carolina. In 1774
he was chosen one of the delegates to the first Conti-
nental Congress. Soon after signing the Declaration of
Independence, in 1776, he resigned his seat. Died in 1790.

Hoorn van Vlooswyck, hoRn vSn vlos'wik,(PiETER
NIKLAAS,) BARON, a Dutch nobleman, born at Amster-
dam in 1742, possessed an immense fortune. Having a
taste for art, he formed a splendid collection of gems,
cameos, mosaics, etc. Died in 1809.

Hooinbeek or Hoornbeck, hoRn'bak, (JAN,) »
Dutch writer on theology, born at Haarlem about 1616,
was professor at Utrecht. Died in 1666.

Hoorne, COUNT. See HORN.

Hoorne, van, vin hoR'neh, or Home, (JAN,) a Dutcu
anatomist, was born at Amsterdam in 1621. He became
professor of surgery at Leyden about 1650, and gained a
high reputation. He published, besides other works on
anatomy, a " Brief Introduction to the History of the
Human Body," (" Brevis Manuductio ad Historian!
Corporis humani," 1660,) a work of much merit Died
in 1670.

See EsscHundGRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyldopaedie ;" CHARLES
DRELINCOUKT, "Oratiode J. van Home," 1670.

Hope, (ALEXANDER JAMES BERESFORD,) M.P., an
author and connoisseur, son of Thomas Hope, noticed
below, was born in London in 1820. Among his works
are an essay on " Newspapers and their Writers," "The
English Cathedral of the Nineteenth Century," and
"Worship in the Church of England." Died in 1887.

< a.s k, c as s; g hard: g as/V G, H, K,.?uttiir,jl; N, nasal; R, trilled: Bass; th as in this.

See Explanations, p.

HOPE

1310

HOPKINS

Hope, (ANTHONY.) See HAWKINS, (ANTHONY
HOPE.)

Hope, (Rev. FREDERICK WILLIAM,) F.R.S., an Eng
lish entomologist, born about 1800, wrote " The Coleop
terist's Manual." Died in 1862.

Hope, (Sir HENRY,) a British admiral, born in 1787;
died in 1863.

Hope, (JAMES,) a British physician of the present cen
tury, was physician to Saint George's Hospital, London,
and published " Principles and Illustrations of Morbid
Anatomy," (1834,) and a "Treatise on Diseases of the
Heart and Great Vessels," (1839.) Died about 1840.

Hope, (JOHN,) M.D., F.R.S., a Scottish botanist, born
in 1725, was educated at Edinburgh and Paris, and
practised in the former city. In 1761 he was appointed
king's botanist in Scotland, and superintendent of the
royal garden, and in 1786 regius professor of botany in
the University of Edinburgh. He commenced a work
on botany, which he did not live to finish. Died in 1786.

Hope, (JOHN,) Earl of Hopetoun, a British general,
born near Linlithgow in 1766, was a younger son of the
second Earl of Hopetoun. After passing through the
inferior grades, he was made a colonel in 1796, and re-
turned to Parliament. In 1800 he served as adjutant-
general under General Abercrombie in Egypt, and in
1802 obtained the rank of major-general. Having been
made lieutenant-general in 1808, he took part in the
battle of Corunna, in 1809, and at the death of Sir John
Moore succeeded him in the command. He was com-
mander-in-chief in Ireland about 1812. In 1814 he was
raised to the peerage, as Baron of Niddry, and at the
death of his elder brother, in 1816, inherited his title.
Died in 1823.

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."

Hope, (Sir THOMAS,) a Scottish lawyer, born in Edin-
burgh. He was knighted and appointed king's advocate
in 1627, after gaining distinction at the bar. He wrote
valuable legal treatises. His father, Henry Hope, was
related to the wealthy family of Hope in Amsterdam.
Died in 1646.

Hope, (THOMAS,) an English novelist and miscellane-
ous writer of rare merit, born about 1770, was a member
of the wealthy family of Hope of Amsterdam. After
traversing Europe, Asia, and Africa, to gratify his pas-
sion for architecture, and retiring from business with an
immense fortune, he settled in London, and distinguished
himself as a patron of the fine arts. He formed galleries
of paintings and statues, and magnificent collections of
lare works of art. In 1807 he published a work on
" Household Furniture," which produced quite a revolu-
tion in upholstery and an improvement in the public
taste. Soon after appeared " The Costume of the An-
cients," and " Modern Costumes," which evince great
antiquarian lore. In 1819 he published, anonymously,
"Anastasius; or, Memoirs of a Modern Greek," which
was attributed to Byron, and made a vivid sensation
by its surprising combination of Oriental romance and
classic learning. " Mr. Hope will excuse us," says Syd-
ney Smith, "but we could not help exclaiming, in read-
ing it, 'Is this Mr. Thomas Hope? — is this the man of
chairs and tables ?— the CEdipus of coal-boxes ? — he who
meditated on muffineers and planned pokers? Where
has he hidden all this eloquence and poetry up to this
hour?' The work before us places him in the highest
list of eloquent writers and of superior men." Byron
said he would have given his two most approved poems
to have been the author of "Anastasius." Hope also
wrote an " Essay on the Origin and Prospects of Man,"
and a "Historical Essay on Architecture," (1835.) which
was received with favour. He married in 1807 Louisa
Beresford, a daughter of W. Beresford, Archbishop of
Tuam. Died in 1831.

See SYDNEY SMITH'S article in the " Edinburgh Review" for
March, 1821, (vol. uocv.,) also for July, 1807; "Quarterly Review,"
rol. xxiv.

Hope, (THOMAS CHARLES,) an eminent teacher of
chemistry, born in Edinburgh in 1766, was a son of John
Hope, the botanist, noticed above. He became profesioi
of chemistry at Glasgow in 1787, and discovered a new
earth, which he named "Strontites," about 1792. In
1798 he succeeded Dr. Black in the chair of chemistry

in Edinburgh, where he lectured until 1843. He was
reputed the most popular teacher of chemistry in Great
Britain. He wrote several short treatises, one of which
is "On the Point of Greatest Density of Water," (1805.)
Died in 1844.

Hope, (Sir WILLIAM JOHNSTONE,) M.P., a British
naval officer, born at Finchley in 1766. As post-captain,
he served with distinction under Lord Howe against the
French in 1794. In 1819 he was raised to the rank of
vice-admiral, and the next year became a lord of the admi-
ralty. He was knighted in 1825. He was a member of
the House of Commons for thirty years. Died in 1831.

Hoper. See HOOPER, (JOHN.)

Hopfner or Hoepfher, hopfner, (ToHANN GEORG
CHRISTIAN,) a German archaeologist, born at Leipsic in
1765. He published, besides other works, a " Manual
of Greek Mythology," (1795.) Died in 1827.

HSpital. See L'HOpiTAL.

Hopken or Hoepken, hop'ken, (ANDERS JOHAN,)
a Swedish statesman and writer of great merit, born
in 1712, became a member of the senate in 1746. He
was one of the first who formed the Swedish language
on the models of Greece and Rome. His Eulogies on
Count Tessin and Ekeblad are greatly admired. Died
in 1789.

See E. M. FANT," Aminnelse-Tal ofver A. J. von Hopken," 1789;
GVLDHNSTOLPK, " Aminnelse-Tal bfver A. J. von Hopken," 1789.

Hop'kini, (CHARLES,) born at Exeter in 1664, was
the son of Bishop Ezekiel Hopkins. He was intimate
with Dryden and Congreve, wrote several tragedies,
and translated Ovid's "Art of Love." Died in 1699.

His brother JOHN, born in 1675, was the author of a
collection of poems entitled "Amasia," (3 vols., 1700,)
and other poems, among which is "The Triumphs of
Peace, or the Glories of Nassau," (1698.) Died after
1700.

Hop'kin§, (EDWARD,) Governor of Connecticut, born
in London in 1600, emigrated to Boston, Massachu-
setts, in 1637. He was chosen Governor of Connecticut
in 1640, and was re-elected every other year until 1654.
Soon after this he returned to England, where he was
appointed warden of the fleet and commissioner of the
admiralty, and was elected to Parliament. Died in 1657.

Hopkins, (EDWARD JOHN,) an English musician
and composer, born at Westminster, June 30, 1818.
Since 1843 he has been organist of the Temple Church
in London. He published "The Organ, its History and
Construction," and has composed anthems, chants, and
psalm-tunes. His brother, JOHN HOPKINS, born in
1822, has also distinguished himself as a composer of
sacred music.

Hopkins, (EsEK,) an American naval officer, born
in Scituate, Rhode Island, in 1718. He was appointed
commander-in-chief of the navy in 1775. He captured
a British fort at New Providence, and several vessels of
war, in 1775 or 1776. Died in 1802.

Hopkins, (EztKlEL,) an English Calvinistic divine,
born at Sandford, Devonshire, in 1633, was a popular
preacher, and one of the standard theologians of Eng-
land. He became Bishop of Raphoe in 1671, and Bishop
of Londonderry in 1681. He was driven from this place
by the Catholic insurgents in 1688. Among his works
(which are admired even by many who are not Calvinists)
are a "Treatise on the Vanity of the World," (1663,)
" Sermons," (4 vols., 1691-96,) the "Doctrine of the Two
Covenants," and " Exposition on the Lord's Prayer,"
(1692.) His style is remarkable for sententious brevity.
Died in 1690.

Hopkins, (JoHN,) an English teacher, who graduated
at Oxford in 1544, is chiefly noted for his share in the
poetical version of David's Psalms by Sternhold and
Hopkins. He is supposed to have been a clergyman.

Hopkins, (JOHN HENRY,) an Episcopal theologian,
born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1792, came to the United
States in 1800. He became rector of a church at Pitts-

rg in 1824, and was chosen Bishop of Vermont in
1832. Among his numerous works are "The Primitive
Creed Examined and Explained," (1834,) a "Scriptural,
Ecclesiastical, and Historical View of Slavery," (1864,) in
which work he advocates the Southern view of slavery,
and "The Law of Ritualism," (1866.) Died in 1868

», e, i, 6, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, J, short; a, e, j, o, obscure, far, (311, fat; mit; not; good; moon

HOPKINS

HOPPIN

Hopkins, (JOHN HENRY,) D.LI., an American clergy
man, a son of Bishop J. II. Hopkins, already noticed
was born at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, October 28, 1820
He graduated at the University of Vermont in 1839, anc
at the General Theological Seminary (Episcopal) in
1850, took priest's orders in 1872, founded the "Church
Journal," (New York,) and edited the same, 1853-68
He published a "Manual of Matrimony," (1845,) "Carols
Hymns, and Songs," (1863 ; 3d edition, 1882,) "Canticles
Noted," (1866,) "Life of Bishop Hopkins," (1872,
" Poems by the Wayside," (1883,) etc. He also editec
the writings of Dr. Milo Mahan, and wrote his memoir
Hopkins, (JOHNS,) an American philanthropist, born
in Anne Arundel county, Maryland, May 19, 1795. He
acquired a large fortune as a wholesale grocer of Balti-
more. He founded a noble free hospital, a convalescent
hospital, a coloured orphanage, and the Johns Hopkins
University, endowing these institutions with more than
eight millions of dollars. He was a member of the
Society of Friends, and lived and died a bachelor. Diec
at Baltimore, December 24, 1873.

Hopkins, (LEMUEL,) M.D., born at Waterbury, Con-
necticut, in 1750. He practised medicine at Litchfielc
from 1776 to 1784, and at Hartford until 1801. He wrote
"The Hypocrite's Hope," and other poems. He was
associated with Barlow and Trumbull in writing "The
Anarchiad," a poem. Died in 1801.

Hopkins, (MARK,) a Presbyterian theologian, born in
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in 1802, graduated at Wil-
liams College in 1824. He became professor of moral
philosophy in that college in 1830, and was president of
the same from 1836 to 1872. He published " Lowell Lec-
tures on the Evidences of Christianity," "Miscellaneous
Essays and Discourses," (1847,) "Lectures on Moral
Philosophy," (1858,) "The Law of Love and Love as a
Law, or Christian Ethics," (1869,) "Outline Study of
Man," (1873,) and " Strength and Beauty," (1874.) He
received the degree of D.D. from Dartmouth College in
1 837, and that of LL. D. from the University of New York
in 1857. Died June 17, 1887.

Hopkins, (SAMUEL,) an American divine, born at
Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1721, is called the founder
of the Hopkinsian school. He studied theology under
Jonathan Edwards, was ordained a minister in 1743, and
began in that year to preach at Housatonnoc, now
Great Barrington. In 1769 he removed from that place
to Newport, Rhode Island. " Dr. Hopkins," says Allen,
"was a very humble, pious, and benevolent man. . . . His
life was spent chiefly in meditation ; his preaching had
but little effect." He published a " System of Doctrines
contained in Divine Revelation Explained and Defended,"
(1793,) and also wrote a " Dialogue against Slavery,"
(1776,) etc. He forms a prominent character in Mrs.
Stowe's " Minister's Wooing." Died in 1803.

Hopkins, (STEPHEN,) an American statesman, born
at Scituate, Rhode Island, in 1707, was a farmer in his
youth, and afterwards a merchant. He was chief justice
of the superior court from 1751 to 1754, and subsequently
Governor of Rhode Island. In 1774 he was elected to
Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence
in 1776. The unsteadiness of his hand indicated by his
signature was occasioned not by fear, but by a nervous
affection. He continued in Congress until 1779. Died
in 1785.

Hopkins, (Rev. WILLIAM,) a learned antiquary, born
at Evesham, England, in 1647, was made prebendary of
Worcester in 1675, and vicar of Lindridge in 1686. Died
in 1700.

Hopkins, (WILLIAM,) an English Arian writer, born
*t Monmouth in 1706, became vicar of Bolney in 1731.
He wrote a treatise in favour of Arianism, and translated
the book of Exodus, (1784.) Died in 1786.

Hop'kin-son, (FRANCIS,) an eminent author, wit, and
patriot, born in Philadelphia in 1737. He graduated at
the college of his native city, and chose the profession
of the law. Having visited England in 1765, and passed
two years there, he returned home, settled at Borden-
town, and married Miss Ann Borden. From 1774 to
1 777 he published " The Pretty Story," " The Prophecy,"
tnd the " Political Catechism," three humorous and

popular essays, which contributed to foment f.,e spirit
of freedom and to prepare the people for national inde-
pendence. He represented New Jersey in the Conti-
nental Congress of 1776, and signed the Declaration of
Independence. He was appointed judge of the admi-
ralty of Pennsylvania in 1779, and in 1790 judge of the
district court of the United States. Besides the above
essays, he wrote the " Battle of the Kegs," a ballad, and
other works, in prose and verse. Died in 1791.

See SANDERSON, " Biography of the Signers to the Declaration
of Independence;" "National Portrait -Gallery of Distinguished
Americans," vol. iii.

Hopkinson, (JOSEPH,) LL.D., an American jurist,
author of " Hail Columbia," and son of the preceding,
was born in Philadelphia in 1770. He was educated at
the University of Pennsylvania, studied law, and rose to
eminence in his profession in his native city. He was
the leading counsel for Dr. Rush in his famous libel
suit against William Cobbett in 1799, and was also em-
ployed in the trials under the alien and sedition laws
before Judge Chase in 1800, and in the impeachment of
the latter for alleged misdemeanour in office during these
trials, before the United States Senate, in 1805. From
1815 to 1819 he was a representative in Congress, in
which he distinguished himself as a speaker, particu-
larly in opposition to the United States Bank, and on
the Seminole war. In 1828 he was appointed by Presi-
dent Adams judge of the United States court for the
eastern district of Pennsylvania, which position he held
till his death, in 1842.

See "Lives of Eminent Philadelphians," 1859,

Hop'per, (ISAAC TATEM,) a distinguished philanthro-
pist, a member of the Society of Friends, born near Wood-
bury, New Jersey, in 1771. He resided many years in
Philadelphia, but passed the latter part of his life in New
York. He was a man of great energy, courage, and intel-
lectual acuteness, and distinguished for his life-long efforts
to promote benevolent and humane objects, — especially
negro emancipation. In the controversy which resulted
in the separation of the Society of Friends in 1827, he
was one of the most zealous adherents of the anti-
orthodox party. Died in 1852.

See LYDIA M. CHILD, " Life of I. T. Hopper," 1853 ; " Lives of
Eminent Philadelphians," 1859.

er, (THOMAS,) an English architect, born at
Rochester about 1775. After being employed by the
prince-regent on Carleton House, he erected many castles
and mansions for the nobility, among which Penrhyn
Castle is regarded as one of the best. He possessed
superior conversational powers, and associated freely
with people of distinction. Died in 1856.

Hoppers, hop'pers, or Hopper, hop'per, (JOACHIM,)
[Lat. HOPPE'RUS,] a Dutch jurist, born in Friesland in
1523. Ln 1566 he became privy councillor at Madrid,
and chancellor for the affairs of the Netherlands. He
was more moderate than the other ministers of Philip
[I. Among his works is one " On the Legal Art," (" De
Juris Arte Libri tres," 1553.) Died in 1576.

See MOTLEY, " Rise of the Dutch Republic," part ii. chap T.,
and part iv. chap. iv.

Hop'pin, (AUGUSTUS,) an American artist, born in
Providence, Rhode Island, in 1828. He pursued a col-
egiate course at Brown University, and entered upon
:he profession of law, but subsequently devoted himself
o drawing on wood. He illustrated "The Autocrat of
he Breakfast-Table," the poem of "Nothing to Wear,"
md numerous other subjects. Died April I, 1896.

Hoppin, (JAMES MASON,) D.D., an American scholar,
>orn at Providence, Rhode Island, January 17, 1820.
rle graduated at Yale College in 1840, and studied in the
Jniversity of Berlin, was professor of homiletics and
jastoral theology in Yale College, 1861-79, and in 1879
jecame professor of the history of art in the same insti-
ution. His principal books are " Notes of a Theological
Student," (1854,) "Old England," (1867,) "Office and
Work of the Christian Ministry," (1869,) "Life of
Admiral Foote," (1874,) "Memoirs of Henry Armitl
Brown," (1880,) and " Homiletics," (1881.)

Hoppin, (THOMAS F.,) an American painter and de-
igner, brother of Augustus Hoppin, born in Providence,

t as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; til as in Ms. (3^=See Explanations, p. 33.)

HOPPNER

1312

HORMA YR

Rhode Island, in 1816. Among the most important of
his designs are the figures on the great window of Trinity
Church, New York.

Hopp'ner, (JOHN,) R.A., an excellent English por-
trait-painter, born in London in 1759. He studied in
the Royal Academy, and was patronized by the Prince
of Wales. For many years he was the most fashionable
portrait-painter of London, except Sir Thomas Lawrence.
H</ppner was very successful in portraits of women. His
colouring is natural and powerful, and his tones are
mellow and deep. His works have a charming air of
facility and negligence. Died in 1810.

See CUNNINGHAM, "Lives of Painters," etc.

Hop'tpn, (ARTHUR,) a learned English mathema-
tician, born in Somersetshire in 1588, was intimate with
Selden. He wrote "Speculum Topographicum," (1611,)
and a few other works. Died in 1614.

Hopton, (Sir RALPH,) an English royalist officer, who
fought for Charles I. in the civil war. He obtained some
success in Cornwall in 1643. In 1646 he commanded
about 8000 men at the battle of Torrington, where he
was defeated by Fairfax. Died about 1652.

Hopton, (SUSANNA,) an English authoress, born in
1627, wrote " Hexameron, or Meditations on the Six
Days of Creation." Died in 1709.

Horace, hor'ass, [Lat. HORA'TIUS; Fr. HORACE,
o'riss'; Ger. HORAZ, ho-rits'; It. ORAZIO, o-rlt'se-o,] or,
more fully, Quin'tus Hora'tius Flac'cus, an excellent
and popular Latin poet, born at Venusia, (now Venosa,)
in Italy, in December, 65 B.C. His father was a freed-
man, who gained a competence as a coactor, (collector of
indirect taxes or of the proceeds of auctions,) and pur-
chased a farm near Venusia, on the bank of the Aufidus,
(Ofanto.) At an early age he was sent to Rome, and
became a pupil of the noted teacher Orbilius Pupillus,
with whom he learned grammar and the Greek language.

About his eighteenth year, he went to prosecute his
studies in the groves of the Academy at Athens, — then
the principal seat of learning and philosophy, — where he
remained until the death of Julius Csesar (in 44 B.C.)
involved the empire in a civil war. As Brutus passed
through Athens, Horace, with patriotic ardour, joined
his army, was made a military tribune, took command
of a legion, and witnessed the fatal defeat of the cause at
Philippi, where he threw away his shield. (Carmina, ii.
7.) llis estate having been confiscated, he went to Rome,
where he supported himself a short time by acting as clerk
in the treasury. His early poems having excited the
interest of Virgil and Varius, they recommended him to
Maecenas, in whom he found a liberal patron and intimate
friend. Thenceforth his life was eminently prosperous,
and serenely passed in congenial studies and patrician
society. Preferring independence to the tempting prizes
of ambition, he refused the office of private secretary
to Augustus, who treated him with particular favour.
He had a true relish for rural pleasures and the charms
of nature, which he often enjoyed at his Sabine farm or
his villa in Tibur. Died in November, 8 B.C. He was
never married. He was of short stature, and had dark
eyes and hair. His character, as deduced from his writings,
is well balanced, and unites in a high degree good sense,
good nature, urbanity, and elegant taste. His poems,
consisting of odes, satires, and epistles, may all be con-
tained in one small volume. His chief merits are a calm
philosophy, a graceful diction, an admirable sense of
propriety, and a keen insight into human nature, which
have attracted an admiration growing from age to age,
and have rendered him, next to Virgil, the most illus-
trious poet of ancient Rome. " It is mainly," says " Black-
wood's Magazine" for April, 1868, "to this large and
many-sided nature of the man himself that Horace owes
his unrivalled popularity, — a popularity which has indeed
both widened and deepened in its degree in proportion
to the increase of modern civilization." His " Epistles"
are among the few poems which represent the most per-
fect and original form of Latin verse. There is no very
good English translation of Horace's entire works : that
of Francis (4 vols., 1747) is perhaps the best. Lord Lyt-
ton's translation of the Odes (1869) is highly praised.

See SUETONIUS, " Vita Horatii ;" MASSON, " Vita Horatii," 1708 ;
HENRY H. MILMAN, "Life of Q. Horatius Flaccus," 1854: VAN

OMMBRN, " Horaz als Mensch und Bilrger von Rom," i8oa; C
FRANCKB, " Fasti Horatiani," 1839 : WALCKBNAKR, " Histoire de la
Vie et des Poe'sies d'Horace," 2 vols., 1840; I. MURRAY, "Ori-
ginal Views of the Passages in the Life and Writings of Horace,"
1851 : J. (or F.) JACOB, Horaz und seine Freunde, 1852 ; ERSCH
und GRUBSR, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" see, also, the excellent
article on Horatius in SMITH'S "Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Biography," by the late DKAN H. H. MILMAN, (author of the " Life
of Q. Horatius Flaccus;") "Horace and his Translators," in the
" Quarterly Review" for October, 1858 ; " Horace and Tasso," in the
" Edinburgh Review" for October, 1850.

Horae, ho'ree, iGr. 'Cp<u ; Fr. HEURES, UR, or HORES,
OR,] the Hours or Seasons, which the ancients imagined to
have charge of the gates of heaven or doors of Olympus.
They appear to have been originally personifications
of the order of nature and of the seasons. They were
also regarded as goddesses of justice, peace, and order.
Milton associates them with the Graces :
" while universal Pan,

Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance,
Led on the eternal Spring."

Paradise Lost, book iv.

Ho-ra-pollo or Ho'rus A-pol'lo, [Gr. 'QpairoUuv ;
Fr. HORAPOLLON, o'ri'po'loN',] the celebrated author
of a Greek treatise on the Egyptian hieroglyphics. His
name and the epoch in which he lived have been the
subject of much discussion. Recent critics favour the
opinion that he lived at Alexandria about the fifth century.

See SMITH, " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography ;" A. S
CORBY, "The Hieroglyphics of Horapollo," 1840: GOULANIOF
" Essai sur les Hie"roglyphes d'Horapollon," 1827.

Horapollon. See HORAPOLLO.

Horatius. See HORACE.

Horatius, ho-ra'she-us, (in the plural, Horatii, ho-
ra'she-T,) a hero of the early Roman legends, who witt
his two brothers fought against the three Curiatii for
the supremacy of Rome over Alba. His brothers fell ir.
the first onset By a feigned flight he separated hu
antagonists, and slew them one after the other.

Horatius Codes. See COCLKS.

Horberg or Hoerberg, hoR'be'RG, (PEHR,) an emi-
nent Swedish painter, born in Smaland in 1746. He
practised his art with success at Olstorp, chiefly on reli-
gious subjects, and received the title of historical painter
to the king. Died in 1816.

See his Autobiography," (in Swedish,) published in 1817, and
translated into German by SCHILDBNBR, 1819 ; C. MOLBECH, " Leben
und Kunst des Malers IV Hoerberg," 1819; " Biographiskt-Lexicon
ofver namnkunnige Svenska Man.

Hor'be-ry, (MATTHEW,) D.D., an English divine,
born in Lincolnshire in 1707, was educated at Oxford.
He became canon of Lichfield, vicar of Hanbury, and
rector of Standlake. His sermons were published in
several volumes, (1745-74,) and were pronounced excel
lent by Dr. Johnson. Died in 1773.

Horebout, ho'reh-bSwt', (GERARD or GUERARD,) a
Flemish painter of high reputation, was born at Ghent.
He removed to England, and became first painter to
Henry VIII.

Hores. See HoRvt

Horfelin, de, da oR-fl-leen', (ANTONIO,) a Spanish
painter of history and portraits, born at Saragossa in
1597 ; died in 1660.

Horleman or Harleman, hoR'leh-man', (CARL,)
BARON, a Swedish architect, born at Stockholm in 1700,
designed the cathedral of Calmar, and completed the
royal palace at Stockholm. He was ranked among the
greatest architects of Sweden. Died in 1753.

Hoi 'man, (WILLIAM,) of Eton College, an English
botanist, born at Salisbury. He published " Herbarum
Synonyma." Died in 1535.

Hormayr, von, fon hoR'miR, (JOSEPH,) a German
historian, born at Innspruck in 1781. He fomented a
revolt in the Tyrol against the French in 1809, and was
appointed historiographer of Austria in 1815. He be-
came councillor for the foreign department of Bavaria
in 1828, and minister from Bavaria to Hanover in 183*.
Among his works area " History of Tyrol," (1808.) "The
Austrian Plutarch, or Lives of all the Austrian Princes,"
(20 vols., 1807-20,) "General History of Modern Times,
178710 1 815," (1817-19, 3 vols., (and " Vienna, its History
and Curiosities," (9 vols., 1823-25.) Died in 1848.

See BROCKHAUS, " Conversations- Lexikon ;" " Foreign Quarterlj
Review" for January, 1845.

V e, I, o, u, y, long: a, e, d, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; 0r, fill, fit; m8t; not; good; m<5on;

HORMISDAS

HORNECK

Hor-mis'das [Persian, HORMOOZ) I., King of Persia,
son of Shahpo'or (or Sapor) I., began to reign in 271
A.D. After an uneventful reign of fourteen months, he
died in 272, and was succeeded by his son, Bahram I.

See FIRUOUSKE, "Shah Namah;" MIRKHOND, " Histoire del
Sassanides."

Hormisdas H., King of Persia, of the Sassanide
dynasty, was the son of Narses, whom he succeeded
in 303 A.D. He died in 311, leaving the throne to his
infant son, Shahpoor II.

Hormisdas ITT., a son of Yezdejerd III., became
King of Persia in 457 A.D. He was defeated and deposed
by his brother Fyrooz about 460.

Hormisdas IV., King of Persia, a son of Chosroes
(Khosroo) I., began to reign in 579 A.D. He waged war
against Tiberius, Emperor of the East, by whose army
he was defeated in several battles. Provoked by his
tyranny, his subjects revolted against him, and he was
deposed and put to death in 591 A.D.

Hormuzd. See ORMUZD.

Horn, hoRn, (ARVID BERNARD,) COUNT, a Swedish
statesman, born in 1664. His influence secured the
elevation of Frederick of Hesse-Cassel to the throne in
1720. He became the head of the party of "Bonnets,"
which was in power until 1738. Died in 1742.

See GUSTAV HORN, "A. B. Horn," 1853; THOMABUS, "Svensk
Plutarch."

Horn or Home, (CHARLES EDWARD,) born in Lon-
don in 1786, was noted as a composer of music. He was
the author of " The Deep, Deep Sea," and other popular
songs. He died in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1850.

Horn, hoRn, (FRANZ CHRISTOPH,) a German critic,
born at Brunswick in 1781. He published several novels,
a " Critical History of German Poetry and Eloquence,"
(4 vols., 1822-29,) a"d "The Dramatic Works of Shak-
spe.ire," ("Shakespeare's Schauspiel?," 5 vols., 1823-
31.) Died in 1837.

See " Franz Horn : biographisches Denkmal," Leipsic, 1839.

Horn, hoRn, (FREDRICK,) Count of Aminne, a Swedish
general in the French service, born at Husby in 1725.
As aide-de-camp of Marshal D'Estr^es, he had an im-
portant part in the victory of Hastenbeck, (1757.) He
obtained the rank of lieutenant-general ir\ the Swedish
army in 1778. Died in 1796.

His son, COUNT HORN, was an accomplice in the as-
sassination of Gustavus III. in 1792, for which he was
banished for life. Died in 1823.

Horn, [Lat HOR'NIUS,] (GEORG,) a German historian,
born at Greussen in 1620. He became professor of his-
tory at Leyden about 1648, and wrote, in Latin, works
on history and geography, among which are an " Eccle-
siastical and Political History," (1665,) and "Noah's
Ark, or a History of the World," (1666.) Died in 1670.

See JOHANN ADAM FLESSA, "Dissertatio de Vita G. Horaii,"
1738.

Horn, (GusTAF,) COUNT OF, an able Swedish general,
born in Upland in 1592. Having served with credit in
Poland and Livonia, he was appointed a senator about
1624. At the battle of Leipsic, in 1631, he commanded
the left wing, and contributed to the victory. After
Gustavus Adolphus was killed at Liitzen, Horn gained
Borne advantages over the enemy, but was taken prisoner
at Nordlingen in 1634. Restored to liberty in 1642, he
was made commander-in-chief of the Swedish army in
the war against Denmark, in which he was successful.
The queen rewarded him (about 1652) with the office of
Constable of Sweden and the title of count. Died in 1657.

See EMPORAGIUS, " Likpredikan ftfver G. C. Horn," 1660; FLO-
RANDER, "Encomium Miiitiz Hopianae," 1648; J. F. AP LUND-
BLAD, " Svensk Plutarch,"i823 ; " Biographiskt- Lexicon ofver namn-
kunnige Svenska Man."

Horn, (UFFO DANIEL,) a German litttrateur, born at
Tratenau, m Bohemia, in 1817; died in 1860.

Horn or Hoorn, de, deh hoRn, also written Hoorne
and Homes, (PHILIPPE DE MONTMORENCY-NIVELLE,)
COUNT, a Flemish noble, born in 1522, was the son of
Joseph de Nivelle and Anne of Egmont. After the death
of his father, his mother married Count de Horn, whose
name and vast fortune he inherited. He distinguished
himself at the battles of Saint-Quentin and Gravelines,
»nd served Philip II. of Spain many years as admiral

of the Low Countries, president of the council of state,
governor of Gueldres, etc. Arrested by the Duke of
Alva, with Count Egmont, on a charge of treason, he
was unjustly condemned and executed in 1568.

Horn'aday, (WILLIAM TEMPLE,) an American
zoologist, was born at Plainfield, Indiana, in 1854.
He visited various parts of the world to collect wild
animals, and was chief taxidermist of the National
Museum 1882-90, in business at Buffalo 1890-96, and
director of the New York Zoological Park after 1896.
He published " Two Years in the Jungle," " The Man
who became a Savage," "The Extermination of the
American Bison," etc.

Homt>low-er, (JOSEPH C.,) an American jurist,
born at Belleville, New Jersey, in 1777. He was chief
justice of the supreme court of New Jersey from 1832
\ to 1846. He decided in 1856 that Congress had no
right to pass a law for the rendition of fugitive slaves.
Died at Newark in June, 1864.

Home, horn, (GEORGE,) D.D., an English bishop and
author, born at Otham, in Kent, in 1730, was a good He-
brew scholar. He was chosen vice-chancellor of Oxford
in 1776, Dean of Canterbury in 1781, and Bishop of
Norwich in 1790. He wrote against the philosophy of
Newton, and published treatises in favour of John Hut-
chinson, and other works on theology. His " Commentary
on the Book of Psalms" (2 vols., 1771) is esteemed an
excellent performance, and has often been reprinted.
He was a friend of Dr. Samuel Johnson. Died in 1792.

Home, (RICHARD HENGFST,) an English poet and
dramatist, born in London about 1803. He produced,
besides other dramas, a tragedy entitled " Gregory the
Seventh," (1840.) His reputation is founded on "Orion,
an Epic Poem," (1843,) which was announced at the
price of one farthing, as a sarcasm upon the low esti-
mation into which epic poetry had fallen. After three
editions had been sold, the price was raised to one
shilling, and finally to five shillings. Among his other
works are "The New Spirit of the Age," (2 vols.. 1844,)
and "Ballads and Romances," (1846.) From iS,2 to
about 1870 he lived in Australia. Died March 13, 1884.

Home, (THOMAS HARTWELL,) D.D., an eminent
English author, born in 1780, was educated in London.
| He passed eight years in the labour of a barrister's
clerk, and acquired some knowledge of law, while his
leisure was diligently improved in literary studies. In
1818 he published his principal work, the "Introduction
to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scrip-
tures," (3 vols., 1818 ; loth edition, enlarged, 1850,) which
is considered the most complete and valuable work on
that subject, and was soon adopted as a class-book in all
the universities and colleges of England and in some of
those in the United States. Having no sectarian tend-
ency, it is appreciated by Christians generally, and ha»
conduced greatly to the diffusion of sound biblical litera-
ture. In 1819 Home was ordained by the Bishop of
London, and obtained a prebend in Saint Paul's Cathe-
dral, besides other livings. Among his other numerous
publications are "Deism Refuted, "(1819,) and a "Manual
of Biblical Bibliography," (1839.) Died January 27, 1862.

Home Tooke. See TOOKE.

Home, van, (JAN.) See HOORNE.

Horneck, hoR'nSk, (ANTHONY,) D.D., was born at
Bacharach, in Germany, in 1641, removed to England
about 1660, and became prebendary of Exeter, West-
minster, and Wells. He wrote many devout religious
works, among which are "The Great Law of Consider-
ation," (1677; nth edition, 1729,) and "The Happy
Ascetic," (1681.) His writings were commended by
Doddridge as " exceedingly pathetic and elegant." Died
in 1696.

See his Life, by BISHOP KIDDER,

Horneck, von, fon hoR'n?k, (OTTOKAR,) called alsr
OTTOKAR von Steiermark, (st!'er-maRk',) one of the
earliest who wrote in the German language, was the
author of a " History of the Great Empires of the World
to the Death of Frederick II.," (1280,) and a chronicle
in rhyme. It has been published in Petz's " Austrian
Historians," and is valued for its interesting account of
the manners and customs of that age.

€ as k; c as s; g hard; g zsj ; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J[5=See Explanations, p. 23.)

83

HORNEMAN

HORSLEY

Horneman, hoR'neh-man', (JENS WILKEN,) a Dan-
ish botanist, born at Marstal in 1770, became professor
of botany at Copenhagen in 1808. He continued the
" Flora Danica," a magnificent work, which other natu-
ralists cojnmenced, and which appeared in 14 vols.
folio, (1806-40.) He wrote "Economical Botany for
Denmark," (1798,) and other works. Died in 1841.

See his Autobiography ; ERSLEW, " Forfatter- Lexicon."

Hornemann, hoR'neh-man', (FRiEDRiCH CONRAD,)
a German traveller, born at Hildesheim in 1772, at-
tempted in 1797 to explore Northern and Central Africa
He left Moorzook with a caravan bound for Bornoo in
April, 1800, after which date he was never heard from.

Hor'ner, (FRANCIS,) an eminent British statesman
and lawyer, born in Edinburgh in 1778, was educated in
the university of that city, and studied law with his friend
Henry Brougham. Having removed to London in 1803,
he was welcomed by the leading Whigs, such as Fox,
Mackintosh, and Romilly, who hastened to enlist his
eminent abilities in the public service. In 1806 he was
returned to Parliament for Saint Ives. The death of
Fox having produced a change of ministry and a disso-
lution of the House, Homer was returned for Wendovei
in 1807. He acquired great influence in Parliament by
his integrity, wisdom, liberality, and knowledge of politi-
cal economy. In 1810 he was a member of the Bullion
committee and author of a part of the "Bullion Report,"
and made an able speech on that question. In 1813-14
he was recognized as one of the leaders of his party, and
in 1816 he made a speech on Catholic claims, which was
his last speech in the House. Compelled by ill health
to retire from business, he set out on a journey to the
south of Europe, and died, greatly lamented, at Pisa, in
1817. He was one of the originators of the " Edinburgh
Review," for which he wrote numerous articles. " He
died at the age of thirty-eight," says Lord Cockburn,
" possessed of greater public influence than any other
private man." "No eminent speaker of Parliament,"
says Sir J. Mackintosh, " owed so much of his success
to his moral character. His high place was therefore
honourable to his audience and to his country."

See "Memoirs and Correspondence of F. Homer," published by
his brother, LEONARD HORNHR, in 1843: CHAMBERS, "Biographical
Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen :" "Edinburgh Review" for Octo-
ber, 1843; "Quarterly Review" for May, 1843.

Homer, (LEONARD,) F.R.S., a British geologist, and
jrounger brother of the preceding, took a prominent part
in the organization of the London University, of which
he was appointed warden in 1827. About 1833 he be-
came inspector of factories, in which capacity he con-
tributed largely to the moral and physical improvement
of the operatives. He wrote articles on the "Mineral
Kingdom" for the " Penny Magazine," " On the Employ-
ment of Children in Factories," (1840,) and other short
works. Died in 1864.

Hor'ner, (WILLIAM E.,) an American anatomist,
born in Virginia about 1790, became in 1816 demon-
strator of anatomy to Dr. Wistar, of the University of
Pennsylvania, and in 1831 succeeded Dr. Physick as
professor of anatomy in that institution. Died in 1853.
(See WISTAR, CASPAR.)

Hornius. See HORN, (GEORG.)

Hor'nung, (ERNEST WILLIAM,) an English nov-
elist, born in 1866. He has written several novels of
Australian life, and "The Unbidden Guest," (1894,)
"Young Blood," and " Some Persons Unknown."

Horrebow or Horreboe, hoR'reh-bo, (CHRiSl-OF-
FER,) a Danish astronomer, born at Copenhagen in 1718.
He succeeded his father as professor of astronomy
about 1750, and published, besides other works, a Latin
treatise " On the Annual Parallax of the Fixed Stars,"
(1747.) Died in 1776.

Horrebow. (NIKOLAUS,) a Danish author, born at
Copenhagen in 1712, became a judge of the supreme
court In 1750 he was sent by government to explore
Iceland, of which he wrote a description, said to be very
correct. Died in 1750.

Horrebow or Horreboe, (PEDER,) an eminent Dan-
Wh astronomer, the father of Christoffer, noticed above,

was born in Jutland in 1679. He became professor
of astronomy at Copenhagen in 1710. He determined,
the parallax of the sun more exactly in his " Clavis As-
tronomias," a treatise on physical astronomy, in which
he favours the theory of Descartes. He wrote other
works, among which is "Copernicus Triumphans, sive
de Parallaxi Orbis Annui," (1727.) Died in 1764.

See KRAFT og NYERUP, " Litteraturlexicon ;" NVERUP, " Uni-
versitaets Annalen."

Horrebow, (PEDER,) a son of the preceding, born in
1728, observed the transit of Venus in 1761, and wrote
an account of it Died in 1812.

Hor'rocks or Hor'rox, (JEREMIAH,) a distinguished
English astronomer, born at Toxteth, near Liverpool, in
1619, was educated at Cambridge, took orders, and be-
came curate of Hoole. He was the author of the true
theory of lunar motion, and was the first who observed
the transit of Venus, (in 1639,) which he had successfully
foretold, and of which he wrote an account, entitled
"Venus sub Sole visa." His other works on astronomy
were published by Dr. Wallis in 1672. " His investiga-
tions," says the " Edinburgh Review" for October, 1843,
" are all stamped with the clear indications of a genius
of the first order ; and he doubtless would have achieved
far greater discoveries had not his privations and suc-
cesses, his toils and triumphs, been together cut short by
his premature death, in 1641."

See A. B. WHATTON, "Memoir of the Life and Labours of J.
Horrox," 1859.

Horsburgh, hors'bur-eh, or Horsbury, hors'ber-e,
(JAMES,) F.R.S., a Scottish hydrographer, born at Elie
in 1762, was for some years captain of a merchant-ship
navigating the East Indian seas. In 1809 he was ap-
pointed hydrographer of the East India Company. He
was author of a valuable work entitled " Directions for
Sailing to and from the East Indies, China," etc., (1809.)
Died in 1836.

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen,"
(Supplement;) "NouvelTe Biographic GeWrale."

Horse'field, (Rev. THOMAS W.,) an English anti-
quary, published the " History and Antiquities of Sus-
"x." Died in 1837.

Hora'field or Horsefield, (THOMAS,) M.D., F.R.S.,
an eminent naturalist and traveller, born in Pennsylvania
in 1773. He explored the natural history of Java for
many years, and returned to England about 1820. He
published "Zoological Researches in Java," etc., (1821-
24.) The plants which he collected were described in
an excellent work entitled " Plantae Javanicae Rariores,"
(1838-52, with fifty coloured engravings,) in which he
was aided by Robert Brown and J. J. Bennett He also
wrote several smaller works. Died in London in 1859.

Horsley, (CHARLES,) an English composer, born at
Kensington in 1821. He composed oratorios entitled
"Davicf1 and "Joseph," (1852.) Died in New York,
March 2, 1876.

Horaley, (JOHN,) F.R.S., an eminent British anti-
quary, born in Mid-Lothian in 1685, became pastor of a
dissenting church at Morpeth. He wrote an excellent
work entitled " The Roman Antiquities of Britain "
(" Britannia Romana," 1732.) Died in 1731.

See RHV. J. HODGSON, " Memoirs of the Life, etc of John Hoi*
ley," London, 1X31 : CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Emi-
nent Scotsmen ;" NICHOLS, " Literary Anecdotes."

Horsley, (JOHN CALLCOTT,) an English historical
painter, born in London in 1817. His cartoon of "Saint
Augustine Preaching" (1843) received one of the prizes
of .£200 from the Commission of Fine Arts. He was
one of the artists commissioned to adorn the House
of Lords, in which he painted a fresco of the " Spirit of
Religion," (1845.) Among his master-pieces are " L'Alle-
gro and II Penseroso," (1851,) "Lady Jane Grey and
Roger Ascham," (1853,) and a "Scene from Don Quix-
ote," (1855.)

Hor8ley,(SAMUEL,) LL.D., an eminent English bishop
and writer, born in London in 1733, was educated at Cam-
bridge. In 1759 he obtained the rectory of Newington
Butts, and, after receiving other preferments, became
Bishop of Saint David's in 1788, of Rochester in 1793,
and of Saint Asaph in 1802. To superior talents he
joined profound learning, both classical and scientific.

i, e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonped; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; n&t; good; moon;

HORSLEY

'3*5

HOSACK

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1767,
and secretary of the same in 1773. In 1783 he gained
distinction by a controversy with Dr. Priestley on Unita-
nanism, in which it is usually conceded that Horsley
had the advantage. He published in 1796 an excellent
treatise "On the Prosodies of the Greek and Latin Lan-
guages," and " Critical Disquisitions on the Eighteenth
Chapter of Isaiah." Among his numerous publications
are sermons, treatises on mathematics, and several ad-
mired performances in biblical criticism. Died in 1806.
See " Edinburgh Review" for February, ign; "London Quar-
terly Review" for May, 1810, (vol. xvii.)

Hors'ley, (WILLIAM,) an English song-writer of high
merit, born November 15, 1774. His glees and madri-
gals are among the best ever written. He was the father
of Charles Horsley, before noticed. Died June 12, 1858.

Hors'man, (EDWARD,) a British lawyer and poli-
tician, born in 1807. He represented Stroud in Parlia-
ment from 1853 to 1868. He was one of those who were
called " Adullamites," who voted against the Reform
bill in 1866, although elected as Liberals. Died in 1876.

Horst, hoRst, [Lat. HOR'STIUS,] (GREGOR,) a German
physician, was born at Torgau, in Saxony, in 1578. He
became professor at Ulm in 1622, and was surnamed
THE GERMAN JEscuLAfivz. Among his chief works
are " On Diseases and their Causes," (" De Morbis
eorumque Causis," 1612,) and "Anatomy of the Human
Body," (1617.) Died in 1636.

See BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" ERSCH and
GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklooaedie ;" FRKHER, "Theatrum Eru-
ditorum. "

Horst, van der, vSn der hoRst, (NIKOLAAS,) a Flem-
ish painter of history and portraits, born at Antwerp,
was a pupil of Rubens. His works are highly prized.
Died in 1646.

Horstiua. See HOKST.

Horstius, hoR'ste-us, (JACOBUS,) a Dutch religious
writer, originally named MERLER, was born at Horst
about 1597. He wrote, in elegant Latin, "Paradise of
the Christian Soul," (" Paradisus Animae Christianse,"
1630.) Died in 1644.

Horstius, hoR'ste-us, (JAKOB,) a German physician,
born at Torgau in 1537 ; died in 1600.

Hort or Horte, (JosiAH,) an English theologian,
educated at a dissenting academy with Dr. Watts, who
expressed a high opinion of him. He became Bishop
of Kilmore and Ardagh in 1727, and Archbishop of
Tuam in 1747. A collection of his sermons was pub-
lished. He died at an advanced age in 1751.

Hortemels, //oR'teh-mels' or /ioRt'mel', (FR£D£RIC,)
a French engraver, born at Paris about 1688.

Hortemels, (MARIE MADELEINE,) an able engraver,
born in Paris about 1688, was the wife of the celebrated
engraver Nicolas Cochin. Died in 1777.

Hortense Eugenie de Beauharnais, oR't&Nss'
uh'zhi'ne' deh bo'iR'nJ)', Queen of Holland, and mother
of the emperor Napoleon III., was born in Paris in
1783. She was the daughter of Alexandre, Vicomte de
Beauharnais, and Josephine Tascher, afterwards Empress
of France. Her personal charms and amiable character
rendered her a favourite with Napoleon and the ornament
of his court Against her own inclination, and through
the influence of her mother, she became in 1802 the wife
of Louis Bonaparte, with whom she did not live happily.
It is said that she wept abundantly at the performance
of the ceremony. In 1806 her consort Louis was made
King of Holland. On this occasion Hortense said she
would have preferred the throne of Naples. " I would
have rekindled," said she, " the flame of the fine arts
in Italy." She disliked the Dutch fogs, and deemed
sunshine and Parisian society indispensable blessings.

Hortense was the mother of three sons, whom by the
edicts of 1804 and 1805 the emperor had preferred as
successors to his crown : i. NAPOLEON Louis CHARLES,
who died in 1807 ; 2. NAPOLEON Louis, who died at
Pesaro in 1831; 3. CHARLES Louis NAPOLEON, the
late Emperor of France. In 1810 Louis abdicated his
throne, and was separated from his wife, who, with her
sons, returned to Paris. At the restoration of 1814 she
was created Duchess of Saint-Leu, through the favour
of some of the allied powers. Louis XVIII., after an

interview with her, declared he had never seen a woman
who united so much grace and dignity. After sharing the
brief and brilliant triumphs of the Hundred Days, she
was compelled to fly from France. The authorities of
Geneva refused her an asylum ; but she received a
hospitable offer from the canton of Thurgau, where she
purchased the castle of Arenenberg in 1817. For many
years she passed the summer at this place and the winter
at Rome. When Louis Napoleon was exiled to the
United States, in 1836, she wished to go with him, but
had not sufficient strength to bear the voyage ; and she
died in 1837, in the arms of her son, who, learning her
illness, had returned home. We should not omit to
mention that she excelled in music, and composed the
popular air of " Partant pour la Syrie," one of the
favourite national songs of France.

Sec LASCBLLES WRAXALL, " Memoirs of Queen Hortense ;"
COMTS DE LAGARDE, " Esquisse biographique sur la Reine Hor-
tense," 1853 ; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for July, 1838.

Hortensius. See DESJARDINS.

Hor-ten'sl-us, (LAMBERT,) a Dutch philologist, born
at Montfort about 1500. He wrote "On the German
War," (" De Bello Germanico," 1560,) and annotations
on Virgil's ".(Eneid," (1567.) Died about 1575.

Hortensius, hor-ten'she-us, (QuiNTUS,) an eminent
Roman orator, born of an equestrian family in 1 14 B.C.
At an early age he acquired celebrity in the Forum,
where, a few years afterwards, he maintained a spirited
and generous rivalry with Cicero, who applauds his elo-
quence and calls him his friend. After serving in the
army of Sulla in Asia, he became successively quaestor,
sedile, praetor, and, in 69 B.C., consul. In the previous
year he was counsel for Verres, when Cicero made his
memorable speech for the prosecution. His orations
and other works are all lost. His eloquence is said to
have been ornate, flowery, Oriental in exuberance, and
enlivened with sententious and brilliant passages. He
had a retentive memory, a sonorous voice, and a grace-
ful gesture. Died in 50 B.C.

See ONOMASTICON TULLIANUM : PLINY, " Natural History,"
books ix., x., xxxiv. ; QUINTILIAN, books iv., x., xi., xii. ; LINSBN,
"Dissertatio de Hortensio Oratore," Abo, 1822.

Horto, ab, ab OR'IO, or de la Huerta, da 1J weR'ti,
(GARCIA,) called also Garcia da Orta, a Portuguese
botanist, went to India as physician to the viceroy, and
wrote "On the Plants and Drugs of India," (1563.)

See BARBOSA MACHADO, " Bibliotheca Lusitana."

Hor'tpn, (THOMAS,) D.D., born in London about
1600, was professor of divinity in Gresham College, and
published a number of sermons. Died in 1673.

Horuc. See BARBAROSSA.

Ho'rua, [Gr. 'Qpof, possibly related etymologically to
the Sanscrit S&rya, Lat. Sol, and Sp. Sur,] the Egyptian
god of the Sun, was regarded as the son of Isis and Osiris.
(See OSIRIS and HARPOCRATES.) His Egyptian name
was Har. He had a hawk's head. The god Harpocrates
is often called the younger Horus, or Horus the child.

Horus Apollo. See HORAPOLLO.

Horush. See BARBAROSSA.

Horvat, hor'vat, (IsTVAN, or STEPHEN,) called "the
Hungarian Varro," was born at Stuhlweissenberg in
1784. He wrote " Primitive Magyar Families," (1820, a
monumental work,) and various histories. Died in 1846.

Horvdth, hoR'vSt, (MICHAEL,) a Hungarian histo-
rian, born at Szentes in 1809. He became Bishop of
Csanad in 1848, and minister of public instruction in
1849. After the defeat of the patriotic cause he went
into exile in 1849. He wrote a valuable " History of
the Magyars," (4 vols., 1842-46.) Died Aug. 19, 1878.

Hos'ack, (DAVID,) LL.D., F.R.S., an eminent Ameri-
can physician, born in New York City in 1769. After
graduating in Philadelphia in 1791, and prosecuting hia
studies in Edinburgh and London, he returned to New
York, and became professor of botany and materia
medica in Columbia College in 1795. He taught clinical
medicine and obstetrics in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons nearly twenty years, between 1807 and 1826.
For many years he was one of the most successful prac-
titioners and most influential citizens of New York.
From 1820 to 1828 he was president of the New York
Historical Society. His first wife was the sister of

tas k; c. as j; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (flap-See Explanations, p. 23.)

IIOSCHEL

1316

HOTHAM

Thomas Eddy, and his second the widow of Henry A.
Costar. He wrote a treatise on Vision, published by the
Royal Society of London, (1794,) "Memoirs of De Witt
Clinton," (1829,) a "System of Practical Nosology,"
( 1 829,) " Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Physic,"
(1838,) several volumes of medical essays, and other
works. Died in 1835.

See J. W. FRANCIS, " Memoir of Dr. Hosack ;" GROSS, "Ameri-
can Medical Biography," 1861 ; " National Portrait-Gallery of Dis-
tinguished Americans," vol. ii.

Hoschel or HoescheL, ho'shel, [Lat, HOESCHE'-
Lius,] (DAVID,) a distinguished German Hellenist, born
at Augsburg in 1556. He was professor of Greek and
keeper of the public library at Augsburg. He edited
numerous Greek works, among which are the Homilies
of Saint Basil and Saint Chrysostom, and the book of
"Origen against Celsus," (1605.) His "Catalogue of
the Greek Manuscripts in the Augsburg Library" (1595)
is highly esteemed. Died in 1617.

Sre BRUCKER, " De Mentis in Rem literariam D. Hoeschelii,"
17^8; BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" NICERON,
"Memoires;" J. A. FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Gr«a."

Ho-se'a or O-se'a, [Heb. ^Pin : Fr. OSEE, o'zi',] one
of the twelve minor Hebrew prophets, of whom little is
known, except that he lived in the "days of Uzziah,
Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, Kings of Judah." It is
inferred that his prophetic career extended from about
785 to 725 B.C. His language is remarkably obscure.
" He is the most difficult and perplexed of all the pro-
phets," says Lowth. He is quoted in Matthew ii. 15,
ix. 13, Romans ix. 25, (where his name is written Osee,)
and Revelation vi. 16.

Hosemann, ho'zeh-man, (THEODOR,) a German genre
painter and illustrator, born at Brandenburg, Septembei
24, 1807 ; died at Berlin, October 15, 1875.

Ho-she'a or Ho-se'a, I Heb. ;>i?in,] the last King
of Israel, began to reign' about 730 B.C., after he had
assassinated King Pekah. (See II. Kings xv. 30 and
xvii. I to 7.) After a reign of nine years, his capital,
Samaria, was taken by Shalmaneser, King of Assyria,
who carried Hoshea with his subjects as captives to
Halah, Habor, and the cities of the Medes. Since
this event the fate of the ten tribes has been involved
in mystery.

HoBiuB. See Osius.

Ho'sl-us, (STANISLAS,) an eminent cardinal, born at
Cracow, in Poland, in 1504. After holding responsible
civil offices, he entered the Church, and was made suc-
cessively Bishop of Culm and of Warmia. He was a
violent opponent of heretics and Protestants. In 1561
he received a cardinal's hat from Pius IV., who sent him
as legate to the Council of Trent. He wrote the "Con-
fession of the Catholic Faith," (1551,) and other works.
Died in 1579.

See RESCIUS, "Vita Hosii," Rome, 1587: BAYLE, "Historical
and Critical Dictionary ;" ERSCH und GRUBHR, "Allgemeine Ency-
klopaedie."

Hos'king, (WILLIAM,) an English architect and
writer on architecture, born in Devonshire in 1800. He
became a resident of London in his youth, and acquired
distinction by a " Treatise on Architecture and Building,"
republished from the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," (1839.)
About 1840 he was chosen professor of civil engineering
and architecture at King's College, London. He wrote
" Guide to the Regulation of Buildings as a Means of
Securing the Health of Towns," (1848.) Died in 1861.

Hos'kina or Hoa'kyna, JOHN,) Sr., an English
writer and lawyer, born in Herefordshire in 1566. He
was noted for skill in Latin and English poetry, and
wrote epigrams, law treatises, etc. According to Wood,
it was Hoskins who " polished Ben Jonson the poet," and
revised Sir Walter Raleigh's History before it went to
press. Died in 1638.

Hosklua, (JOHN,) an English portrait-painter, patron-
ized by Charles I. Died in 1664.

Hos'm?r, (HARRIET,) an American sculptor, born in
Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1831, studied in Rome,
where she fixed her residence. Among her works are
"Medusa," "Beatrice Cenci," "Zenobia in Chains,"
(" Zenobia Captiva,") a statue of Thomas H. Benton,
and a memorial monument to Abraham Lincoln.

Hosmer, (WILLIAM,) an American divine of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, born in Brimfield, Mas-
sachusetts, in 1810. He was editor of the " Northern
Christian Advocate," published at Auburn, New York,
and of the " Northern Independent," a religious ant-
slavery journal. He wrote, besides other works, " Chris-
tian Beneficence," etc., (1855.) Died June 17, 1889.

Hoamer, (WILLIAM HENRY CUYLER,) an American
poet, born at Avon, in the Genesee valley, New York,
in 1814, studied in Geneva College, and practised law
in his native town. He spent much time among the
Indians. In 1854 he took up his residence in New York.
He wrote, besides other works, " Indian Traditions and
Legends of the Senecas," etc., (1850.) A complete
edition of his Poetical Works, in 2 vols., was pub
lished in 1854. Died May 23, 1877.

See GRISWOLD, " Poets and Poetry of America."

Hoa-pin'i-an, [Ger. pron. hos-pe-ne-Jn'; Fr. HO3PI-
NIEN, hos'pe'ne-aN'; Lat. HOSPINIA'NUS,] (RUDOLF,) an
eminent Swiss Protestant theologian, born at Altorf in
1547. He became the minister of a church near Zurich,
and wrote a number of learned works, in Latin, among
which are " On the Origin and Progress of Ceremonies,
Rites, and Holydays (Festis) among Christians," (1585,)
" History of Sacraments," (" Historia Sacramentaria,"
!598,)anda"HistoryoftheJesuits,"(i6l9.) Diedin 1626.

See JOHN H. HEIDEGGER. " Historia Vita Rodolphi Hospiniani,"
1681 ; BAYLE, " Historical and Critical Dictionary.

Hospinianus. See HOSPINIAN.

Hoapinien. See HOSPINIAN.

Hospital See L'HdPiTAL.

Hossch. See HOSSCHIUS.

Hosschiua, hos'ke-us, or Hoasch, hosK, (SiDOXius,)
a Flemish Jesuit, born at Merckhem in 1596, published
in 1635 a collection of Latin elegies, which were much
admired. Died in 1653.

Host or Hoeat, host, (GEORG,) a Danish traveller,
born in Jutland in 1734, became secretary for foreign
affairs, etc. He wrote an " Account of the Kingdoms
of Morocco and Fez," (1779.)

Host or Hoeat, (JENS KRAGH,) a Danish historian,
son of the preceding, was born at Saint Thomas, in the
Antilles, in 1772. He was the author of "Politics and
History," (5 vols., 1816,) "Johann Friedrich Struensee
and his Ministry," (3 vols., 1824,) and other works.
Died near Copenhagen in 1844.

See J. K. HOEST, " Erindringer ;" ERSLBW, "Almindeligt For-
lauer-Lexikon."

K' Kit, host, (NlKOLAUS THOMAS,) an Austrian, born
in 1763, was first physician to the Emperor of Austria,
and published " Flora Austriaca," (2 vols., 1827.) Died
in 1834.

Hoste, hoi, (JEAN,) a French geometer, born at
Nancy, became professor of mathematics at Pont-i-
Mousson. He published several treatises on geometry.
Died in 1631.

Hoate. Ii', lot, (PAUL,) a French Jesuit, born at Pont-
de-Vesle in 1652, was professor of mathematics in Tou-
lon. He wrote a treatise on the " Construction of Ships
and Naval Tactics," (1697.) Died in 1700.

Hoa-till-an, [Fr. HOSTILIEN, os'te'le-aN',1 or, more
fully, Cai'ua Va'lena Mea'sius Quin'tiua Hoatilia'-
nus, second son of the Roman emperor Decius. At the
death of his father, 251 A.D., he was acknowledged by
some as a partner in the- empire with Gallus ; but he
died a few months after, in 252.

Hoatilien. See HosriLiAN.

Hoa-til'I-ua, (TuLLUS,) the third King of Rome, and
the successor of Numa, reigned about 650 B.C. Among
the principal events of his reign, which is semi-fabulous,
was the war against Alba, terminated in favour of Rome
by the victory of Horatius over the Curiatii.

Hoatrup, hos'tRup, (CHRISTOFFER,) a Danish drama-
tist, born in iSiS, produced many successful comedies,
among which are "The Neighbours." ("Gjeiboerne,")
and "The Intrigues." Died November 21, 1892.

Hoatus, hos'tus, (MATTHAUS,) a German antiquary,
born in 1509; died in 1587.

Ho'tham, (HENRY,) an English vice-admiral, born in
1776. In 1815 he commanded the Channel fleet, was
charged after the battle of Waterloo to blockade the

a, e, T, o, u, y, long; 1, e, 6. same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, ii, ?, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon;

HOTHO

'317

HOUEL

west coast of France, and received Napoleon as a pris
oner on board his flag-ship, the Bellerophon. He was
appointed one of the commissioners of the admiralty in
1818. Died in 1833.

Hotho, ho'to, (HEINRICH GUSTAV,) a German writer
on art, born in Berlin in 1802. He became professor of
philosophy at the University of Berlin in 1829, and was
considered one of the chief representatives of the school
of Hegel. He wrote a " History of Painting in Germany
and the Low Countries," (2 vols., 1840-43.) Died 1873.

Hotman, /iot'moN', (ANTOINE, ) a French jurist,
a brother of Franjois, noticed below, was born about
1525; died in 1596.

Hotman or Hottomann, [Lat HOTOMAN'NUS
and HOTTOMAN'NUS,] (FRANCOIS,) an eminent French
jurist and Protestant, born in Paris in 1524, was a friend
of Calvin. He was deeply versed in jurisprudence,
literature, and antiquities. He became professor of law
at Strasburg about 1550, and at Valence in 1561. By
concealment he escaped the Massacre of Saint Bar-
tholomew, (1572,) after which he retired to Geneva and
Bale. He was appointed councillor of state by Henry
IV. about 1580. He performed an important part in the
scientific revolution which was produced in jurisprudence
in the sixteenth century. His famous work on public
French law, entitled "Treatise on the Government of
the Kings of Gaul," ("Franco-Gallia, sive Tractatus de
Regimine Regum Gallias," 1573,) had an immense influ
ence. He wrote, in elegant Latin, many other works,
among which are a " Commentary on Legal Words,
("Commentarius de Verbis Juris," 1558,) and "Cele-
brated Questions," (" Qusestiones illustres," 1573.) Died
at Bale in 1590. His son JEAN (1552-1636) was a diplo
matist and writer.

See BAYLB, " Historical and Critical Dictionary:" HAAG, "La
France protestante ;" NHVELET, "Vita Hottomanni," prefixed to
Hotmail's Works, about i€oo; DARESTB, "Essaisur F. Hotman,"
1850: " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Hotmann or Hottomann. See HOTMAN.

Hotmannus or Hottomannua. See HOTMAN.

Hottinger, hot'ting-er, (JOHANN HEINRICH,) an
eminent Swiss Orientalist and Protestant divine, born at
Zurich in 1620. After studying in his native city, at Ge-
neva, and Leyden, and becoming one of the best Oriental
scholars of his time, he was chosen in 1648 professor of
theology and Oriental languages at Zurich. In 1655 he
accepted the chair of Oriental languages at Heidelberg,
where he remained until 1661, when he was elected rector
of the University of Zurich. The University of Leyden
persuaded him to accept their chair of theology ; but be-
fore he arrived at that scene of labour he was accidentally
drowned, in 1667. Among the numerous monuments of

1651-67,) and " Etymo'logicum Orientale,
seven languages, (1661.)

See J. H. HEIDEGGER, " Historia Viue J. H. Hottingeri," 1667;
BAYLE, " Historical and Critical Dictionary :" G. H. HAHN, " Un-
tersuchung ob des gelehrten Hottinger's wirkliche Lebensgefahr,"
etc., 1742; NIC^RON, "Me'moires."

Hottinger, (JOHANN JAKOB,) a Swiss theologian, a
son of the preceding, was born at Zurich in 1652. From
1698 until his death he was professor of theology in his
native city. He wrote, besides other works, an " Eccle-
siastical History of Switzerland," in German, (4 vols.,
1708-29.) Died in 1735.

Hottinger, (JOHANN JAKOB,) a Swiss professor and
philologist, born at Zurich in 1750. He taught Greek
and Latin in his native city, and published several
good editions and translations of classic authors. Died
in 1819.

Hottinger, ( JOHANN JAKOB, ) a Swiss writer, born
in 1783 at Zurich, where he became professor of his-
tory, and published, besides other works, a " History of
the Schism in the Swiss Church," in German, (2 vols.,
1827.) Died May 18, 1859.

Hotze, von, fon hot'seh, (DAVID,) an Austrian gene-
ral, born near Zurich about 1740. He commanded the
army which was opposed to Massena in Switzerland in
1799. He was killed in a battle near Zurich, in Sep-
tember, 1799.

Houard, OO'!R',* (DAVID,) a French jurist, born at
Dieppe in 1725 ; died in 1802.

Houbigant, //oo'be'goN',* (CHARLES FRANCOIS,) a
French priest, born in Paris in 1686, was a member of
the Oratory, and an excellent biblical scholar. After
teaching rhetoric at Marseilles and philosophy at Sois-
sons, he became deaf about 1722, and thenceforth de-
voted himself to study and writing. He gave especial
attention to Hebrew, with a view to correct the text
of the Bible. The principal fruit of his labours is an
edition of the Hebrew Bible, with Critical Notes and
a Latin Version, (4 vols., '753,) which is highly com-
mended. Died in Paris in 1783.

See J. F. ADRY, " Notice sur la Vie de C. F. Houbigant," 1806;
'* Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'raJe. "

Houbraken, how'bRa'ken, ( ARNOLD, ) a Dutch
painter, engraver, and critic, born at Dort in 1660. He
painted history and portraits with success at Amsterdam,
and wrote (in Dutch) " The Lives of Dutch and Flemish
Painters," with portraits, (3 vols., 1718,) a work of much
merit. Died in 1719.

See JAKOB CAMPO WEYERMAN, " De Schilderkonst der Neder-
landers."

Houbraken, (JACOB,) son of the preceding, was born
at Dort in 1698. He worked many years at Amsterdam,
was almost unrivalled as an engraver, and executed
several hundred portraits, among which are a collection
of " Illustrious Persons of Great Britain," (London,
1748.) He also engraved the "Sacrifice of Manoah,"
after Rembrandt, and the portraits in his father's " Lives
of the Dutch and Flemish Painters." Died in 1780.

See BASAN, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs."

Houcbard, oo'shiR',» (JEAN NICOLAS,) a French
general, born at Forbach in 1740. He served in the
army before the Revolution, in which he espoused the
popular party. In 1792 he succeeded Custine in the
command of the armies of the Moselle and of the North.
In August, 1793, he gained a victory at Hondschoote,
and forced the British to raise the siege of Dunkirk;
but he was arrested by the dominant faction, and exe-
cuted, in 1793, on the charge that he had permitted the
enemy to escape after the battle just mentioned.

Houdard. See MOTTE, DE LA.

Houdart de la Motte. See MOTTE, DE LA.

Houdetot, oo'deh-to',* (£LISABETH FRANCHISE
SOPHIE DE LA LIVE DE BELLEGARDE,) COUNTESS, a
French lady, born about 1730, was the wife of General
Houdetot, the sister-in-law of Madame Epinay, and a
favourite of Rousseau, to whose passion and indiscretion
she chiefly owes the publicity of her name. Her liaison
with M. Saint-Lambert was well known. Died in 1813.

Houdin, ROBERT. See ROBERT-HOUDIN.

Houdon, oo'ddN',* (JEAN ANTOINE,) an eminent
French sculptor, born at Versailles in 1741. About 1760
lie won the grand prize for sculpture at the Academy,
and went to Rome with a pension. After remaining
there ten years, during which he executed an admired
statue of Saint Bruno, he returned to Paris, and was
admitted into the Royal Academy in 1775. About 1785
be received from Dr. Franklin a commission to execute
:he marble statue of Washington which adorns the State-
House at Richmond, Virginia. He came to Philadelphia
to obtain the model of this work. His reputation was
ncreased by his statues of Voltaire and Cicero, and his
Dusts of Rousseau, Buffon, Franklin, D'Alembert, Napo-
eon, Ney, etc. His heads of young girls are highly
successful in the expression of modesty and innocence.
Houdon was a member of the Institute. His personal
character was amiable and estimable. Died in 1828.

See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Houdry, oo'dRe',* (VINCENT,) a French Jesuit, born
at Tours in 1631, was employed as preacher in the chief
cities of France. He published sermons, and a compila-
tion entitled " Bibliotheque des Pre'dicateurs," (23 vols.,
1712 a seq.) Died in 1729.

Houel, //oo'll',* (JEAN PIERRE Louis LAURENT,) a

* There isperhaps no question in French pronunciation attended
with more difficulty than that respecting the aspiration of the letter k,
The best French authorities differ in regard to the initial k of many
names. Some respectable authorities assert that the k should never

€ as k; c as s: g A,irJ: g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as z: th as in this. (

Explanations, p. 2].)

HOUGH

1318

HOTEL

French landscape-painter and engraver, bora at Rouen , of the inventors of the Thomson-Houston system of
in 1735. In a journey through Italy, Sicily, etc., he col- arc lighting, and was long connected with the Central
lected materials for an interesting work, entitled "A High School of Philadelphia; was also professor o
Picturesque Tour through Sicily, Malta, and the Lipari physics at the Franklin Institute. _ He has put

Islands,"' (4 vols., !782-*87, with 264 engravings.) Died
in 1813.

Hough, huf, (FRANKLIN BENJAMIN,) M.D., an Ameri-
can author, born at Martinsburg, New York, July 20,
1822. He graduated in arts at Union College in 1843,
in medicine at the Cleveland Medical College in 1848,
was superintendent of the New York State census in

an electrical dictionary, and works on physical geog-
raphy, elements of physics, etc.

Houston, (GEORGE SMITH,) an American Demo-
cratic politician, born in Tennessee in 1811. He
studied law, which he practised at Huntsville, Alabama,
and was elected a member of Congress in 1841. He
was chairman of the committee of ways and means in

1855 and 1865, was a surgeon in the Federal army, 1862- the iower House, 1851-55. Died December 31, 1879.
63, and in 1 876 was appointed to carry on forestry inves- Houston, hu'stgn, (SAM*) an American general

tigations for the United States government. He is author born neaj Leidrigton, Virginia, in 1793, was taken to
and editor of many books and pamphlets on local, colo- Tennessee in his childhood. He studied law, which he

teer

meteorology and on vital statistics. He wrote aiso-r-ic- passed- _ ..____

ments of Forestry," (1882,) etc. Died June u, I»b5- lived west of Arkansas. About the end of 1832 he

Hough, huf, (JOHN,) D.D., an English scholar, born emigrated to Texas, where he took an active part in the

in Middlesex in 1651, was elected president of Magda- ensui revolt against the Mexican government Having

lene College, Oxford, in 1687, in opposition to the illegal faeen c|,osen commander-in-chief of the Texan army, he

dictation of James II. The king then sent a mandate defeated and captured Santa Anna at San Jacinto, April

to the Fellows to elect Parker, a Catholic. In this 2J jg 6 He was e]ected president of Texas in July,

contest Hough firmly maintained his rights and those of lg' 6 ;Jnd re.e]ected for a term of three years in 1841.

the college, and the king's agents broke open the door Af^ (he annexatjon of Texas to the Union, (1845.) he

in order to place Parker in the president's chair. In was chosen a United States Senator, and at the end of

1688 Hough was reinstated, and in 1690 was made his (erm ;n [g5, was e]ectcd for a second term. He

Bishop of Oxford. Translated to the see of Lichfield made an ab)e speech against the Kansas-Nebraska bill

and Coventry in 1699, he refused the Archbishopric of jn March l&,^ about wnjch time he joined the Ameri-

Canterbury in 1715, and became Bishop of Worcester can /Know-Nothing) party. He was chosen Governor

in 1717. He was eminent for piety and learning. Died of Texas in 1859. On the breaking out of the civil war

in 1743.

Houghton, LORD. See MILNES, (RICHARD MONCK-
TON.)

Houghton, ho'ton, MAJOR, an English traveller, who

.

he favoured the Union, but was overborne by a large
majority of the people. Died July 26, 1863.

Hous'tpn, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S., an English surgeon

„ .... „ and naturalist, born about 1695, studied under Boerhaave,

..as sent by the African Company to explore the source at Leydeni jn 1728-29, and made there, with Van Swieten,
of the Niger. He started in 1790, ascended the Gambia experiments respecting the respiration of animals. About
many hundred miles, and afterwards proceeded by land. ,_,2 ne made a voyage for scientific purposes to the
It is supposed that he died near Jarra, in 1791 ; but his Wes( jndjeSi where he died in 1733, after collecting and
papers were never recovered. describing many rare plants. The results of his botanical

Houlakou or Houlagou. See HOOLAKOO. labours were published by Sir Joseph Banks.

Houlieres, des. See DESHOULIERES. —_._«. — .n_ - TT — .*r..,;iio /,™t'«Ai'

Houllier, /iool'e-4', [Lat. HOLLE'RIUS,] (JACQUES.)

an eminent Frencrf"pnysician, born at Etampes, obtained tll ,uuu. ..^ ^ , ... _,__,

a large practice in Paris, and was chosen Dean of the Christian Religion proved by Facts
Faculty in 1546. He wrote able commentaries on Hip-
pocrates, (1579,) and other works. Died in 1562.

Houmayoun or Houmaioon. See HOOMAYOON.

Houseman, (C.) See HUYSMAN.

House'man, (LAURENCE,) an English author and

artist, born July 18, 1867. He has published "A

Farm in Fairyland," (1894,) " Green Arras," (1896,)

'The Field of Clover," (1898,) etc., and illustrated

many works.
Houssaye.

See AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE.

Houteville or Houtteviile, /ioot'vel', (CLAUDE
FRANCOIS,) a French priest of the Oratory, born in Pans
in 1686. He published, in 1722, "The Truth of the
Christian Religion proved by Facts," which attracted
much attention and hostile criticism. In 1723 he was
chosen a member of the French Academy. He was
elected perpetual secretary of the Academy in 1742, and
died in the same year.

Houtman, howt'man, (CoRNELis,) a Dutch navigator,

born at Gouda, was the pioneer or founder of the com
merce between Holland and the East Indies. As agent
of a company, he made the first voyage in 1595, and re-

turned home in 1597. In 1598 he renewed the enterprise
with two ships, and landed at Acheen, in Sumatra, where
he was arrested with some of his men, and kept a prisoner

Houssaye, >WsV, (ARSENE,) a successful French , unti, hjs deatlx Died about 1605.

littiratmr and poet, born near Laon in 1815. He pro- Houtteviile. See HOUTEVILLE.
duced "La Couronne des Bluets, (1836,) and many Houwaert, how'wSrt, ([EAN BAPTISTA,) a Flemish
other novels. His "History of Flemish and Dutch wrjter and poiitician, born in 1533. He wrote in a
Painting" (1846) was received with favour. In 1844 he curjous mixture of Flemish and Burgundian, with many
published a "Gallery of Portraits of the Eighteenth ^ . ds and idioms His works include several

Century," (ist series 2 vols ) which was completed in classical subjects, and the remarkable didactic

5 vols. about 1850. From 1849 to 1856 he was director

of the Theatre Francais. He
on art, and published a volume of poems,
completes," (1849,) and " Le Roi Voltaire," (1858.) lie
was chosen inspector-general of the works of art and
Muslts m 1856, and subsequently produced " Histoire

9 to 15 e was irector .. p ides P]eyn » called also "The Palace of

also wrote able cr.tiques . Maidens »bwhich discusses the varieties of love. Died
ume of poems, " Poesies r™ '

(1879,) etc. Died February 26, 1896.

Houston, (EDWIN JAMES,) an electrical engineer,
born at Alexandria, Virginia, July 9, 1844. He is one

be sounded in any case, others maintain that in certain words and
names it should be slightly sounded, while in others it is entirely mute.
Respecting this subject, see the remarks on French pronunciation in
the Introduction.

g v yjn ho/veh (ANTOON,) a Dutch historian
d L , b about died in ^^

HovedeHrif huv'den or hov'den, de, (ROGER,) an
English historian, born at York, lived about 1170-1200,
He was professor of theology at Oxford, and filled re-
sponsible offices at the court of Henry II. He wiote, in
Latin, a " History of England from 731 to 1202,' -!•:-»•
is commended by Leland, Selden, and others
fidelity.

See Vossius, "De Historicis Latinis."

Hovel. See HEVELIUS.

• So called by himself.

which

Ccr u'

a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;

HOVENDEN

1319

HOWARD

Ho'ven-d?n, (THOMAS,) an artist, born at Dunman-
way, county of Cork, Ireland, December 20, 1840. He
studied art in the Cork School of Design and in the
New York National Academy. In :88i he was elected
an associate, and in 1882 a full member of the National
Academy. He resided near Philadelphia. Amo..^ his
best works are " In HocSigno Vinces," (1880,) "Elaine,"
(1882,) "A Breton Interior," and "The Last Moments of
John Brown," (1884.) Accidentally killed Aug. 14, 1895.

Church. Representing Carlisle in Parliament, he acted
with the opposition during the ministries of Lord North
and Lord Shelburne. At the death of his father, in 1786,
ne became Duke of Norfolk. As a member of the
House of Lords, he opposed the measures of Pitt. Died
in 1815.

Howard, (Hon. EDWARD,) an English writer, a so»
of Thomas, Earl of Berkshire, lived about 1650. H«

, , r, j _ ,. wrote several unsuccessful dramas, and "The British

Hovey, huv'e, (ALVAH,) an American divine and Princes; a Heroic Poem," in which occur these lines.
author, bom in Chenango county, New York, about 1820. often quoted in ridicule :
He graduated at Dartmouth in 1843, and about 1850 be- j •• A p?inted vest Prince V Drtigem had on,

came a professor in the Baptist Theological Seminary , Which from a naked Pict his grandsire won.

at Newton, and president of the same in 1868.

Hovey, (ALVAN P.,) an American statesman and sol-
dier, entered the military service from Indiana in 1861,
became a brigadier-general in 1862, and commanded a
division at Champion's Hill, Mav 16, 1863. He was
minister to Peru from 1865 to 1870, and governor of
Indiana from 1888 till his death, November 23, 1891.

Hovey, (RICHARD,) an American poet, born at
Normal, Illinois, May 4, 1864. He became a jour-
nalist, actor, and dramatist, and wrote " Launcelot
and Guenevere," a dramatic poem, "Along the
Trails," " Songs from Vagabondia," (with Bliss Car-
man,) etc. Died February 26, 1900. •

H6w, (WILLIAM,) M.D., born in London in 1619, *»?hop ot Neocaesarea and coadjutor to the Cardinal-
became a captain in the royal army in the civil war, and Blsh°P «* Ffasc^' ar'd >» «?77 "™ created a card nal.
afterwards practised medicine in his native city. He P"£st- He,was also protector of the Engl.sh College
is said to have been the author of the first English* Flora, at R°">«. and In. l88' became arch-priest of Saint Peter s
("Phytologia Britannica," 1650,) which contains twelve I a'ld Pre!^ct ..of the congregation having care of the fabric
hundred and twenty plants. Died in 1656. I °f £«*H**™ ^*?t*^&i5*LJ_-

Pope, in the " Dunciad," alludes to him in these terms :

" And high-born Howard, more majestic sire,
With fool of quality completes the choir."

Howard, (EDWARD,) a popular English novelist, was
a lieutenant in the royal navy. He published "The
Old Commodore," (1837.) "Ratlin the Reefer," (1838,)
" Outward-Bound," etc. Died in 1842.

Howard, (EDWARD,) an English cardinal, born at
Nottingham, February 13, 1829, a cadet of the family of
the dukes of Norfolk. He became an officer of the
Lite-Guards, but when twenty-six years old took orders
at Rome, and became personally attached to the house-
hold of Pius IX. In 1872 he was consecrated Arch-

twenty plants. Died in 1656.
HJSw'ard, the name of an ancient and noble family

Howard, ( FRANK, )

an able English designer and

, „ , • . | , , ''"f'xT14 f'YlJ writer on art, a son of Henry Howard the painter. He

of England, the head of which >s_ the Duke of Norfolk b]ished ..The Spirit of ^ plays of sh£kspeare) ex-

ne £,aris 01 .;L;,,J • rt.,*i;«n pu*<.c " /r ,frtic iQ^i-tt \ •*«/! ,

3,) and the

ays ot bnal

hibited in Outline" Plates," (5 vols., 1827-3
"Science of Drawing," (1840.) Died in 1866.
Howard, (FREDERICK,) fifth Earl of Carlisle, an

a "Poetical Essay on Pope's Characters of Women," ! English Poet a"d statesman. born in '748. In 177
anH nth^r nnoms * ni-H in ,,fin. I he was °ne of the commissioners sent to persuade the

and the premier peer of Great Britain. The
Carlisle and Suffolk also belong to the Howard family.

Howard, (ANNE,) daughter of Charles, Earl of Car-
lisle, was married to Richard, Viscount Irwin. She wrote

and other poems. Died in 1760.

HSw'ard, (BLANCHE WILLIS,) an American author- | Pe°Ple of the Un'ted Sta,tes to /u'1)mlt to th5 BntlslJ
ess, born 'at Bangor, Maine, July 21, 1847. I" l8?S she ™le- He published a volume of Poems, and several
removed to Germany, and edited a magazine in English | tragedies, one of which, calle The father s Re-
al Stuttgart. Her principal works are the novels "One ', venge," was commended by Dr. Johnson. Died in
Summer," (1875,) " One Year Abroad," " Aunt Serena," ' 1825.

and "Guenn," (188^,) all of which were remarkably Howard, (GEOPGE EDMUND,) a British poet and
successful. She married Baron von Teuffel in 1890. architect, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He
Died October 7, 1898. .published in 1782 several volumes of miscellaneous

Howard, (BRONSON,) an American dramatist, works, the most important of which treat on the ex-
born at Detroit, Michigan, October 7, 1842. He wrote ' chequer, revenue, and trade of Ireland. Died in 1786.
a considerable number of plays, the best known being Howard, (GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK,) Earl of
"Saratoga," "Young Mrs. Winthrop," " Shenan- Carlisle and Viscount Morpeth, a statesman and author
rlnoh " "Th* BanVpr^ r>n,,,rhter " „, born in :8o2, was a grandson of Fredenck, fifth Earl

d0Howarlhe(CHtlVs,rLSrderEmngCham, or Lord | of Carlisle. He was styled Lord I Morpetl .before the
Howard of Effingham, an English admiral, born in 1536, deat!> °f. hls father' wh!c£ occurred about 1848 Unde
was the son of William, Lord Effingham, and grandson the Whig ministry wmcH was dissolved in 1841 he was
of Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk. After ! ?««tary for Ireland. In 1854 he published a Diary
important civil and military services, he was appointed '" Turkl^h and ,Grf ,k ^ aters' /;'hl=h 's a w
in 1585 lord high admiral by Queen Elizabeth, and sue- merit. He was lord-lieutenant of Ireland about three
cessfully opposed the Invincible Armada in 1588. In years, (1855-58.) and was reappomted to that office
1596 he was associated with the Earl of Essex in the i by Palmerston in June,. 1859. He had the reput
victorious expedition against Cadiz, and was rewarded of a liberal statesman and benevolent man.
with the title of Earl of Nottingham. About three years 1864.

later, when another Spanish invasion was expected, the Howard, (HENRY,) Earl of Surrey, a celebrated
sole command of the army and navy for a short time was English poet, born about 1516, was the son of Thomas,
committed to him, with the title of lieutenant-general of , third Duke of Norfolk, and of Elizabeth Stafford. He
England. He retained his honours and offices under excelled in the accomplishments of a scholar, courtier,

James I. Died in 1624.

and soldier, and cultivated as well as patronized the

See CAMPBELL," Lives of British Admirals ;" J. BARROW, " Me- | fine arts. About 1535 he married Lady Frances Vere.
moirs of the Naval Worthies of Queen Elizabeth's Reign," 1845. In 1544 he accompanied Henry VIII. in his invasion of

Howard, (CHARLES,) tenth Duke of Norfolk, (pre- i France, was made a field-marshal, and was appointed
vious'.y Hon. CHARLES HOWARD, of Greystock Castle, governor of Boulogne after it was captured hv the
Cumberland,) succeeded to the dukedom in 1777. "- '•'--•- °-- .-<•*—"-••- t-

He

published "Thoughts, Essays, and Maxims, chiefly Re-
ligious and Political," (1768,) and " Historical Anecdotes
of some of the Howard Family." Died in 1786.

Howard, (CHARLES,) eleventh Duke of Norfolk, an
English nobleman, born in 1 746, was the son of the tenth
Duke. In 1780, being then styled the Earl of Surrey,
he exchanged the Catholic faith for that of the Anglican

English. Soon after this he became the object of the
king's suspicion. He was recalled in 1546, arrested
with his father, condemned, and executed in 1547. He
left two sons and three daughters. (With respect to
Surrey's guilt or innocence, see Froude's " History of
England," vol. iv. chap, xxiii.)

Surrey is the first who used blank verse in our lan-
guage, and is considered the first English classical

€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as>; G, H, Yi,giMural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J£p=See Explanations, p. 23. )

HOWARD

1320

HOWARD

poet. He did much to improve the style of versification.
One of his principal productions is a translation into
blank verse of the second book of the " ^neid," which
is admired for its fidelity and poetic diction. He also
wrote numerous sonnets and songs. There is some
doubt of the reality of his romantic passion for Geral-
dine, who is the subject of his most admired effusions.
She was a child of thirteen, named Lady Elizabeth Fitz-
gerald, who afterwards became the wife of the Earl of
Lincoln.

See HALLAM, "Introduction to the Literature of Europe;"
WARTON, " History of English Poetry ;" JOHNSON and CHALMERS,
'Lives of the English Poets;" " Edinburgh Review," vol. xlii.

Howard, (HENRY,) Earl of Northampton, second
son of the preceding, was born at Norfolk about 1539.
He was a person of much learning, but of bad principles.
He became a privy councillor at the accession of James
I., who made him Earl of Northampton. In 1608 he
was appointed lord privy seal. He was suspected of
complicity in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, and
in the disgraceful conduct of his relative, the Countess
of Essex. Died in 1614.

See GARDINER'S " History of England from 1603 to 1616," voL
i. chap. ii. pp. 63 and 64 ; also, chaps, x. and xii.

Howard, (HENRY,) born in 1757, was the son of
Philip Howard of Corby Castle, England, and a de-
scendant of the noble Earl of Surrey. He published
" Indication of Memorials, etc. of the Howard Family,"
(1834,) and other works. Died in 1842.

Howard, (HENRY,) an English painter, born in 1769,
entered the Royal Academy as a student in 1788. In
1790 he won two of the highest premiums, — a gold
medal for the best historical painting, and a silver medal
for the best drawing from life. After a visit to Rome
he was chosen a member of the Royal Academy in 1808,
and secretary of that body in 1811. His favourite sub-
jects are classical and poetical, and are treated with
elegant taste. Among his best works are " The Birth
of Venus," "The Solar System," " The Circling Hours,"
•uid "The Story of Pandora." Died in 1847.

Howard, (Sir JOHN,) was a son of Sir Robert Howard
and Margaret, a daughter of Thomas Mowbray, Duke
of Norfolk. He was a partisan of the house of York
during the wars of the Roses. He was created Duke
of Norfolk in 1483, and was killed with Richard III. at
Bosworth in 1485.

Howard, (JOHN,) F.R.S., a celebrated English phikn-
thropist, born at Hackney, near London, in 1726. He
was the son of a London tradesman, who died in his
minority and left him an independent fortune. Having
made a tour on the continent, he returned home and
took lodgings with a widow named Loidore, by whom he
was kindly nursed when his health required such atten-
tion, and whom he married out of mere gratitude in 1752,
although she was more than twenty years his senior.
After their marriage she Hved only three or four years.
In 1756 he embarked for Lisbon, in the desire to relieve
the miseries caused by the great earthquake of 1755, but
during the passage was taken by a French privateer, and
detained in prison long enough to excite his lasting sym-
pathy with prisoners and to impress him with the neces-
sity of a reform in their treatment. After he was re-
leased he returned home, and married in 1758 Henrietta
Leeds, with whom he lived happily at Cardington until
her death in 1765. He had by this marriage one son,
whose vicious habits produced first disease and then
incurable insanity. Having been appointed sheriff of
the county of Bedford in 1773, he witnessed with pain
the abuses and cruelties to which prisoners were usually
subjected. After visiting most of the county jails of Eng-
land, and collecting much information respecting them,
he induced the House of Commons in 1774 to begin a
reform in prison discipline, to which his life thenceforth
was constantly, heroically, and successfully devoted. In
1777 he published a valuable volume on "The State of
the Prisons in England," etc. From 1778 until his death
he was almost continually employed in traversing all
parts of Europe, visiting prisons and hospitals, relieving
the sick, and, as Burke expresses it, "taking the gauge
and dimensions of misery, depression, and contempt."
He died of fever in 1790, at Cherson, on the Black Sea.

His habits were simple, temperate, and self denying.
Having been educated among Protestant dissenters, he
continued in their fellowship through life.

See " Life of Howard," by W. HEPWORTH DIXON, 1849; another
Life, by JOHN FIELD, 1850; AIKIN, " Life of John Howard," 1791:
J. B. BROWN, " Memoirs of the Life of John Howard," 1818; " En-
cyclopaedia Britannica ;" " Blackwood's Magazine" for January, 1850.

HSw'ard, (JOHN EAGER,) an officer, born in Balti-
more county, Maryland, in 1752. He commanded a regi-
ment which distinguished itself by its brilliant bayonet-
charge at Cowpens, January, 1781, and its gallantry at
Guilford Court-House, Marcn, 1781, and Eutaw Springs,
in September of that year. He was chosen Governor of
Maryland in 1788, and was a United States Senator from
1796 to 1803. Died in 1827.

See "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans.

Howard, (LuKE,) an English meteorologist, born
about 1770, published an " Essay on Clouds," (1802,) and
other works on meteorology. Died in 1864.

Howard, (OLIVER OTIS,) an American general, bom
at Leeds, Kennebec county, Maine, in November, 1830.
He was educated at Bowdoin College and at the Military
Academy of West Point, where he graduated in 1854. He
became first lieutenant of ordnance in 1857, and colonel
of the Third Maine Volunteers in May, 1801. He com-
manded a brigade at Bull Run, July 21, and obtained the
rank of brigadier-general in September, 1861. At the
battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, he lost his right arm.
He commanded a division at the battle of Antictam,
September 17, and at Fredericksburg, December, 1862.
In November, 1862, he was appointed a major-general
of volunteers, and in April, 1863, obtained command of
the eleventh army corps, which he led at Chancellors-
ville, and at Gettysburg, July 2 and 3, 1863. He served
with distinction at the battle of Missionary Ridge and
Chattanooga, November 25, 1863. In his report of this
campaign General Sherman commends him as "exhibit-
ing the highest and most chivalrous traits of the soldier."
General Howard commanded the fourth corps of the
army which, under General Sherman, fought its way
from Chattanooga to Atlanta, May-September, 1864.
He was appointed, July 27, commander of the army of
the Tennessee in place of McPherson, who was killed
near Atlanta. In the memorable march of Sherman's
army from Atlanta to the sea, Howard led the right
wing. From 1865 to 1872 he was chief of the Freed-
men's Bureau. He commanded the Department of the
Columbia, 1874-80, was superintendent of the West
Point Academy, 1881-82, had command of the Depart-
ment of the Platte, 1882-83, and later of the Depart-
ment of the East until his retirement, Nov. 8, 1894.

Howard, (PHILIP,) of Corby Casile, England, was a
descendant of the eminent poet the Earl of Surrey, and
father of Henry, noticed above, (1757-1842.) He wrote
the " Scriptural History of the Earth and of Mankind,"
(1797.) Died in 1810.

Howard, (Sir ROBERT,) M.P., an English poet, born
In 1626, was a brother of the Hon. Edward Howard,
noticed above. He was a royalist in the civil war, and,
after the restoration, was appointed auditor of the ex-
chequer. His most successful dramas were "The Com-
mittee" and " The Indian Queen." He was the original
hero of "The Rehearsal," in which he is called Bilboa.
"The poetry of the Berkshire Howards," says Macaulay,
"was the jest of three generations of satirists." The
poet Dryden married Howard's sister. Died in 1698.

See MACAULAY, " History of England," vol. ill chap. xiv. ; Cl»-
BER. " Lives of the Poets."

Howard, (SAMUEL,) an English musical composer,
who flourished about 1750, produced several popular
ballads. Died in 1783.

Howard, (THOMAS,) second Duke of Norfolk, and
Earl of Surrey, was a son of John, first Duke. He fought
for Richard III. at Bosworth, where his father was killed,
in 1485. He commanded the English army which gained
a great victory over the Scotch at Flodden in 1513, and
received the title of Duke of Norfolk for this service,
before which he was styled Earl of Surrey. He died in
1524, aged about seventy, and was succeeded by his son
Thomas.

Howard, (THOMAS,) third Duke of Norfolk, a son of

a. e, i, o, u, y, twig; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, n, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscitrt; fir, fall, fat; m^t; not; good; mnnn

HOWARD

1321

HOWE

the preceding, and an eminent English statesman and gen-
eral", was born about 1473. I" '5 '3 ne was cnosen high
admiral of England, and, in co-operation with his father,
defeated the Scotch at the battle of Flodden. For this
service he was made Earl of Surrey, while his father
was made Duke of Norfolk. In 1523 he became lord
high treasurer, and in 1524, at the death of his father,
inherited his title. His devotion to the Church of Rome
made him hostile to Anne Boleyn, though she was his
own niece. After Henry VIII. had married Catherine
Howard, the duke, who was her uncle, had much influ-
ence in the royal councils, and used it for the persecu-
tion of the Protestants. In 1547 he was arrested on a
charge of treason, and ordered for execution ; but before
the fatal day came the king died. Norfolk was released
from prison in 1553, and died the next year. His son,
the Earl of Surrey, was executed in 1547.

See FROUDE, " History of the Reign of Henry VIII.," particu-
larly vols. iii. and iv. : HUME'S and LINGARD'S Histories of England.

Howard, (THOMAS,) fourth Duke of Norfolk, was a
grandson of the preceding. He was the only peer who
at that time possessed the highest title of nobility ; and,
as there were no princes of the blood, his rank, together
with his great wealth and abilities, rendered him the first
subject in England. He is represented as generous,
prudent, and moderate, and sincerely attached to the
Protestant religion. In 1559 Elizabeth appointed him
her lieutenant in the northern counties. By aspiring to
become the husband of Mary Queen of Scots, he gave
offence to Elizabeth, and was committed to the Tower
in 1569. Having been released, he renewed his suit,
received a promise of marriage from the captive queen,
ar.d joined a conspiracy for her liberation. For this he
was condemned and executed in 1572.

See HUME, " History of England;" FROUDB, " History of Eng-
land," vols. ix. and x.

Howard, (THOMAS,) Earl of Arundel, a branch of
the ancient and noble family of Howard, was employed
in foreign embassies by Charles I. In 1639 he was
appointed commander of an army raised to subdue
the Scotch ; but peace was made before any important
action occurred. He formed an extensive collection of
Grecian antiquities and productions of ancient artists,
parts of which were presented by one of his heirs to the
University of Oxford, under the name of the Arundelian
marbles. His grandson Henry became sixth Duke of
Norfolk. The earl wrote several relations of his em-
bassies and voyages. Died in 1646.

H6w'den, (JOHN FRANCIS CARADOC,) BARON, a
British general, born in 1762, was the son of John Cra-
dock, Archbishop of Dublin. He entered the array in
1777. In 1801 he was one of Abercrombie's staff, and
was engaged in several battles in Egypt. He afterwards
commanded the British army in India, and in Portugal
in 1808. In 1831 he was raised to the peerage, as Baron
Howden. Died in 1839.

Howden, ( JOHN HOBART CARADOC,) BARON, an Eng-
lish diplomatist, a son of the preceding, was born in 1 799.
He served in the army, and gained the rank of maior-gei;-
eral. lie was ambassador to Madrid in 1850. Died 1873.

H5we, (ALBION P.,) an American general, born in
Maine in 1820, and graduated at West Point in 1841.
He served with honour in the Mexican and civil wars,
commanding a division at Fredericksburg, (1862,) and
Gettysburg, (1863.) He was retired in 1882. Died
January 25, 1897.

H8we, (CHARLES,) born in Gloucestershire, England,
in 1661, was employed as a diplomatist by James II.
He wrote " Devout Meditations," of which the poet
\Toung says, " A greater demonstration of a sound head
and a sincere heart i never saw." Died in 1745.

Howe, (EDGAR W.,) an American author, born near
Hutnington, Iowa, May 3, 1854. He was bred a printer,
and became a successful journalist of Atchison, Kansas.
His principal works are novels, — " A Story of a Country
Town," (which had great success,) "The Mystery of
the Locks," "Confession of John Whitlock," etc.

Howe, (ELIAS,) an eminent American inventor, bom
at Spencer, Massachusetts, about 1819. While employed
as a machinist he made many experiments for the inven-
tion of a sewing-machine, and about 1844 entered into a

partnership with Mr. George Fisher, of Cambridge, who
agreed to give him pecuniary assistance on condition of
becoming proprietor of half the patent. In April, 1845,
he finished a machine, which in essential points is es-
teemed by competent judges equal to any that have suc-
ceeded it He obtained a patent in 1846. His invention
not meeting in the United States with the success which
he had anticipated, he resolved to visit England. He
resided several years in London in great destitution, and
returned in 1849, without having succeeded in making
known the merits of his invention. Meanwhile the sew-
ing-machine had been brought into general notice and
favour, various improvements having been added by Mr.
Singer, with whom, as an infringer of his patent, Mr.
Howe had a law-suit, which was decided in his favour
in 1854. Soon after the breaking out of the rebellion in
1861, Mr. Howe raised and equipped at his own expense
a regiment, in which he served as a private until ill health
obliged him to resign. Died October 3, 1867.

See the "History of the Sewing-Machins," in the "Atlantic
Monthly" for May, 1867, by JAMES PARTON.

Howe, (JOHN,) an eminent English dissenting min-
ister and author, born at Loughborough, May 17, 1630,
was educated at Cambridge. Soon after he was ordained
he was appointed domestic chaplain to Cromwell, then
Protector, at whose death he was retained in the same
office by Richard Cromwell. After the latter was de-
posed, Howe preached at Great Torrington, until he
was ejected for nonconformity, in 1662. In 1675 he be-
came minister of a Puritan congregation in London,
where he continued to labour (except during a few
years of absence) until his death. He was eminent for
piety, for wisdom, for profound learning, and for classical
scholarship. As an author he is highly applauded for
his originality, sublimity, and evangelical spirit. Among
his principal works are "The Living Temple," (1674-
1702,) "The Blessedness of the Righteous," "The Re-
deemer's Tears," (1684,) and "The Vanity of this Mortal
Life." Robert Hall said, " I have learned more from
John Howe than from any other author I ever read."
"Nothing in the language," says William Jay, "can
equal, as a whole, Howe's 'Living Temple.'" He is
accounted the most philosophical thinker among the
Puritan divines. Died in 1705. His complete works
were published in 8 vols., 1810-22.

See EDMUND CALAMY, "Life of John Howe," 1724; H. ROGERS,

chap*, vii. and viii. ; R. SOUTHEY, arti*Ue on Howe, in "Quarterly
Review" for October, 1813, (vol. x. ;) " Encyclopaedia Britannica."

Howe, (JOHN,) M.P., a noted English politician and
versifier, was returned to the Convention Parliament foi
Cirencester in 1689, and was several times re-electeil.
He was conspicuous in the House for his volubility,
asperity, and audacity of speech. Ilrnng turned Tory,
he became in the reign of Anne a member of the privj
council, and paymaster of the army. He wrote a " Pane-
gyric on William III., "and several short poems. Died
in 1721.

See MACAULAY, " History of England," vol. iii. chaps, xi. and xiv.

Howe, (JosiAH,) an English poet and clergyman,
became a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1637,
and preached before Charles I. at Oxford in 1644. He
wrote some epigrammatic verses prefixed to the works
of Beaumont and Fletcher. Died in 1701.

Howe, ( JULIA WARD,) an American poetess, daughter
of Samuel Ward, a banker in New York, was born in
1819. She was educated with great care, and in 1843
was married to Dr. Samuel G. Howe, of Boston, with
whom she has twice visited Europe, making on each occa-
sion an extensive tour. Some of her poems possess
merit of a very high order. Among the principal are
"Passion-Flowers," published in 1854, and "Words for
the Hour." She is the author of the deservedly popular
song entitled "Battle Hymn of the Republic." She
wrote also a number of prose works.

Howe, (MARK ANTONY DE WOLFE,) D.D., LL.D.,
an American bishop, born at Bristol, Rhode Island,
April 5, 1809. He graduated at Brown University in
1828, took ppest's c rders in the Episcopal Church in

€ as/6,- cas.r: ^.hard; gas;'; G,H,K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz.- thasinMw.

Explanations, p. 23.)

HOWE

1322

HO WITT

1833, and in 1874 was consecrated Bishop of Central
Pennsylvania, the first of that title. Among his works
are a volume of "Essays and Poems," a "Memoir of
Bishop Alonzo Potter," (1870,) etc. Died July 31, 1895.

Howe, (RICHARD,) EARL, a distinguished English
admiral, bi 'n in 1725, was the second son of Lord
Emanuel Scrope Howe. He entered the navy about the
age of fourteen, and obtaii.ed the rank of captain about
1747. He distinguished himself in the Seven Years' war
against the French. At the death of his elder brother,
in 1758, he inherited the title of viscount. In 1763 and
1 764 hj occupied a seat at the board of admiralty, and
i.i 1770 he became a rear-admiral of the blue, and com-
manded the Mediterranean fleet. From 1776 to 1778 he
commanded on the coast of the United States, where he
maintained his credit by skilful operations against the
French fleet under D'Estaing. He v/as promoted to the
rank of admiral of the blue in 1782, and in the next
year acted as first lord of the admiralty. In 1788 he was
created Earl Howe. On June i, 1794, he gained a de-
cisive victory over the French fleet, of which he captured
seven ships of the line. Died in 1799. He was regarded
as the first sea-officer of his time.

See CAMPBELL, "Lives of British Admirals;" GEORGE MASOK,
" Life of Richard, Earl Howe ;" JOHN BARROW, " Life of Lord
Richard Howe," 1838.

Howe, (Dr. SAMUEL GRIDLEY,) an eminent American
philanthropist, born in Boston in iSoi. He graduated
at Brown University in 1821, and entered upon the
study of medicine in his native city. In 1824 he went to
Greece, and fought valiantly in ihe war of independence.
When famine threatened that country in 1827, he came
to the United States and procured large contributions
of provisions, clothing, and money, which he distributed
among the Greek patriots. On his return to his native
city, in 1831, he entered with ardour into a plan for
establishing in that city a school for the blind ; and he
visited Europe, to procure information, teachers, etc.
The next year (1832) he opened the institution, (Perkins
Institution for the Blind,) of which he became the prin-
cipal. His success in the case of Laura Bridgeman, a
deaf blind mute, whom he taught to read from raised
letters and instructed in religion, morality, etc., attracted
great attention. (See BRIDGEMAN, LAURA.) Dr. Howe
also devoted much attention to the education of idiots,
for whom a school has been established in South Boston.
Besides his other labours, he distinguished himself by
the active part he took in the anti-slavery cause. He is
the author of a " Historical Sketch of the Greek Revo-
lution," (1828,) a "Reader for the Blind," and various
essays and reports on the education of the blind and the
idiotic, etc. Died January 9, 1876.

Howe, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English general, was a
younger brother of Admiral Richard Howe, noticed
above. In 1774 he was returned to Parliament for Not-
tingham, professing to disapprove the policy of the min-
isters in relation to the Americans. In 1775 he was
appointed commander-in-chief of the army sent to sub-
due the colonies, though deficient in nearly all the quali-
ties which constitute a great general. His constituents
censured him for accepting the command. His firs
exploit after this promotion was the battle of Bunkei
Hill, (1775,) in which he lost one-third of his men
present in the action. In August, 1776, he gained the
battle of Long Island and took New York City. He
obtained an advantage over the Americans at Brandy-
wine in September, 1777, in consequence of which
Philadelphia was occupied by his army. At his own
request, he was recalled in 1778, and was succeeded
by Sir Henry Clinton. Died in 1814.

See BANCROFT, " History of the United States," vol. ix. chaps.
»., vi., JL, xiv., xriii.. xxv,

Howe, (\VILLIAM BELL WHITE,) D.D., an American
bishop, born at Claremont, New Hampshire, March 31,
1823. He graduated at the University of Vermont in
1844, took orders in the Episcopal Church, held rector-
ships in and near Charleston, S.C., and in 1871 was con-
secrated Bishop of South Carolina. Died Nov. 25, 1894.

HSw'el THE GOOD, or Hy'wel Dda, a Cambrian
prince of the tenth century, noted as a legislator, suc-
ceeded his father Cadell as King of Wales. After visit.

ing Rome about 926, he framed a code of laws, which
continued in force a long time. Died in 948.

HSw'el or HSw'ell, (LAURENCE,) a learned English
nonjuring divine, graduated at Cambridge in 1688. He
wrote a "Synopsis of the Canons of the Latin Church,"
and other works on theology. For his pamphlet on the
" Schism in the Church of England" he was convicted
of sedition in 1716, and confined in Newgate until hii
death, in 1720.

H8w'ell, (JAMES,) a British author, born in Carmar-
thenshire about 1595. Soon after leaving college he wenl
to London, and, as agent of a glass-manufactory, made a
tour on the continent, where he learned several languages.
He was returned to Parliament in 1627, and exercised
his versatile talents in several civil offices until 1643, when
he was imprisoned, for reasons not positively known.
He was released about 1649, and at the restoration be-
came historiographer-royal, being the first who had that
honour. He wrote " Dodona's Grove, or the Vocal
Forest," a poem, (1640,) and various prose works. His
" Familiar Letters" (1645) are very entertaining, and
passed through ten editions before 1750. Died in 1666.

See " Biographia Britannia."

Howell, (JOHN ADAMS,) an American admiral,
born at New York, March 16, 1840. He graduated
at the naval academy in 1858, and served in the civil
war and the war with Spain, being promoted rear-
admiral in 1898. Commanded the patrol squadron in
the latter war.

How'ell, (ROBERT BOYTE CRAWFORD,) D.D., an
American Baptist clergyman, born in Wayne county,
North Carolina, March 10, 1801, graduated at Colum-
bian College in 1826, was ordained in 1827, and held
pastorships in Norfolk, Richmond, and Nashville, where
he died, April 5, 1868. His principal works were " Terms
of Christian Communion," (1854,) "The Deaconship,"
"The Way of Salvation," "Evils of Infant Baptism,"
"The Cross," (1854,) "The Covenants," (1856,) and
"The Early Baptists of Virginia," (1857.)

Howell, (WILLIAM,) an English writer, of whose life
little is known. He was at one time chancellor of the
diocese of Lincoln. He wrote a " History of the World
from the Earliest Times to the Ruin of the Roman Em-
pire," a work of some merit. Died in 1683.

HSw'ells, (WILLIAM DEAN,) a distinguished Ameri-
can author, born at Martinsville, Ohio, March i, 1837. He
learned the printer's trade, and became a journalist at
Columbus, Ohio. He was United States consul at Venice,
1861-65, and edited the "Atlantic Monthly," 1866-81.
His works include " Poems by Two Friends," (by himself
and John J. Piatt,) "Venetian Life," (1866,) "No
Love Lost," (poem, 1863,) "Their Wedding Jour-
ney," (1872,) "The Lady of the Aroostook," (1878,)
"The Rise of Silas Lapham," (1885,) "A Hazard
of New Fortunes," (1889,) "The Landlord of Lion's
Head," (1897,) etc. He has produced several plays
and a number of amusing dialogue stories. Mr. How-
ells's style is one of great refinement, and many of his
characters are drawn with remarkable clearness and
effect.

Howick, LORD. See GREY, EARL OF.

H6w1-S9L\, (ROBERT REID,) an American author
born at Fredericksburg, Virginia, June 22, 1820. In
1841 he was admitted to the bar, and in 1844 was ordained
to the Presbyterian ministry. His principal published
works are "History of Virginia," (2 vols., 1846-48,)
Lives of Generals Morgan, Marion, and Gates, and
"God and Creation," (1883.)

HBw'ltt, (ANNA MARY,) an artist and writer, a
daughter of William and Mary Howitt, was born about
1830. She produced a work of merit called "7 he Art-
Student in Munich," (2 vols., 1853,) and also wrote "The
School of Life," (Boston, 1855,) which was highly com-
mended. She was in 1859 married to a son of the poet
Alaric Watts. Died in 1884.

Howitt, (MARY,) a popular English authoress and
moralist, daughter of Samuel Botham, of Uttoxeter, was
born March 12, 1799. She was educated as a member
of the Society of Friends, and was married to William

». e, T. 5. ii,y, /»«£•; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, J, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; m8t; nit; good; mou

HO WITT

13=3

HUBBARD

Hewitt in 1821. They published jointly "The Forest
Minstrel, and other Poems," (1823,) "The Desolation of
Eyan, and other Poems," (1827,) "The Book of the
Seasons," (1831,) and "The Literature and Romance of
Northern Europe," (1852,) the most complete work on
that subject in English. Mary Howitt is sole author
of numerous instructive books, among which are " Hope
on, Hope ever," (3d edition, 1844,) "Hymns and Fire-
side Verses," (1839,) "Sowing and Heaping," (1840,)
and "Sketches of Natural History," (8th edition, 1853.)
She translated many works of Frederika Bremer, and
several stories of Hans Christian Andersen. " Her lan-
guage," says Professor Wilson, "is chaste and simple,
her feelings tender and pure, and her observation of
nature accurate and intense." ("Blackwood's Maga-
zine," vol. xxiv.) Died at Rome, January 30, 1888.

Howitt, (RICHARD,) a poet and physician, a brother
of William Howitt. He published in 1830 "Antediluvian
Sketches, and other Poems," which was noticed favour-
ably by the reviewers. " Richard too," says Professor
Wilson, "has a true poetical feeling and no small poeti-
cal power." He settled in Melbourne, Australia, and
wrote " Impressions of Australia Felix," (1845.)

Howitt, (WILLIAM,) an eminent English author, born
at Heanor, in Derbyshire, in 1792. was educated as a
member of the Society of Friends. His first published
work was "The Forest Minstrel, and other Poems,"
(1823,) partly written by his wife. Their other joint
productions have been noticed in the article on MARY
HOWITT. He wrote a " History of Priestcraft," (1834,)
which was very successful, and often reprinted, " Rural
Life of England," (1837,) and "Colonization and Chris-
tianity," (1839.) In 1840 William and Mary Howitt
removed to Heidelberg, where they passed several years.
His "Rural and Domestic Life in Germany" (1842)
was received with favour both by the English and Ger-
mans. He published " Homes and Haunts of the Most
Eminent British Poets Illustrated," (2 vols., 1847,) be-
sides various other original works, anc! translations from

Hoyt, (CHARLES HALE,) an American playwright,
was born at Concord, New Hampshire, July 26, 1860.
He became a dramatic editor, theatrical manager, and
playwright, his plays, mainly of the variety character,
including "A Tin Soldier," "A Midnight Bell,"
"A Milk-White Flag," "A Trip to Chinatown,"
and various others. Died November 20, 1900.

Hoy t, (EPAPHRAS, ) an historical and military writer,
born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1765. He pub-
lished "Cavalry Discipline," (1797,) and "Anti-
quarian Researches," (1824.) He was a major-gen-
eral of militia. Died in 1850.

Hoyt, (JOHN WESLEY,) educator, was born in
Franklin county, Ohio, in 1831. He was manager of
the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society 1860-72,
Wisconsin commissioner to the London Exhibition of
1862, and United States commissioner to the Paris
Exposition of 1867 and the Vienna Exposition of
1873. He was Governor of Wyoming 1878-82, and
became president of Wyoming University in 1887.

Hoz, de la, da la 6th, (j r AN.) a Spanish dramatic
poet, born at Madrid about 1620, wrote an admired
comedy, " El Castigo de la Miseria." Died after 1689

Hozier, d'. See D'HoziER.

Hrabanus Maurus. See RABANUS.

Hi nnt.ixi. See NrJRVL

Hrotsvitha, hRots'vee'ta, also written Hrosuitba,
Hroswitha, and Roswitha, a celebrated German
poetess of the tenth century, born in Lower Saxony, was
educated in the convent of Gandershcim. She wrote Latin
poems, which are valuable monuments of the literature
of that time, and six dramas, (in Latin,) that rank among
the best productions of the kind in the middle ages.
Among her poems was one in hexameters, containing
the history of Otto I., only half of which is extant,

Hrungnir, hrung'nir, in the Norse mythology, a giant,
who, on his horse Gullfaxi, ("Goldmane,") visited As-

the German, and edited " Howitt's Journal" (weekly) gard, and, having become intoxicated, defied the gods,
for about three years, (1847-49.) He described his and threatened to carry Valhalla to Jotunheim, (the

He was slain by Thor, who
Jarnsaxa. Some explain

_ ^ ^ ing Hrungnir (whose name

to Remarkable Places, Old Halls, Battle-Fields," etc., j they derive"from hruga, to " heap up") to be a lofty
(2 vols., 1839-41,) and a "History' of England," (6 • mountain piled up to the sky, thus appearing to menace

vols., 1861,) " History of the Supernatural," eTc., (1863',) heaven itself. I

"Letters on Transportation," (1863,) "Discovery in lightning, is compared by the Norse poets to the liead

Its summit being smitten and rent by the

Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand," (1865,) and
" The Mad War Planet," (1871.) Died March 3, 1879.
H6w'land, (ALFRED C.,) an American artist, born at
Walpole, New Hampshire, February 12, 1838. He
studied at Dusseldorf and Paris, and in 1882 was chosen

of a giant whose skull Thor (" thunder") broke with his
terrible hammer.

Hrym, hreem, sometimes written Rymer, in the
Northern mythology, the leader of the Frost-giants (Hrim-
thursar) in the great battle against the gods at Ragna-

a National Academician. Among his principal paintings rock. The name is clearly another form of Hrim, "frost,"
are " Driving a Bargain," " Monday Morning," "They're and cognate with the Latin rima (" hoarfrost") and the
Coming," "A Pot-Boiler," etc. Sanscrit Hmd, (Gr. JHUO,) "frost," or "winter."

How'orth, (Sir HENRY HOYLE,) an English
scientific writer, was born at Lisbon in 1842. He
devoted himself to literature and politics, his works
including a voluminous " History of the Mongols,"
a " History of Chinghiz Khan and his Ancestors,"
" The Mammoth and the Flood," " The Glacial Night-
mare and the Flood," and numerous memoirs on
similar subjects.

Howson, (JOHN SAUL,) an English divine, born in
1816. He published, with W. J. Conybeare, "The Life
and Epistles of Saint Paul," (2 vols., 1850-52,) and is
author of other works, chiefly religious. In 1867 he was
appointed Dean of Chester. Died December 15, 1885.

Hoyer, hb'yer, (ANDREAS,) a Danish historian and
jurist, born at Karlum, published a " Life of Frederick
IV.," (1732,) and other works. Died in 1739.

Hoyer, ho'yer, (JoHANN GOTTFRIED,) a German
military officer and writer, born at Dresden in 1767,
published a "Dictionary of Artillery." Died in 1848.

Hoy'er, [Fr. pron. hwa'yl',] (MICHEL,) a Flemish
priest and Latin poet, born in 1593 ; died in 1650.

Hoyle, hoil, (EDMUND,) an Englishman, born in 1672.
wrote popular treatises on Whist and other games.
Died in 1769.

Huabalde. See HUBALD.

Huarte, oo-aR'ta, (JUAN DE Dios,) a Spanish phy
sician and philosopher, born in Navarre about 1535.
He published about 1580 a remarkable book, entitled
" Examen de Ingenios para las Scienzias," which was
often reprinted and translated. The English version
was called "Trial of Wits." It contains some new truths,
with many bold paradoxes. Died about 1600.

Huascar, hwas'kar, an Inca of Peru, a son of Huayna
Capac, whom he succeeded in 1525, was defeated in battle
and dethroned by his brother Atahualpa in 1532. (See
ATAHUALPA.)

Huayna Capac, hwi'na ki-pak', Inca of Peru, as-
cended the throne in 1493. He extended his dominions
by conquest, and enriched them by the arts of peace
Died in 1525.

Hu'bald, written also Huabalde, Hucbald, and
Hugbald, [Lat. HUBAL'DUS,] a Flemish monk of Saint-
Amand, born about 840 A.D., wrote a treatise on music,
and Latin verses in praise of baldness, in which every
word begins with C; for example,

"Carmina Clarison* Calvis Cantate Caracena:."
Died in 930,

Hubbard, U'bSn', (NICOLAS GUSTAVE,) a French
author, born at Fourqueux in 1828. He became a law-

•cas*; 9asf; %hard; gasy.-G, H,K,gutluraI; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMw.

xplanations, p. 23.)

HUBBARD

1324

HUC

a "Life of Saint-Simon," ana many reports aim pa^rs
on industrial questions and on the condition of the
labouring-classes. Died February 21, 1888.

Hub'bard, (WILLIAM,) a historian, born in England
in 1621, was ordained minister at Ipswich, Massachusetts,
about 1656. He died in 1704, leaving in manuscript a
" History of New England," which was published by the
Massachusetts Historical Society in 1815.

Hube, hoo'beh, (RoMUALD,) a Polish jurist, born at
Warsaw in 1803, published " Principles of Penal Law,"
(1830,) and other works. He was appointed councillor
of state at Saint Petersburg in 1843, after wnich he wa?
employed in the compilation of a new penal and civil
code. Died at Warsaw, August 9, 1890.

Huber, hoo'ber, (FRANCIS,) a Swiss naturalist, born at
Geneva in 1750. The taste for nature and the habit of
observation which he derived from his father were con-
firmed by the lectures of Saussure. At the age of fifteen
his sight began to fail, and was before long quite lost
Soon after the occurrence of this privation he married
Mdlle. Lullin, and was blessed with domestic happiness.
Pursuing his researches into the economy and habits of
bees, by the aid of his servant, he made many interesting
discoveries, and in 1792 published " New Observations on
Bees," which excited a great sensation. He was chosen
a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and of
other similar institutions. He also wrote a " Memoir on
the Origin of Wax," and a few other treatises. Died in
1830 or 1831.

See AUGUSTIN PYRAME DHCANDOLLE, "Notice sur la Vie et lea
ficrits de F. Huber," 1831- "Monthly Review," in the Appendu
of vol. Ixxxii , 1817.

Huber, (JoHANN,) in artist, born in Geneva in 1722,
was intimate with Voltaire, of whose domestic life he
drew several pictures. He was noted for skill in cutting
profiles in paper or parchment, and wrote " Observations
on the Flight of Birds of Prey," (1784.) Died in 1790.

Huber, (JOHANN JAKOB,) an eminent Swiss anato-
mist, born at Bale in 1707, was a pupil of Haller, whom
he assisted in his " Swiss Flora." He was chosen pro-
fessor of anatomy at Gottingen about 1737, and became
professor and court physician at Cassel in 1742. He
was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and a
member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. His
principal work is a "Treatise on the Spinal Marrow,'
(1739.) Died in 1778.

See ERSCH und GRUBBR, " Allgemeine Encyklopaecie- '

Huber, hoo'ber, (JoHANN NEPOMUK,) a German
divine, born in Munich, August 18, 1830. He graduated
at Munich in 1854, and became professor in the Roman
Catholic faculty there in 1859. He published " Philoso
phy of the Church Fathers," (1859.) which was placed on
the Index, and this fact led to a rupture with the Church
In 1871 he became an " Old Catholic" leader. He pub
lished many philosophical, historical, and theologica
works. Died at Munich, March 20, 1879.

Huber, QOHANN RUDOLF,) an eminent Swiss painter
born at Bale in 1668, studied several years in Italy. H(
worked mostly in his native place. He painted portrait.

World preferred to the Wise," (" Le Monde fol pre-
ere au Monde sage," 2 vols., 1731-44.) Died at Lyoni

n 1753.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Huber, (MICHAEL,) a German translator, born at
•"rontenhausen, in Bavaria, in 1727. He lived many
'ears in Paris, and became professor of French at Leip-
iic in 1766. He made good French translations of many
German works, among which were Gessner's poems
and Winckelmann's "History of Ancient Art," (3 vols.,
781.) Died in 1804.

Sec QUBRARD, " La France Litte'raire-"

Huber, (PETER, or PIERRE,) son of Francis, noticed
jbove, published a " History of the Habits of Indigenous
Ants," " Observations on Drones," and other zoological
realises. Died in 1841.

See " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1812, and October, 1815.

Huber, (THERESE,) a German novelist, born at Got-
tingen in 1764, was a daughter of C. G. Heyne, the
philologist. She was married to John George Forster,
an eminent author, in 1784, and to Ludwig F. Huber
Inoticed above) in 1794. Died at Augsburg in 1829.

Huber, (VICTOR AIM£,) a historian and critic, son of
Louis Ferdinand, noticed above, was born at Stuttgart
in 1800. He popularized Spanish literature in Germany
by his "History of the Cid" (1829) and his "Sketches
of Spain," (4 vols., 1828-35.) For many years he was pro-
ressor at Marburg and Berlin. Died July 19, 1869.

Huber, hii'ber, [LaL. HUBE'RUS,] (ULRICH,) a Dutch
jurist, born at Dokkum in 1636. In 1665 he was chosen
professor of law at Franeker. He published many able
treatises on civil law, among which are "De Jure Civi-
tatis," (1672,) and " Praelectiones ad Pandectas," (1686.)
From the former Rousseau derived many of the ideas
or principles of his "Contrat Social." Died in 1694.

See VITBINGA, "Oratioin Eicessum U. Hubert," 1694: "Nou-
velle Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" JOCHBR, " Allgemehies Gelehrten-
Lexikon."

Hubert, /Sti'baiR', (FRANCOIS,) a French engraver,
born at Abbeville in 1744 ; died in 1809.

Hubert, (MATHIF.U.) an eloquent French preacher,
born near Mayenne in 1640. He taught belles-lettres in
various colleges, preached in Paris and the provinces,
and died in 1717. His Sermons were published in 5
vols., (1725.)

HubeniB. See HUBER. (ULRICH.)

Hub'ner, (EMIL,) a German philologist, a son of R.
J. B. Hubner, was born at Dusseldorf, July 7, 1834. He
edited many volumes of Latin inscriptions, and in 1863
was made professor of classical philology in the University
of Berlin. He published works on Roman literature, on
Latin grammar, on the " History of Classic Philology,"
(1876,) and on Greek syntax, (1883.)

Hubner or Huebner, hfip'ner, JOHANN,) a German
geographer and teacher, born at or near Zittau in 1668.
His " Questions on Ancient and Modern Geography"
(1693) was often reprinted. Died in I731-

Hubner, (KARL,) a German genre painter, born in
Konigsberg, June 14, 1814. In 1864 he became professor
of painting at Dusseldorf, where he died. December 5,
1879.

TINTORET. Died in 1748.

See NAGLBR, " AUgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon."
Huber, Au'baiR' or hoo'ber, (Louis FERDINAND,) a
distinguished litterateur, son of Michael, noticed below,
was born in Paris in 1764. In 1794 he married Theresa,
the widow of John George Forster and daughter of the
eminent philologist Heyne. He became in 1798 editor
of the "Allgemeine Zeitung" at Stuttgart. He wrote
eeveral dramas, and a collection of popular tales. Died
in 1804.

Huber, (MARIE,) a Swiss authoress and Protestant
theologian, remarkable for her peculiar religious views,
which appear to have been a mixture of rationalism and
mysticism, was born at Geneva in 1695. She wrote, be-
sides other religious and moral works, " Letters on the
Religion essential to Man, as distinguished from that
which is Conventional," (aceesseire, ) ( 1 738,) in which she
uses a very subtle dialectic, and "The Insane (or Foolish)

bKIMUl \JCIUl<lll U13H-MH,**! JJMll •- f - - •

in 1806, was a pupil of Schadow. He settled at Dresden
in 1839, and became a professor in the Academy of Arts
in that city in 1841. His works are admired for grace
of expression and beauty of colour. Among his master-
pieces are " Boaz and Ruth," " Christ and the Evan-
gelists," "The Golden Age," and "Felicity and Sleep.
Died November 7, 1882.

Hubner, von, ton hBp'ner, (JOSEPH ALEXANDER,)
an Austrian diplomatist, born in Vienna in 181 1, was
ambassador to the French court, and signed the treaty
of peace at the C ongress of Paris in 1 856. He publ ished
an excellent work on "Sixtus the Fifth," (1871,) and ' A
Journey around the World," (1873.) Died July 30, 1692-

Hub'sch or Huebsch, htSpsh, (HlINKICH.) a German
architect, born at Weinheim, Baden, in 1795 ; died 1863

Hue /Siik, (Abbe EVARISTE Rtcis,) a French Catho-
lic missionary and traveller, born at Toulouse in I

i, e, T, o, u, y, hng: a, e, A, same, less prolonged ; a, e, i, 6, u, ?, short; a, e, i, Q, obscurt; far, fill, fit; met;

it; goo.

HUCBALD

HUET

He went to China in 1839, learned the Chinese Ian
guage, and laboured as a missionary. About the ent
of 1845 he visited Lassa, the capital of Thibet, where h
was permitted to remain only a few weeks. Havinj
returned to France in 1852, he published his very curiou
and amusing "Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China,1
(" Souvenirs d'un Voyage dans la Tartarie," etc., 2 vols.
1852,) which obtained a wide popularity, and was trans
lated into English by W. Hazlitt, Jr. He afterward
published "The Chinese Empire," (2 vols., 1854,) am
" Christianity in China, Tartary, and Thibet," (3 vols.
1857.) Died in 1860.

See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" "Quarterly Review" fo
July, 1857 ; " Eraser's Magazine" for April, 1855.

Hucbald. See HUBALD.

Huch. See >EPINUS.

Huchtenburgh, van, vtn huK'ten-buRC/, written
also Hugtenburg, (JAKOB,) a skilful Dutch landscape
painter, born at Haarlem in 1639, was a pupil of Berg
hem. He went in his youth to Rome, where he worket
with success until his death, in 1669.

Huchtenburgh, Hugtenburg, or Huchtenburg,
van, (JAN,) an excellent Dutch painter, brother of the

Preceding, was born at Haarlem in 1646. He studied in
taly and Paris with Van der Meulen, acquired a high
reputation for battle-pieces, and was employed by Prince
Eugene to paint those actions in which he and Marl-
borough commanded. He was also a skilful engraver
Died in 1733.

See DESCAMPS, " V:e des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc
Hud'dart, (JOSEPH,) F.R.S., an English navigator
and hydrographer, born at Allonby in 1741, was for many
years a captain in the service of the East India Com-
pany. He was a skilful nautical surveyor, and published
some valuable charts. Died in 1816.

Hudde, hud'deh, (JAN,) born at Amsterdam about
1636, was councillor, treasurer, and burgomaster of his
native city. He was well versed in mathematics, on
which he wrote some able treatises Died in 1704.
See MONTUCLA, "Histoire des Mathe'matiques,"
Hud'des-fprd, (GEORGE,) a humorous English poet,
who lived about 1800. He wrote several burlesque
poems, which had some success, viz., " Topsy-Turvy,"
(1790,) "Salmagundi," (1793,) and "Imperial Mush
rooms," (1805.)

Huddesford or Hud'ders-ford, (WILLIAM,) D.D.,
an English antiquary, was principal of Trinity College,
Oxford, and wrote the Lives of Leland, Hearne, and
Anthony Wood. Died in 1772.

Huddleston, hud'dels-ton, (ROBERT,) a Scottish an-
tiquary, born in 1 776, published a new edition of Toland's
" History of the Druids," (1814.) Died in 1826.

Hfid'son, (FREDERIC,) an American journalist, born
at Quincy, Massachusetts, April 25, 1819. He was for
over thirty years employed on the "New York Herald,"
and published a useful " History of Journalism in the
United States." Died October 21, 1875.

Hfid'spn, (GEORGE,) an English " railway-king," born
in York in March, 1800. He was the great promoter of
railway construction in England, but finally lost his im-
mense fortune, and died a poor man in London, December
14, 1871.

Hud'spn, (HENRY or HENDRIK,) an eminent English
navigator, of whose early life nothing is known. In 1607
he commanded a vessel sent by some London merchants
to discover a direct route to India by way of the North
pole or Northern Ocean. Having advanced beyond 80°
north latitude, he was prevented by the ice from making
farther progress, and returned. He made several other
unsuccessful attempts in that direction. In the service of
the Dutch East India Company, he discovered in 1609
the river of New York which bears his name. He re-
newed the enterprise in April, 1610, and discovered and
explored Hudson Bay, in which he passed the winter
and suffered much for want of provisions. As he was
returning in 1611, his crew mutinied, and, forcing the
captain with eight men into a small boat, abandoned
them to their fate. They were never heard of afterwards.
A few of the mutineers returned to Ireland.

See PRBVOST, "Histoire ge'ne'rale des Voyages;" PURCHAS'S
Collection;" " Life of Henry Hudson," in SPARKS'S "American

Biography" • ,ol x.. (by H. R. CLBVELAND;) " Nouvelle Biognphw
Generate; J. M. READ, "Historical Inquiries concerning Henry
Hudson, 1866.

HQd'son, (HENRY NORMAN,) an Episcopal clergy-
man, born in Cornwall, Vermont, in 1814, published
"Lectures on Shakspeare," (2 vols., 1848,) and edited
the Works of Shakspeare, (u vols.) D. Jan. 16, 1886

Hudson, (JOHN,) D.D., a learned English critic, born
in Cumberland in 1662, was for many years a tutor in
Oxford University, and from 1701 until his death libra-
rian of the Bodleian Library. He published excellent
editions of Thucydides, Longinus, Josephus, "^Esop's
Fables," etc. Died in 1719.

Hudson, (THOMAS,) an English portrait-painter, born
in Devonshire in 1701. He was a pupil of Richardson,
after whose death he was the most fashionable or suc-
cessful artist in that line in London until he was sur-
passed by his own pupil, Joshua Reynolds, about 1754.
Among his works is a portrait of Handel. Died in 1779.

Hudson, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S., an eminent English bot-
anist, bom in Westmoreland in 1730, resided in London
as an apothecary. He was one of the first in England
that adopted the Linnjean system, and in 1762 published
an "English Flora," ("Flora Anglica,") which procured
him admission into the Royal Society. Died in 1793.

Hue, Au, (FRANgois,) born at Fontainebleau, France,
ln '757. became a valet to the dauphin. In the reign of
terror he served the royal family at the risk of his life,
and was imprisoned. He wrote " The Last Years of the
Reign and Life of Louis XVI.," (1806.) Died in 1819.

Huebner. See HUBNER.

Huebsch. See HUBSCH.

Hueffer, huffer, (FRANCIS,) a German-English author,
3orn in 1845. He was educated in London, Paris, Ber-
in, and Leipsic. He published in 1869 a critical edition
of the works of Guillaume de Cabestan ; also, "The

Studies," (1883,) etc Died January 19, 1889.

HuegeL See HUGEL.

Huel, /iii'SI', (JOSEPH NICOLAS,) a French philosopher,
>orn at Mattaincourt in 1690 ; died in 1769.

Huellmarm. See HULLMANN.

Huerta. See HORTO.

Huerta, de la, di la w^R'ta, (VINCENTE GARCIA,) a
mpular Spanish poet, born at Zafra in 1 729, was the leader
)f the national school of poetry, in opposition to the par-
isans of the French models. He produced in 1778 the
ragedy of " Rachel," (" Raquel,") which was performed
with great applause in Madrid and in Italy. He wrote
>ther poems, ("Obras poeticas," 2 vols., 1778,) and was
he editor of the " Spanish Theatre," (" Teatro Espanol,")
a selection from the best Spanish dramatists, with notes,
17 vols., 1788.) Died in 1797.

Huet, /4u'eV, (FRANCOIS,) a French author, born at
Villeau, December 26, 1814. He became a professor in
be University of Ghent, and tried to found a sect called
be "Neo-Catholic Church." He published books on
Cartesianism," "The Social Reign of Christianity,"
tc. Died at Paris, July I, 1869.

HueMu'eV, (PAUL,) a French landscape-painter, born
n Paris in 1804, gained medals of the first class in 1848
nd 1855. Died January 9, 1869.

Huet, (PIERREDANIEL,) an eminent French critic and
cholar, born at Caen in February, 1630, was educated
t Paris. In 1652, in company with Bochart, he visited
he court of Christina of Sweden, which then offered
are attractions to the learned ; but he soon returned to
Caen, and passed many years in various studies. He was
ppointed in 1670 sub-preceptor of the dauphin, and was
le principal editor of the well-known series of the Latin
lassies "ad usum Delphini," ("for the use of the dau-
hin.") In 1674 he became a member of the French
cademy, and in 1685 Bishop of Avranches. He wrote
umerous able critical and religious works, (in Latin and
Drench,) among which the best-known is his " Demon-
tratio Evangelica," (1679.) This was for a long time i
tandard work on the Evidences of Christianity. Died
n 1721.

Se« D'ALKMBERT, " filoge de Huet;" SAINT-MAURICE, " filoje

e a.-, *; c as s: g hard: g as/V G, H, ^guttural; N, natal; R, triUtd; s as z; th as in this. ( £^=See Explanations, p. 23. \

HUET

1326

HUGHES

Ac D Huet," 1850; HUET'S Autobiographic Memoirs, entitled
" Commentarius de Rebus ad eum pertinentibus," 1718, (translated
into English by JOHN AIKIN, 2 vols., 1810;) "Huetiana, Pans,
1722 : BRUCKBR, " History of Philosophy :" ABB* FLOTTBS, " Etude
sur Dauiel Huet," 1857 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Geuerale ; ' Quar-
terly Review" for August, 1810.

Huet de FroberviUe, /4u'i' deh fRo'beR'vel',
(CLAUDE JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French writer, born at
Komorantin in 1752 ; died in 1838.

Huette, /m'eV, (Louis,) a French optician, born at
Rennes in 1756; died in 1805.

Hufeland, hoo'feh-laiit', (CHRisropH WILHELM,) an
excellent German physician and medical writer, was
born at Langensalza (Prussian Saxony) in 1762. He
became professor at Jena in 1793, and afterwards phy-
sician to the King of Prussia. In 1809 he obtained the
chair of special pathology and therapeutics at Berlin.
He produced in 1796 a celebrated work on the "Art
of Prolonging Life," (" Makrobiotik, oder die Kunst
das menschliche Leben zu verlangern,") often reprinted
and translated. Among his other works are a "System
of Practical Medicine," (2 vols., 1800-05,) and "Enchiri-
dion Medicum," (1836; gth edition, 1851.) Died in 1836.
See F. L. AUGUSTIN, " Hufelands Leben und Wirken fur Wia-
senschaft, Staat und Menschheit," 1837; STOURDJA, " Hufeland,
tsquisse de sa Vie et de sa Mort," 1837.

Hufeland, (GOTTLIEB,) a German jurist, born at Dant-
zic in 1760, was professor of law at Halle, where he died
in 1817. He wrote a "Manual of the Law of Nature."
HiifhageL See HOEFNAEGEL.

Hug, hooc, (JoHANN LEONHARD,) a German Catholic
theologian, born at Constance in 1763. His "Intro-
duction to the Books of the New Testament" is highly
esteemed, and has been translated into French and Eng-
lish. Died in 1846.
Hugbald. See HUBALD.

Hiigel or Huegel, von, fon hxi'gel, (KARL ALEX-
ANDER ANSELM,) BARON, a German traveller and natu-
ralist, was born at Ratisbon in 1796. He performed a
scientific exploration of Greece, Egypt, India, and other
parts of Asia, about 1831-36, and brought home large
collections of objects of natural history, coins, etc. He
published "Cashmere and the Dominion of the Sikhs,"
(4 vols., 1842,) "The Basin of Cabool," ("Das Becken
von Kabul," 2 vols., 1852,) and other works. Died, 1870.
Hugeniua. See HUYGENS.

Huger, u'jee', (BENJAMIN,) an American general, born
at Charleston, South Carolina, about 1806, graduated at
West Point in 1825. He led a division of the army that
fought against the Union at Fair Oaks, May 31, and at
Malvern Hill, July I, 1862. Died in 1877.

Huger, (FRANCIS KINLOCK,) an officer, born in South
Carolina in 1764. He joined Dr. Eric Bollman in an
attempt to release La Fayette from the dungeon of
Olmutz ; but they failed, and were imprisoned. He served
as a colonel in the war of 1812. Died in 1855.

Huger, (ISAAC,) an uncle of the preceding, was born
about 1742. He served as a brigadier-general in the
Revolution, and rendered distinguished service at the
sieges of Savannah and Charleston. In the battle of
Guilford Court-House he commanded the right wing of
the American army. Died October 17, 1797.

Hug'gins, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English astronomer,
was born at London, February 7, 1824. lie is dis-
tinguished for his observations and discoveries made
with the spectroscope on the sun and stars. In 1876-
78 he was president of the Royal Astronomical So-
ciety, and of the British Association 1891-92.

Hugh, hu, [Fr. HUGUES, ^ug,J a French prelate, emi
nent for talents and piety, was chosen Archbishop of
Besanjon in 1031. Died in 1066.

Hugh (Huguea) L, Duke of Burgundy, was the son
of Henry, and grandson of Duke Robert, whom he suc-
ceeded in 1075. In 1078 he retired into a convent, resign
ing his dukedom to his brother Eudes. Died in 1093.

Hugh (Huguea) n., Duke of Burgundy, nephew of
the preceding, succeeded in 1 102 his father Eudes, who
went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Died in 1 142.

Hugh (Hugues) TTT,, Duke of Burgundy, succeeded
his father, Eudes II., in 1 162. About 1190 he followed
Philip Augustus of France in a crusade, and when that

ting turned back, Hugues took command of the French.
He died at Tyre in 1 192, and left his dukedom to his son,
Eudes III.

Hugh (Hugues) IV, son of Eudes III., born in 1212,
inherited the dukedom in I2l8. He died in 1272, and
was succeeded by his son Robert.

Hugh (Hugues) V., Duke of Burgundy, son of Robert
[I., inherited the title in 1308, and died prematurely in
1315, leaving the dukedom to his brother, Eudes IV.

Hugh (Hugues) DE CLUNY, (deh klii'ne',) a French
monk, born at Semur about 1024, became Abbot of Cluny
in 1048. He was consulted on important questions by
several kings and popes. Died in 1 109.

Hugh (Hugues) D'AMIENS, (dS'me^N',) a French
prelate and writer, reputed one of the most learned
theologians of his time, was chosen Archbishop of Rouen
in 1130. Died in 1164.

See "Gallia Christiana," tome ii.

Hugh (Hugues) DE FLAVIGNY, (deh flfven'ye',) a
French monk, born in 1065, was chosen Abbot of Fla-
vigny in 1097. He wrote the " Chronicle of Verdun,1'
which contains valuable historical data.

Hugh (Hugues) DE FLEURY (deh fluh're') or DE
SAINTE-MARIE, (deh saNt'mf re',) a French monk, who
was eminent for his knowledge. He asserted the divine
right of kings in an able treatise " On Royal Power and
Sacerdotal Dignity," and wrote a general History. Died
about 1125.

Hugh OF LINCOLN, (or of AVALON,) SAINT, was born
at Avalon, in Burgundy, about 1 135. He became a prior
of canons regular, but was so attracted by the severities
of the Grande Chartreuse that he entered that order, in
spite of his oath not to do so. Sent to England, he
founded Witham Abbey. In 1186 he was made Bishop
of Lincoln. Under Henry II., Richard I., and John,
Saint Hugh had great influence in public affairs. He
was a man of strong will, ardent piety, and ascetic life,
but of excellent judgment and kindly feelings. Died in
London, November 16, 1200.

Hugh OF PROVENCE, King of Italy, was a son of
Theobald, (or Thibault,) Count of Provence. Favoured
by the pope, John X., and by many Lombard chiefs,
he obtained the crown of Italy in 926 A.D., but was
expelled by Berenger in 947, and died the same year.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."

Hugh (Hugues) DE SAINT-CHER, (deh siN'shaiR',)
a learned French monk and cardinal, was born near
Vienne. His most important work was a concordance
of the Bible, said to be the first ever compiled. He
used the Latin in this work. Died in 1263.

Hugh (Hugues) DE SAINT-VICTOR, (deh sJN'vek'-
ton',) a monk, born near Ypres, entered the monastery
of Saint-Victor, in Paris, in 1118. He wrote theological
works which had a high reputation. Died in 1140.

Hugh Capet. See CAPET.

Hugh the Great, [Fr. HUGUES LE GRAND, hug l?b
gRftN,] Duke of France and Count of Paris, a powerful
noble, was the son of Robert, Count of Paris, and the
father of Hugh Capet. He married a sister of Otho,
King of Germany, and waged war against Louis d'Outre-
Mer. Died in 956.

Hugh the Great, Count of Vermandois, third son
of Henry I., King of France, born in 1057, was noted for
chivalrous courage. He departed in 1096 on a crusade,
and distinguished himself at the siege of Antioch. He
was killed in battle in 1102.

See MICHAUD, " History of the Crusades."

Hughes, huz, (BALL,) a distinguished sculptor, was
born in London, January 19, 1804, and won a high repu-
tation there. In 1829 he removed to New York. Died
in Boston, March 5, 1868.

Hughes, (DAVID EDWARD,) an inventor, born at
London in 1831, and brought to the United States in
childhood. He became successively professor of
music and of natural philosophy, and is notable for
his invention of the printing telegraph, patented in
1855. In 1878 he invented the microphone. Another
invention was the induction balance. Died in 1900.

Hughes, (JOHN,) an English poet and essayist, bom
at Marlborough in 1677, was educated in London, where

a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 5, u,y, short; a, e, \,(),otscurt; far, fall, fit; mdt; n&t; good; moon;

VICTOR Hl.'GO.

HUGHES

1327

HULIN

he mostly resided. He filled, besides other civil posts,
that of secretary to the commissioners of the peace.
His character and talents secured him the friendship of
Addison, Pope, and Congreve. He contributed nume-
rous well-written essays to the "Spectator," "Taller,"
and •* Guardian," and once had a fair reputation as a
poet. His best poem is "The Siege of Damascus," a
tragedy, which was first performed on the last night
of the author's life, and was very successful. He made
good translations from Fontenelle and Vertot. Swift
having classed him in the ranks of mediocrity, Fope
answered, " What he wanted in genius he made up as
an honest man." Addison had so good an opinion of
his ability that he requested him to write the fifth act of
" Cato," which, however, he declined. Died in 1720.

See JOHNSON, "Lives of the English Poets;" " Biographia Bri-
tannica."

Hughes, huz, (JoHN,) an eminent Roman Catholic
prelate, born in Ireland in 1798. He came to America
in 1817, and preached several years in Philadelphia. He
became Bishop of New York about 1840, and was raised
to the rank of archbishop in 1850. He published seve-
ral sermons and lectures. He was a man of great
ability, and was particularly distinguished for his skill
in dialectics. Died in 1864.

See JOHN R. G. HASSARD, " Life of John Hushes," 1866.

Hughes, (JoHN,) an English writer and artist, was
the father of Thomas Hughes, M.P. He published in
1822 an " Itinerary of Provence and the Rhone," (with
good etchings by himself,) which was praised by Sir
Walter Scott. He also wrote some poetical pieces.

Hughes, (THOMAS,) an English author, social econo-
mist, and barrister, born near Newbury, October 20, 1823.
He wrote " Tom Brown's School-Days at Rugby," (1856,)
"The Scouring of the White Horse," (1858,) "Tom
Brown at Oxford," (1861,) "Alfred the Great," (1869.)
"Our Old Church— What shall we do with It?" (1878,)
" Rugby," (1881,) " Vacation Rambles," (1895,) etc.
He was appointed a Queen's counsel in 1869. He
was a warm friend of the working-classes, and was
elected to Parliament by the Liberals in 1865 and
again in 1868. In 1880 he established a colony in
Tennessee, which was named Rugby. Died March
22, 1896.

Hughes, (THOMAS SMART,) an English historian,
graduated at Cambridge as M.A. in 1811. He became
prebendary of Peterborough in 1827, and rector of Hard-
wick in 1832. He wrote, besides other works, a " His-
tory of England from the Accession of George III. to
the Accession of Victoria, 1760-1837," (7 vols., 1836,) a
continuation of Hume and Smollett. Died in 1847.

Hugi, hoo'gee, (FRANZ JOSEPH,) a Swiss naturalist,
born at Grenchen in 1795. Among his works is a
"Treatise on Glaciers," (1842.) Died March 25, 1855.

Hugo, ^ii'go', (CHARLES Louis,) a French monk,
born at Saint-Mihiel in 1667, became Abbe1 of Estiva].
He wrote, besides other works, a " Life of Saint Nor-
bert," (1707,) and a "History of Moses," (1709.) Died
in 1739.

Hugo, (FRANCOIS VICTOR,) a son of Victor Marie,
noticed below, was born in Paris in 1828. He produced
» version of Shakspeare's Sonnets, (1857.) Died Decem-
oer 26, 1873.

Hugo, hoo'go, (GuSTAV,) a German jurist, distin-
guished for his profound knowledge of Roman law, was
born at Lorrach, in Baden, in 1764. He studied at
Gottingen, and became professor of law in that city in
1792. His principal work, a "Manual of a Course of
Civil Law," consisting of seven volumes, with different
titles, ranks among the standard productions of modern
jurisprudence. Died at Gottingen in 1844.

See H. EYSSENHARDT, "Zur Erinnerung an G. Hugo," 1845.

Hu'go, (HERMAN,) a learned Jesuit, born at Brussels
m 1588, became chaplain to General Spinola. He was
the author of a treatise on the invention of letters, "De
prima Scribendi Origine," (1617,) and a few other works.
Died in 1629.

Hugo, (J. ABEL,) a French litterateur, brother of
Victor Hugo, was born about 1798. Among his works
"e "Picturesque France," (3 vols., 1833,) and "Military

France," a history of the French armies from 1792 tc
'^33, (5 vols., 1834.) Died in 1855.

Hugo, (JOSEPH LEOPOLD SIGISBERT,) a French gen-
eral and count, born at Nancy in 1774. After serving
Joseph Bonaparte as marshal of the palace at Naples,
he fought for him in Spain as general of brigade from
1809 to 1813, gained several victories, and was raised to
the rank of general of division. In 1823 he published
"Memoirs of General Hugo." Died in 1828.

See JULES NOLLKT-FABERT, " Le GcWral J. L. S. Hugo," 8vo,
1853; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne"rale."

Hugo.hii'go', (VICTOR MARIE,) VICOMTE, a celebrated
French lyric poet and novelist, a son of the preceding,
was born at Besan9on in 1802. His mother, Sophie
Trebuchet, was a Vendean royalist, with whose polit-
ical sentiments he sympathized in his youth. His first
poem, "On the Advantages of Study," (1817,) obtained
an honourable mention from the Academic Fran9aise.
He received prizes for several royalist odes in 1818, and
married Mdlle. Foucher in 1822. In the same year he
published the first volume of his "Odes and Ballads,"
which quickly raised him to the first rank among the
French poets of his time. He produced " Cromwell,"
a drama, (1827,) and a volume of odes, entitled "Les
Orientales," (1828,) remarkable for richness of imagina-
tion. The literati of France having ranged themselves
in two hostile schools, styled the Classic and the Ro-
mantic, Victor Hugo became the recognized chief of the
latter, formed mostly of young men. Of his dramas,
"Hernani" (first acted in 1830) and "Marion Delorme"
(1831) proved brilliant successes. Among his most suc-
cessful and popular works are "Notre Dame de Paris,"
a romance, (1831,) "Le Roi s'amuse," a drama, (1832,)
"Les Miserables," a novel, (1862,) "The Toilers of the
Sea," (1865,) and poems entitled "The Leaves of Au-
tumn," (" Les Feuilles d'Automne,") which, says a
French critic in the "Nouvelle Biographic Generate,"
"contain beauties of the first order." He was admitted
into the French Academy in 1841, and raised to the rank
of a peer in 1845. Hfi gave his cordial adhesion to the
republic of 1848, and was elected to the Constituent As-
sembly by the voters of Paris. He opposed Cavaignac,
and in 1849 joined the party of advanced democrats, of
whom he became a leader and distinguished orator. For
his opposition to the coup d'etat of December 2, 1851, he
was banished. He retired to the island of Guernsey, where
he resided until the fall of the empire, when he returned
to Paris. In 1871 he was elected to the National As-
sembly, but soon resigned his seat and went to Brussels.
He was expelled for his sympathy with the Communists
there, and again returned to Paris. During his exile he
published several works, among which are " Napoleon
the Little," (1852,) " Les Contemplations," poems, (1856,)
and "L'Homme qui rit," a romance, (1869,) translated
under the title of " By the King's Command." Among
his later works are "The Terrible Year," a poetical
record of scenes and incidents during the siege of Paris,
(1872,) "Ninety-Three," a romance, (1874,) "The Art
of being a Grandfather," (1877,) "The Pope," (1878,)
"Torquemada," (1882,) etc. Died May 22, 1885.

Hu-gp-li'nus, (or hoo-go-le'nus,) an Italian jurist and
legal writer, born at Bologna; died about 1233.

Hugtenburg. See HUCHTENBURGH.

Hugues Capet. See CAPET.

Huijgens. See HUYGENS.

HuUlard-BrehoUes, u-e'liR' bRi'ol', (J. I_ Ai
PHONSE,) a French antiquary, born in Paris in 1817,
published, with M. E. Ruelle, a " History of the Middle
Ages," (2 vols., 1843.) Died March 23, 1871.

Hulaku or Hulakoo. See HOOLAKOO.

Hulda. See HOLDA.

Huldericus. See HULDRICH.

Huldrich, hoolt'riK, [Lat HULDERI'CUS,] (JOHANN
JACOB,) a Swiss divine, born at Zurich in 1683, was a
professor of law in the university of that town. He
published a few religious works, and "Miscellanea Tigu-
rina," (3 vols., 1722.) Died in 1731.

Huliii or Hullin, ^ii'lax', (PIERRE AUGUSTIN,) a
French general, born in Paris in 1758. He became
general of brigade in 1804, commandant at Vienna in
1805, and in 1807 general of division. He had the chief

c as k; 5 as j; g hard; g as/; G, H, K.,pMural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2. th as in this.

xplanations, p. 23.)

HULL

1328

HUMBOLDT

command at Paris when the conspirator Malet made his
daring attempt in 1812, and was shot in the face by
Malet. He was banished in 1815. Died in 1841.

Hull, (EDWARD,) a geologist, born in Antrim, Ireland,
in 1829, published " Physical Geology and Geography
of Ireland," "Volcanoes, Past and Present," (1892,)
" Our Coal Resources at the Close of the Nineteenth
Century," (1897,) etc.

Hull, (ISAAC,) an American commodore, born in
Derby, Connecticut, in 1775. He distinguished himself
in the war with Tripoli, (1804-5,) was promoted to the
rank of captain in 1806, and at the commencement of the
war of 1812 was in command of the frigate Constitution.
In July of the same year, while cruising off New York,
he fell in with a British squadron, which pursued him in
hot chase for three days and nights, but which, by his
skill in seamanship, he managed to escape. On August
19 following, he captured, after a close action of thirty
minutes, the British frigate Guerriere, Captain Dacres,
with the loss of only fourteen in killed and wounded,
while that of the Guerriere was seventy-nine. This was
the first naval action after the declaration of war ; and
in acknowledgment of Captain Hull's distinguished ser-
vices Congress presented him with a gold medal. He
subsequently commanded the United States squadron
in the Pacific and in the Mediterranean. Died in Phila-
delphia in 1843.

Hull, (THOMAS,) an English actor and poet, born in
London in 1728, composed and altered numerous plays.
His most popular poem is "Richard Plantagenet,' a
legendary tale, (1774.) Died in 1808.

Hull, (WILLIAM,) an officer in the American Revolu-
rion, born in Derby, Connecticut, in 1753. He joined
the Revolutionary army at Cambridge at the head of a
company of volunteers in 1775. He took part in many
of the battles of the war, and for his gallant services in
conducting the expedition against Morrisiana he was
honoured with a vote of thanks by Congress. After the
war he became a major-general in the Massachusetts
militia, and in 1805 was appointed by Jefferson Governor
of the Territory of Michigan. On the breaking out of
the second war with Great Britain, in 1812, he was ap-
pointed to the command of the Northwestern army ; and
in August of the same year he surrendered with 2000
troops to the British under General Brock, at Detroit
For this act he was tried by court-martial, in 1814, and
sentenced to be shot President Madison approved the
sentence, but remitted its execution in consideration of
General Hull's age and services in the Revolution. He
published a defence of himself before the court-martial,
(1814.) Died in 1825.

Hullah, (JOHN PYKE,) an English composer and
popular teacher of music, was born in 1812. He com-
posed the music of Dickens's comic opera " The Vil-
lage Coquettes," (1836.) About 1840 he introduced a
new system of instruction in vocal music, which was
very successful. He was professor of vocal music in
King's College, London, from 1844 tc 1874. Died 1884.
Hullin. See HULIN.

Hfill'man'del, (CHARLES JOSEPH,) an excellent lith-
ographer, born in London in 1789. He made several
improvements in the art of lithography, and invented
the process of lithotint He published, in 1824, "The
Art of Drawing on Stone." Died in 1850.

Hullmarm or Huellmann, huVman, (KARL DIE-
TRICH,) a German historian and antiquary, born at Erde-
born in 1765, became a professor at Bonn. He published,
besides other works, a " History of the Origin of Ranks
or Orders (Stdndt) in Germany," (3 vols., 1808,) and a
" History of the Commerce of the Greeks," (1839.)
Died in 1846.

Hulls, (JONATHAN,) an English mechanician and in-
ventor, obtained in 1736 a patent for a "machine for
carrying ships out of, or into, any harbour against wind
and tide." This machine was to be moved by steam-
power, but failed because he did not use the proper
means to transfer the motion from the piston to the
axle.

Hulme, (F. EDWARD,) an art writer, born at
Hanley, in Staffordshire, in 1841. He became a pro-

fessor of drawing at King's College, London, and

Birth and Development of Ornament," (1893,) etc.
Hulot, /Sii'lo', (HENRI,) a French lawyer, born in
Paris in 1732, translated into French fifty books of Jus-
tinian's Pandects, (7 vols., 1803.) Died in 1775.

Hulse, hulss, (Rev. JOHN,) born at Middlewich, Eng-
land, in 1708, founded the Hulsean Lecture of the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, in which he had graduated. Died
in 1790.

Hulaemann, ho61'seh-man',(JOHANN,) a learned Ger-
man Lutheran divine, born at Essen in 1602, was professor
of divinity at Leipsic. Died in 1661.

Hulaius, hul'se-us, (ANTOON,) a Protestant scholar
and theologian, born in 1615, became professor of divinity
and Oriental languages at Leyden. Died in 1685.

Hulsius, (HENDRIK,) a theological writer, son of the
preceding, was born at Breda in 1654; died in 1723.

Hulst, van der, vtn der hulst, (PlETER,) a Dutch
painter, born at Dort in 1652, was successful in painting
flowers, fruits, etc. He studied or worked in Rome.
Died in 1708.

Hultsch, hSolch, (FRIEDRICH OTTO,) a German
Died in Phila- \ scholar, born at Dresden, July 22, 1833. He was edu-
cated at Leipsic. His chief work is " Greek and Roman
Metrology," (1862.) He also published critical editions
of several Greek authors, chiefly mathematical. His
edition of Pappus is of special importance, since more
than half of the text had never before been edited.

Hultz, hdolts, (JoHANN,) a German architect, of whom
; little is known. The completion of the great tower of
the cathedral of Cologne is ascribed to him. It was
finished in the first half of the fifteenth century.

Humann, /m'man', (JEAN GEORGES,) a French finan
cier, born at Strasburg in 1780, became minister of
finance in 1832 ; died in 1842.
Humayun. See HOOMAYOON.
Hum'bert I., (in Italian, TJmberto, oom-beR'to,)
King of Italy, was born March 14, 1844. He was the
son of King Victor Emmanuel and of Queen Adelaide
of Austria. At the battle of Custozza, in 1866, he acted
as a lieutenant-general. In 1868 he was married to his
cousin-german, Maria Margaret of Savoy, and in 1878
! became king. Though popular as a sovereign, he
was assassinated by an anarchist, July 29, 1900. He
was succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel III.

Humt>? rt, CARDINAL, an eminent French Benedic
tine monk, born in Burgundy ; died about 1063.

Humbert, /fcuN'baiR', (JEAN,) a Swiss Orientalist,
born at Geneva in 1792, published, besides other works,
an "Arabian Anthology," with French versions, (1819.)
Died in 1851.

Humbert, (JOSEPH AMAULE,) a French general, bom
of humble parents at Rouvray, in Lorraine, about 1760.
Having a fine figure, a pleasing address, and great au-
dacity, he was rapidly promoted, and in 1795, as general
i of brigade, served under Hoche against the Vendean
royalists. In 1798, as general of division, he commanded
the army of about 1500 men which invaded Ireland,
where, after gaining a victory over General Lake, he was
forced to surrender to Lord Cornwallis. In 1802 he was
employed in the expedition to Hayti under Leclerc, at
whose death he returned to France in company with
Pauline, the widow of Leclerc, and sister of Bonaparte.
By aspiring to her hand he offended the First Consul.
He consulted his safety by emigrating to the United
States, where he lived in obscurity. Died -.t New Or-
leans in 1823.

See THIKRS, "History of the French Revolution;" " Nouvelle
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Humboldt, hum'bolt, von, [Ger. pron. fon hoom'-
bolt,] (FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER,) BARON, au
illustrious German savant and traveller, born :i Berlin
on the I4th of September, 1769. He was a son of Major
von Humboldt, who served as adjutant or aide-de-ramp
to the Duke of Brunswick in the Seven Years' war. In
1786 he entered the University of Frankfort-on-;he-Oder,
where he studied natural science and political economy.

a, e, T, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon;

HUMBOLDT

1329

HUMBOLDT

He hecame a pupil of Heyne, Blumenbach, and Eich-
horn, at Gottingen, in 1788. In 1790 he travelled in
France, Holland, and England, and published a treatise
"On the Basalts of the Rhine." He studied mineralogy
under Werner at Freiberg in 1791, and was appointed
director-general of the mines of Anspach and Baireuth
in 1792. He published in 1792 a work on subterranean
plants, " Specimen Florae subterraneae Fribergensis." At
an early age he cherished a passion to visit far-distant and
unexplored regions of the globe. With this view he re-
signed his office about 1 796, and passed some time at Jena,
where he formed friendships with Goethe and Schiller.
His reputation way extended by a treatise " On the Irri-
tability of Muscles and Nervous Fibres," (1797.) Several
o>f his projects for undertaking a voyage of discovery
were frustrated by the wars that followed the French
Revolution. At length, in June, 1799, he joined Aime
Bonpland in a voyage to South America. They spent
about four years in the exploration of the northern
part of South America, especially those portions which
are drained by the Oronoco and the Rio Negro. They
ascended the Magdalena as far as they could by water,
and penetrated by land to Quito. In June, 1802, they
ascended Chimborazo to a point nineteen thousand feet
or more above the level of the sea, the highest point of
the Andes ewr reached by man. They passed nearly a
year in the exploration of Mexico, visited the United
States, and returned to Europe in July, 1804, with rich
collections of plants, animals, and minerals. Humboldt
became a resident of Paris, where he remained about
twenty years, the greater part of which he spent in digest-
ing and publishing the results of his observations. In
this task he was assisted by Bonpland, Cuvier, Olrmanns,
Arago, Kunth, and others. Between 1807 and 1817 they
published, in French, a "Journey to the Equinoctial
Regions of the New Continent," (3 vols.,) "Astronomical
Observations and Measurements by the Barometer," (2
vols., 1808-10,) a "View of the Cordilleras, and Monu-
ments of the Indigenous Peoples of America," (1810,) a
" Collection of Observations on Zoology and Compara-
tive Anatomy," (2 vols.,) a " Political Essay on the
Kingdom of New Spain," (2 vols., l8n,) and "General
Physics and Geology." He made an important con-
tribution to botanical geography by his Latin work " On
the Geographical Distribution of Plants according to
the Temperature and Altitude," (1817.) His botanical
collections were classed and described by S. Kunth in a
work entitled " Nova Genera et Species Plantarum quas
in Peregrinatione ad Plagam aequinoctialem Orbis novi
collegerunt A. Bonpland et A. de Humboldt," (7 vols.,
1815-25.) An English translation of his " Personal Nar-
rative of Travels" was made by Helen Maria Williams,
(5 vols., 1814-21.) In 1810 he was chosen a member of
(he French Institute in place of Cavendish. He removed
to Berlin in 1826, and received, with the title of coun-
cillor, many marks of royal favour. At the request of
Nicholas, Emperor of Russia, and at his expense, Hum-
boldt, Ehrenberg, and Rose made in 1829 a scientific
exploration of Asiatic Russia. Among the results of this
extensive expedition was an excellent work by Hum-
boldt, entitled " Central Asia : Researches on the Chains
of Mountains and the Comparative Climatology," (3
vols., 1843.) He was sent to Paris on several political
missions by the King of Prussia between 1830 and 1848.
He published a" Critical Examination of the Geography
of the New Continent," (5 vols., 1835-38.) When he
was more than seventy-four years old, he composed his
celebrated work entitled " Kosmos ; Entwurf einer phy-
sischen WcHbeschreibung," (" Cosmos ; Essay of a Phys-
ical Description of the Universe,") the first volume of
which appeared in 1845, and the fourth in 1858. "The
first volume," says the author, "contains a general view
of nature, from the remotest nebulae and revolving
double stars to the terrestrial phenomena of the geo-
graphical distribution of plants, of animals, and of races
of men, — preceded by some preliminary considerations
on the different degrees of enjoyment offered by the
study of nature and the knowledge of her laws, and or
the limits and method of a scientific exposition of the
physical description of the universe." "The author of
.the remarkable book before us," says the "Edinburgh

« as k : <; as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Y.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.

84

Review" for January, 1848, "is assuredly the person 11
all Europe best fitted to undertake and accomplish such
a work. Science has produced no man of more rich and
varied attainments, more versatile in genius, more inde-
fatigable in application to all kinds of learning, more
energetic in action, or more ardent in inquiry, and, we
may add, more entirely devoted to her cause in every
period of a long life. At every epoch of that life, from
a comparatively early age, he has been constantly before
the public, realizing the ideal conception of a perfect
traveller ; a character which calls for almost as great a
variety of excellences as these which go to realize Cicero's
idea of a perfect orator. . . . Above all things is neces-
sary :, genial and kindly temperament, which excites no
enmities, but, on the contrary, finds or makes friends
everywhere. No man in the ranks of science is more
distinguished for this last characteristic than Baron von
Humboldt. We believe that he has not an enemy."
The " Kosmos" has been translated into French by H.
Faye and Ch. Galusky, (1848-57,) and into English by
Mrs. Sabine. He received from the French government
the title of grand officer of the legion of honour, and
was a member of all the principal Academies of the
world. Among his other works is "Aspects of Nature,"
("Ansichten der Natur," 1808; 3d edition, 2 vols., 1849.)
He died in Berlin, May 6, 1859, in his ninetieth year.

See JULIETTE BAUER, " Lives of the Brothers Humboldt," Lon-
don, 1852: H. KLENCKB or KLETKK, "A. von Humboldt; ein oio-
graphisches Denkmal," 1853 ; Review of the " Kosmos" in the " Lon-
don Quarterly Review," vol. batvii. ; R. H. STODDARD, " Life of
Alexander von Humboldt," New York, 1859: AGASSII, "Eulogy on
Humboldt" in the "Living Age" for October J, 1869; PRUVS VAJ1
DER HOBVEN, " A- von Humboldt, Interpres Naturae," 1845 ; " Quar-
terly Review" for January and July, 1816, October, 1817, April, 1819,
July, 1821, December, 1845, and January, 1854 ; " Edinburgh Re-
view" for June, 1815 ; " Eraser's Magazine" for February, 1848.

Humboldt, von, (KARL WILHELM,) BARON, a cele-
brated German philologist and statesman, born at Pots-
dam on the 22d of June, 1767, was a brother of the
preceding. His early education was directed by Joachim
Campe, a distinguished philanthropist. About 1788 he
entered the University of Gottingen, where he studied
philology under G. Heyne. Among the intimate friends
of his youth was George Forster, the traveller. In July,
1789, he visited Paris, and hailed with enthusiasm the
advent of the new regime. He afterwards studied at
Jena, and there formed an intimate and lasting friendship
with the poet Schiller, who encouraged and directed him
in his literary pursuits. Humboldt became also the friend
and literary counsellor of Goethe. About 1791 he mar-
ried Caroline von Dachenroden. Among his early works
was an excellent " Essay on the Greeks," (1792.) In 1799
he produced an admirable critical essay on Goethe's
" Hermann and Dorothea," which established his repu-
tation as a critic. He was appointed minister to Rome
by the King of Prussia about 1802, and soon after that
date produced a poem entitled " Rome," (" Rom.") He
returned to Prussia in 1808, and was appointed minister
of public instruction about the end of that year. lie
took a prominent part in the foundation of the University
of Berlin. About iSiohe resigned his office, and was sent
as ambassador to Vienna. While thus employed in the
public service, he devoted his leisure time to the study of
languages, in many of which he was profoundly versed.
He acquired distinction as a diplomatist, and induced
Austria to join the coalition against Napoleon in August,
1813. He represented Prussia at the Conference of
Chatillon and the Congress of Vienna, 1814. Talley-
rand's opinion of him is said to have been expressed in
these words : " Europe does not possess three statesmen
of such power," ("L'Europe n'a pas trois hommes d'e"tat
de cette force.") He was sent as ambassador to London
about 1816, and was appointed minister and privy coun-
cillor at Berlin in 1819. He advocated a liberal constitu
tion, and, when he found that the king was determined to
adopt a reactionary policy, he resigned his office about
the end of 1819, after which he took no part in political
affairs. He composed numerous poems, the most of
which remained in manuscript until his death, and many
treatises on language, philology, etc. Among his prin-
cipal works are an " Essay on the New French Consti-
tution," (1792,) a metrical translation of the "Agamem-
non" of jEschylus, (1816,) which is highly commended,

ee Explanations, p. 23. ^

HUME

133°

HUME

" Researches on the Aborigines of Spain by Means of
the Basque Language," (1821,) and a " Memoir on Com-
parative Linguistic." He was one of the greatest philoso-
phers and critics of his time, and has been called the
creator of comparative philology. The interesting corre-
spondence between Schiller and Wilhelm von Humboldt
was published in 1830. In the latter part of his life he
devoted his attention to the study of the languages of
barbarous tribes of America and Asia. He died at
Tegel, near Berlin, April 8, 1835, leaving unfinished an
extensive and excellent work, entitled "On the Kawi
Language in the Island of Java," (" Ueber die Kawi
Sprache auf der Insel Java,") which was published in
1836. His works were collected and edited by his
brother Alexander, under the title of " Wilhelm von
Humboldts Gesammelte Werke," (4 vols., 1841-52.)

See GUSTAV SCHLBSIER, " Wiihelm von Humboldts Leben;'
KLENCKB, "W. von Humboldts Leben," (translated into English
by JULIBTTB BAUER in 1852;) SCHLBSIER, " Erinnerungen an Wil-
helm von Humboldt," 2 vols., 1843-45; ROBERT HAYM, "Wilhelm
von Humboldt Lebensbild und Charakteristik," 1856 : " Foreign
Quarterly Review" for January, 1842; "Quarterly Review" for
April, 1868.

Hume, (Rev. ABRAHAM,) an English antiquary, born
about 1815. He became incumbent of a parish in Liver-
pool about 1846, and distinguished himself as a promoler
of education. He wrote, besides other works, "The
Learned Societies and Printing-Clubs of the United
Kingdom," (1847.) Died in 1884.

Hume, (ALEXANDER,) a Scottish poet and minister,
born about 1560, preached at Logie. He published a
volume of " Hymns or Sacred Songs," which were ad-
mired, especially the " Day Estival." Died in 1609.

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."

Hume or Home, (DAVID,) of Godscroft, a Scottish
minister and writer, supposed to have been born about
1560. He preached some years in France. He wrote
some Latin poems, " Apologia Basilica," (" Apology or
Defence of the King," 1626.) and "The History of the
House and Race of Douglas and Angus," (1644.)

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen.

Hume, (DAVID,) an eminent English historian and
philosopher, born in Edinburgh on the 26th of April,
1711. He was a younger son of Joseph Hume or Home,
who, though related to the Earl of Home, was not
wealthy. In his Autobiography he says, " My studious
disposition, my sobriety, and my industry gave my family
a notion that the law was a proper profession for me ;
but I found an insurmountable aversion to everything
but the pursuits of philosophy and general learning ;
and, while they fancied I was poring upon Voet and
Vinnius, Cicero and Virgil were the authors which I
was secretly devouring." For the sake of economy, he
went to France in 1734 or 1735, and spent about two years
at Rheims and La Fleche, where he wrote his " Treatise
on Human Nature." This was published in London in
1738, but was treated with discouraging neglect He
says himself, " It fell from the press without reaching
such distinction as even to excite a murmur among the
zealots." Mackintosh calls this work " the first systematic
attack on all the principles of knowledge and belief, and
the most formidable, if universal skepticism could ever
be more than a mere exercise of ingenuity." He passed
several ensuing years in Scotland in his favourite studies,
and issued in 1742 the first part of his "Essays, Moral,
Political, and Literary," which was moderately successful.
These contain new, ingenious, and suggestive ideas on
commerce, political economy, and other subjects.

In 1746 he was appointee secretary to General Saint
Clair, with whom he passed two years on the continent
Returning to his brother's residence in Scotland, he

The latter of these was received with favour abroad and
at home, while the other was scarcely noticed. About
this time he commenced his most celebrated work, the
" History of England," the first volume of which (com-
prising the reigns of James I. and Charles I.) was pub-
lished in 1754. He describes its reception in these
terms: "I was assailed by one cry of reproach, disap-
probation, and even detestation : English, Scotch, and

Irish, Whig and Tory, churchman and sectary, free-
thinker and religionist, patriot and courtier, united their
rage against the man who had presumed to shed a gene-
rous tear for the fate of Charles I. and the Earl of Straf-
ford ; and after the first ebullitions of their fury were
over, what was still more mortifying, the book seemed
to sink into oblivion. Mr. Millar told me that in a
twelvemonth he sold only forty-five copies of it." The
subsequent volumes, however, were better appreciated,
and the whole work became very popular and raised
the author to affluence. The last volume was published
in 1761. His style is generally admired, as graceful,
natural, and perspicuous. But the value of his history
is materially lessened by his partiality and inaccuracy.
He was, as a skeptic, prejudiced against religion, and
in civil government was inclined to favour prerogative.
He is not profoundly versed in the philosophy of history,
or in the progressive development of the British con-
stitution. " He was far too indolent," says Alison, " tc
acquire the vast stores of facts indispensable for correct
generalization on the varied theatre of human affairs."
Macaulay compares him to "an accomplished advocate,
whose insidious candour only increases the effect of his
vast mass of sophistry."

Respecting his merits as a political economist, Lord
Brougham says, " Of the ' Political Discourses' it would
be difficult to speak in terms of too great commendation.
They combine almost every excellence which can belong
The great merit, however, of
originality." In 1763 Hurae
accepted the office of secretary to the Earl of Hertford,
ambassador to Paris, and having returned in 1766, much
delighted by the caresses of the Parisians, he was em-
ployed two years as under-secretary of state. In 1769 he
retired from office, and, with an income of j£ioooa year,
took up his residence in Edinburgh, where he died in Au-
gust, 1776. Besides the works above named, he wrote the
"Natural History of Religion," (1755,) and "Dialogues
concerning Natural Religion," (1783.) He was never
married. His personal character appears to have been
amiable and respectable on the score of morality. " The
Life of Mr. Hume, "says Mackintosh, "written by himself,
is remarkable above most, if not all, writings of that sort
for hitting the degree of interest between coldness and
egotism which becomes a modest man in speaking of
his private history. Few writers, whose opinions were
so obnoxious, have more perfectly escaped every per-
sonal imputation."

See HUMB'S "Autobiography," 1777; DAVID DALRYMPLB, " Life
of D. Hume," 1787 ; JOHN HILL BURTON, "Life and Correspond-
ence of D. Hume," 2 vols., 1846; T. E. RITCHIE, "Account of the
Life and Writings of D. Hume," 1807 ; MACKINTOSH, " Progress of
Ethical Philosophy," I vol. 8vo; BRENNER, "Das Genie des Herrn
Hume," etc, 1774; BROUGHAM, " Lives of Men of Letters of the
Time of George HI."

Hume, (DAVID,) an able Scottish lawyer, born in
1756, was a nephew of the preceding. He was professor
of Scottish law in the University of Edinburgh, and a
jaron of the court of exchequer. He wrote a valuable
legal text-book, entitled " Commentaries on the Law of
Scotland respecting the Description and Punishment of
Crimes," (1797.) Died in 1838.

Hume, (FERGUS,) an English novelist, born in

1896,) etc.

Hume, (GRIZEL.) See BAILLIE.

Hume, (HUGH CAMPBELL,) third Earl of Marchmont
x>m in 1708, was a grandson of Patrick, the first Earl.
He acted a prominent part in Parliament as an opponent
of Walpole, and was keeper of the great seal of Scot-
"and from 1764 to 1794. Died in 1794, without male
ssue.

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."

Hume, (JAMES DEACON,) an English financier, born
at Newington in 1774, obtained in 1790 a clerkship in the
London custom-house. Having given proof of ability
and energy in responsible positions, he was employed
in 1823 in the arduous task of simplifying and reducing
to order the multitude of discordant statutes by which
the transactions of the custom-house were complicated

a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, 4, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon;

HUME

HUND

and perplexed. For this important service he received
from government a present cf five thousand pounds, and
in 1829 he was appointed assistant secretary of the board
of trade. He resigned in 1840, and died in 1842.

Hume, (JOSEPH,) M.P., a British statesman of the
Radical partv, was born at Montrose, Scotland, in 1777.
Having studied surgery, he entered as surgeon the ser-
vice of the East India Company in 1797. He learned
the native languages of India, and, by combining the
functions of interpreter and paymaster with those of
army-surgeon, he acquired a handsome competence, and
returned home in 1808. By a careful study of the na-
tional resources and the condition of the people, he pre-
pared himself for the task of a legislator and reformer,
and entered Parliament in 1812. From 1818 to 1830 he
represented Montrose in Parliament, where he gained
great distinction by his industry and independence and
by his important services to the working-classes. He
was for many years pre-eminent in the House as a finan-
cial reformer and a sturdy opponent of monopolies and
high taxes. He declined political preferment on several
occasions, and continued to serve in the House of Com-
mons until his death, in 1855.

Hume, (MARTIN ANDREW,) an English historical
writer, born at London in 1847. He has published
"Chronicle of Henry VIII.," (1889,) "Courtships
of Queen Elizabeth," (1896,) "Spain: its Greatness
and Decay," (1898,) etc., and edited the "Calendar
of Spanish State Papers."

Hume, (Sir PATRICK,) Earl of Marchmont, a
Scottish patriot, was born in 1641. He was perse-
cuted in the reign of Charles II., and escaped to
Holland in 1684. Having returned in 1688, he was
made lord chancellor in 1696, and Earl of March-
mont. Died in 1724.

Hume, (PATRICK,) a Scottish critic, who taught school
in London. He published in 1695 " Annotations on Mil-
ton's Paradise Lost," which was the first attempt to
illustrate that author, and was commended by Bishop
Newtcn. His critical labours have been appropriated
by later commentators. According to "Biackwood's
Magazine," Hume is "the father of that style of com-
parative criticism which has been so much employed
during these later days in illustrating the works of our
great poet."

Humerus, hoo'ml-roos, (?) (LARS JOHANSSON,) a
Swedish poet, known as " Lucidor the Unfortunate,"
born in Stockholm about 1642. He was educated at
Upsala, where in 1668 he became a professor, but in 1669
he went to Stockholm and wrote verse for his living.
He was murdered August 13, 1674, "The Flowers of
Helicon" (" Helicons Blomster") is considered his poet-
ical monument, but his hymns are his best work. With
great faults of taste and style, he was by far the best
Swedish writer of his times. He is called " Lars Jo-
hansson" in many bibliographies.

Humes, humz, (THOMAS WILLIAM,) D.D., an Amer-
ican educator, born at Knoxville, Tennessee, April 22,
1815. He graduated at East Tennessee College in 1836,
held an Episcopalian rectorship, 1846-61, was president
of East Tennessee University, 1865-79, and of the Uni-
versity of Tennessee, 1879-83. Died January 16, 1892.

Humieres, d1, dii'me-aiR', (Louis de Crevant —
deh kReh-voN',) Due, a French general and courtier of
Louis XIV., was created marshal in 1668, and com-
manded the right wing at the victory of Cassel, in 1677.
He commanded the army in Flanders which was de-
feated by Waldeck in 1689. Died in 1694.

Hummel, hoom'mel, (joaANN ERDMANN,) a German
painter, born at Cassel about 1770. He worked in Ber-
lin, and became in 1809 professor of perspective, etc. in
the Royal Academy of that city. Died in 1827.

Hummel, hoom'mel, (JOHANN NEPOMUK,) an excel-
lent composer and pianist, born at Presburg, Hungary,
in 1778. About the age of eight he became a pupil of
Mozart in Vienna, and at the age of sixteen he was ac-
counted one of the rr.ost skilful performers in Germany.
He entered the service of Prince Esterhazy in 1803, and
became chapel-master to the King of Wurtemberg in

1816. He was chapel-master to the Duke of Weimar
from 1818 until his death, during which period he
performed with applause in London, Paris, and Saint
Petersburg. Among his best works are concertos and
sonatas for the piano. Died in 1837.

Sec Fins, " Biographic Universelle des Musiciens ;" " Nouvelle
Biographic Ge"nerale."

Hummelius, hoom-ma'le-us, or Hummel, (JOHANN,)
a German mathematician, born at Memmingen in 1518,
was professor at Leipsic. Died in 1562.

Hum'perdinck. (ENGELEERT,) a musical com-
poser, born at Siegberg, near Bonn, in 1854. His
musical fairy play, " Hansel und Gretel," (1893,)
was phenomenally successful. It was followed by
" Schneewittchen," "Die Lieben Geislein," etc.

Humphrey, hum'fre,* (HEMAN,) D.D., an American
divine, born in Simsbury, Connecticut, in 1779. He
graduated at Yale in 1805. He was six years minister
in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He became president of
Amherst College in 1823, and was succeeded in that
office by Dr. Edward Hitchcock in 1845, when he re-
moved to Pittsfield. He wrote several valuable works,
among which are a "Tour in France, Great Britain, and
Belgium," (2 vols., 1838,) " Domestic Education," (1840,)
and " Letters to a Son in the Ministry," (1845.) Died
in 1859.

Humphrey, hum'fre, (LAWLENCE,) an English Cal-
irinistic divine, born at Newport-Pagnel about 1527.
In 1555 he retired to Zurich to escape persecution, and
returned after the death of Queen Mary. He becime
professor of divinity in Oxford in 1560, and Dean of
Winchester in 1580. He published several able theo-
logical works. Died about 1590.

Humphreys, hum'frez,* (ANDREW A.,) an American
general, born at Philadelphia in 1810, graduated at West
Point in 1837. He served against the Seminole Indians
in Florida, and subsequently in the engineer department
of the army, and on the coast survey and the hydro-
graphic survey of the delta of the Mississippi. During
the civil war he held important positions in the Union
army, commanded a division at the battle of Gettysburg,
July 1-3, 1863, and a corps in the battles near Petersburg
in 1865. In 1866 he was appointed chief of engineers of
the army. Retired June 30, 1879 ; died Dec. 27, 1883.

Humphreys, (DAVID,) an American poet, born in
Derby, Connecticut, in 1753. He entered the army
about 1776, and became in 1780 a colonel and aide-de-
camp to General Washington. In 1784 he went to
Europe with Jefferson, as secretary of legation. He
a'ded Barlow and other poets in " The Anarchiad," and
wrote other works, among which are a " Poem on the
Happiness of America," and an " Address to the Armies
of the United States," (1772.) He was sent as ministei
to Portugal in 1790, and to Spain in 1797. Died in 1818.

See GRIS^VVOLD, "Poets and Poetry of America;" DUVCKINCK,
" Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. i. ; " National Portrait-
Gallery of Distinguished Americans." vol. ii.

Humphieys, hum'frez, (HENRY NOEL,) a British
antiquary and numismatist, born at Birmingham in 1810.
He published "The Coins of England," (1847,) "Ten
Centuries of Art," (1851,) etc. Died June 13, l&g.

Humphreys, (JAMES,) an eminent lawyer and juridi-
cal writer, born in Montgomeryshire, Wales. He pub-
lished a valuable work on "English Laws of Real
Property," (1820.) Died in 1830.

Humphreys or Humphrey, (PELHAM,) an English
composer and musician, born in 1647. He composed
anthems and songs. Died in 1674.

Hunauld, ^ii'no', (FRANjcis JOSEPH,) a learned
French physician, born at Chateaubriant in 1701, resided
in Paris. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences,
and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1730
he became professor of anatomy in the Jardin des Plantes.
He wrote dissertations on osteology, etc. Died in 1742-

See QuiRARD, " La France Litte'raire."

Hund, hoont, (WiGUL^EUS,) a German genealogist

* This name is pronounced differently in different parts of th»
United States : some families writing their names HUMPHREY or
HUMPHREYS always omit the initial h in pronunciation.

liislcr LU II1C JVIH^ Ol vv UI Lemuel g HI nUMrtinnra ctiw<iy:> uuiik me luiiioi n

\rd; gasro, H, K.,gufforal; N, nasal; R,trilltd; sasz; thasinMw. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.'

; 9as.r;

HUNDESHA GEN

HUNT

born in 1514, became aulic councillor at Munich in 1540.
Died in 1588.

See J. T. K8HLER, " Leben und Schriften Hunds," 1750.

Hundeshagen, hoon'des-ha'gen, QOUANN CHRIS-
TIAN,) a German writer on forests, was born at Hanau
in 1783. Among his works is an " Encyclopaedia of the
Science of Forests," (2 vols., 1821.) Died in 1834.

Hundeshagen, (KARL BERNHARD,) a theologian, son
of the preceding, was born in Hesse-Cassel in 1810. He
became professor at Heidelberg in 1847, and published
"German Protestantism: its Past and Present," (1846.)
In 1867 he became a professor at Bonn, where he died,
June 2, 1872.

Hundhorst See HONTHORST.
Hundt, hoont, (MAGNUS,) a German naturalist and
writer, born at Magdeburg in 1449. He taught physics
in the University of Leipsic. Died in 1519.

Hun'e-ric or Hun'n«j-ric, [Gr. 'Ovupiw,} second
King of the Vandals of Africa, was the eldest son of
Genseric, whom he succeeded in 447 A.D. ; hut he did
not inherit his father's abilities. He married the daugh-
ter of the emperor Valentinian III. His reign was
extremely cruel and tyrannical. As an Arian, he perse-
cuted the Catholics in particular. He died in 484, and
left three sons, of whom Hilderic was the eldest; but
Gondamond, a nephew of Huneric, was proclaimed his
successor.

See GIBBON, "Decline »nd Fall of the Roman Empire,'
Hunfalvy, (JOHN,) (in Hungarian, HUNFALVY JANOS,
hoon-folvye' yi'nosh,) a brother of Paul, noticed below,
was born at Gross-Schlagendorf, June 8, 1820. In 1846
he was made historical professor at Kasmark. His works
include " Universal History" and various books on Hun-
gary. In 1870 he was appointed professor of geography
in the University of Pesth. Died in 1888.

Hunfalvy, (PAUL,) (in Hungarian, HUNFALVY PAL,)
an eminent philologist, born at Nagy-Szalok, Hungary,
March 12, 1810. He was educated at Pesth, and in 1842
became law-professor at Kasmark. Among his publica-
tions are one on the Finnish language, entitled " Chresto.
mathia Fennica," (1861,) " Ethnography of the Magyars,'
(1876,) and many other works, chiefly relating to the non-
Aryan races and languages of Europe. Died in 1891.
Hun'gerford, (MARGARET WOLFE,) nee Hamil-
ton, an Irish novelist, born in 1855. Under the
pseudonym of The Duchess she published a large
number of novels of a light society character. Diec!
June 24, 1897.

Hu-m'a-deB or Hun'ya-dei, [Hun. HUNYADY
hoon'yody ; Fr. HUNIADE, h'u'ne-id',] (JOAN'NES COB-
VI'NUS,) a brave Hungarian general, who about 1440
was cliosen Vaivode of Transylvania. Soon after I^adis
laus. King of Poland, was killed at the battle of Varna
by the Turks, (1444,) Huniades was made captain-gen
eral of his army and Governor of Hungary. His chiel
exploit was the successful defence of Belgrade agains
Mahomet II., in 1456. He died of wounds received in
this action. His son, Matthias Corvinus, was electee
King of Hungary'.

Hun'nis, (WILLIAM,) chapel-master to Queen Eliza
beth, wrote several volumes of psalms and hymns, (pub-
lished from 1550 to 1588.)

Hunnius, hoon'ne-us, (^fccroius,) a Lutheran theo
logian, noted for intolerance, was born at Winnenden, in
Wurtemberg, in 1550. He was professor at Wittenberg
and wrote, besides other works, " Calvinus Judaizans,'
('593-) Died in l6°3-

Hunnius, (NlKOLAUS,) an able Lutheran theologian
•on of the preceding, was born at Marburg in 1585. H
was superintendent of all the churches of Lubeck frorr
1623 to 1643. He wrote against Popery, Calvinism, an
Socinianism. Died in 1643.

See L. HHLLHR. " N. Hunnius, sein Leben und Wirkcn," 1843.

Ilunold, hoo'nolt, (CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICK,) a Ger
man litilratntr, who wrote under the pseudonym o
MENANTES, born near Arnstadt in 1680. His work
include romances, tales, and poems. Died in 1721.

Hunt, (ALFRED WILLIAM,) an eminent English lane
scape-painter, born at Liverpool in 1830. He graduate

ith honours at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and
on great distinction as a follower of Turner and an
pponent of the naturalistic school of landscapists.
)ied May 3, 1896. His wife MARGARET, a daughter of
ames Raine, was bom at Durham in 1831. She wrote
isny novels, and made a translation of Grimm's " Tales"
ith the original notes.

Hunt, (ARABELLA,) an English musician and vocalist,
'ho taught singing to Princess (afterwards Queen) Anne.
Jne of Congreve's best-known noemr. was addressed to
•r. Died December 26, 1705.

Hunt, (EDWARD B.,) a.i American military engineer,
wrn in Livingston county, New York, in 1822. He
;raduated at West Point in 1845, was employed as
'ngineer on several forts and light-houses, invented a
ubmarine battery, and gained the rank of captain in
859. Died in 1863.

Hunt, (FREDERICK KNIGHT,) an English editor, born
n Buckinghamshire in 1814. After writing for the " II-
ustrated London News," etc., he was chief editor of the
London "Daily News" from 1851 until his death. He
wrote " The Book of Art," and " The Fourth Estate ; or,
Contributions to the History of Newspapers," etc., (1850.)
Died in 1854.

Hunt, (FREEMAN,) an editor, born in Quincy, Massa-
chusetts, in 1804. He became in 1839 the editor and
owner of the " Merchants' Magazine," issued monthly in
tf ew York. He published, besides other works, " Lives
of American Merchants," (2 vols., 1856.) Died in 1858.
Hunt, (GEORGE WARD,) an English pol'tician, born
.n 1825. He was elected a member of Parliament for
the county of Northampton in 1857, as a Conservative.
He was re-elected, and gained distinction by a bill to
counteract the cattle-plague of 1866. He became chan
cellor of the exchequer about March I, 1868, and re-
signed in December of that year. Died July 2S, 1877.

Hunt, (HARRIOT K.,) an American physician, born at
Boston, Massachusetts, in 1805. In 1835 she began to
practise medicine, but by reason of her sex could obtain
no medical degree until 1853, when she received the
doctorate from the Woman's Medical College of Phila-
delphia. She was noted as an able speaker on woman's
rights, health-reform, etc. Died January 2, 1875.

Hunt, (HENRY,) M.P., an English Radical, born in
Wiltshire in 1773, acquired popularity with his party by
his intrepid audacity and by his inflammatory harangues.
He often presided at the meetings against the corn-laws.
In 1820 he was arrested at Manchester, while addressing
a political meeting, and punished with a fine and several
years' imprisonment He was returned to Parliament
for Preston in 1831, defeating the Earl of Derby, his op-
ponent, and witnessed the triumph of the Reform bill,
for which he had toiled and suffered. Died in 1835.

Hunt, (ISAAC,) a native of the West Indies, was edu
cated in Philadelphia He took the royalist side in the
Revolution, rem»ved to England, and became a preacher
at Paddington about 1780. He published "The Right?
of Englishmen." He was the father of Leigh Hunt.

Hunt, (JAMES HENRY LEIGH,) a popular English
poet and littfratmr, born at So'ithgate, near London, in
1784, was the son of Isaac Hunt, noticed above, ami
Mary Shewell, of Philadelphia. He left school at the age
of fifteen, and acted as clerk in the War Office until 1808,
when he formed a partnership with his brother John
to issue "The Examiner," a journal of liberal politics,
which attained under his editorship a high reputation for
literary merit. In 1812 the brothers were condemned
to pay each a fine of five hundred pounds, and to be
imprisoned two ye.-.rs, for a satirical article in which the
prince-regent was styled an " Adonis of fifty." While
in prison, he wrote "Rimini," (1816,) one of his most
admired poems, "The Descent of Liberty," and "The
Feast of the Poets." At this period he was intimate with
Byron, Moore, Shelley, and Keats. From 1818 to 1822 he
edited " Th? Indicator," a series of periodical essays, ad-
mired for genial humour, easy style, and brilliant fancy.
In 1822 he was associated with Byron and Shelley as an
editor of " The Liberal," a political and literary journal ;
and for this object he resided with Byron in Pisa and
Genoa. But Shelley was drowned, Byron and Hunt
became estranged, and after the issue of four numbers

a. e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y. short: a, e, i, o, otiscure; fir. fill, fat; m8t; not; good; moon:

HUNT

1333

HUNTER

"The Liberal" was discontinued. Hunt returned to
England about 1824, and published "Recollections of
Byron," (1828,) which gave great offence to Byron's
friends. He was editor of "The Companion" and the

London Journal," and wrote for several periodicals.
Among the multifarious productions of his versatile
genius are a popular poem entitled " Captain Sword
and Captain Pen," (1835,) "Stories from the Italian
Poets," "Men, Women, and Books," (1847,) "Imagina-
tion and Fancy," and his "Autobiography," (3 vols.,
1850.) A pension of two hundred pounds was granted
him in 1847. Died August 28, 1859. Professor Wilson,
of Edinburgh, speaks of Hunt as " the most vivid of poets
and most cordial of critics." (" Recreations of Christo-
pher North.")

See his "Autobiography," 1850; HAZLITT, "Spirit of the Age,"
&nd his " Table- Talk ;" LORD JKFFRBV, critique in the " Edinburgh
Review" for June, »8i6, (vol. xxvi. ;) E. P. WHIPPLE, " Essays and
Reviews;" W. G ?FORD, critique in the "Quarterly Review" for
January, 1816, (vol. xiv. ;) " Brief Biographies," by SAMUBL SMILES.
For a full account of the writings of Leigh Hunt, see a " List of
the Writings of William Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt," by ALEXANDER
IRELAND, London, iSbS; "North British Review" for November,
1850, and November, 1860; "Quarterly Review" for January, 1816.

Hunt, (JEREMIAH,) an English dissenting minister,
born in London in 1678, preached for many years at
Pinners' Hall. Died in 1744.

Hunt, (LEIGH.) See HUNT, (JAMES HENRY LEIGH.)

Hunt, (RICHARD MORRIS,) a distinguished American
architect, born in Brattleborough, Vermont, October 31,
1829. He was several years in the Boston High School.
In 1842 he went to Europe, and studied architecture
in Paris and Geneva. He subsequently visited various
parts of Europe, and also Asia Minor and Egypt, for the
purpose of becoming better acquainted with the archi-
tecture of different countries. He was architect of
the Lenox Library, New York, the Naval Observatory,
Washington, the Administration Building at the Co-
lumbian Exposition of 1893, and other important
structures. Died July 31, 1895.

Hunt, (ROBERT,) an English author and philosopher,
born at Devonport in i8oy. His youth was passed in
poverty, from which he was relieved by William Allen,
the chemist, who procured him a situation in London,
In 1832 he opened a druggist's shop in Penzar.oe, naving
previously been a diligent student of chemistry and other
sciences. He published his discoveries of the chemical
action of the solar rays in an interesting work entitled
"Researches on Light," (1844,) and in 1849 he gave to
the world " The Poetry of Science." His " Panthea ; or.
The Spirit of Nature," (1849,) is designated by a writer
in the "North British Review" as "a work of a very
peculiar character, in which philosophy and poetry are
finely blended, and where great truths and noble senti-
ments are expressed in language full of beauty and elo-
quence." Among his later productions are " Elementary
Physics," (1851,) and "Memoirs of the Geological Sur-
vey of Great Britain," (1855.) He had a high reputation
as a lecturer on science. He was the editor of three
editions of Ure's " Dictionary of Arts," etc., and of the
supplementary volume published in 1878. Died in 1887.

Hunt, (THOMAS,) D.D., an English scholar, born in
1696, became in 1747 professor of Hebrew in Oxford
University. He wrote "Observations on the Book of
Proverbs." Died in 1774.

Hunt, (THOMAS STERRV,) a distinguished American
chemist and geologist, born in Norwich, Connecticut, in
1826. He studied medicine for some time in his native
town, and afterwards became assistant chemist to Pro-
fessor Silliman at Yale College. About 1847 he became
connected with the geological survey of Canada, and
professor of chemistry at Quebec. He was professor
of chemistry at McGill University 1862-68, and of
geology in the Massachusetts Institute 1872-78. He
contributed largely to the " Proceedings" of learned
institutions, and to the " American Journal of Science."
While acting as a juror to the International Exhibition
at Paris in 1855, Mr. Hunt had conferred on him the
cross of the Legion of Honour ; and in 1859 he was
elected an honorary member of the Royal Society of
London. Died February 12, 1892.

Hunt, (THORNTON,) an English journalist, the eldest
ion of Leigh Hunt, was born in 1810. He wrote, besides
other works, "The Foster-Brother," (1845.) Died 187^.

Hunt, (WILLIAM HENRY,) an English painter in water
colours, born in London in 1790. His subjects are simple
and homely, such as a " Peasant Boy" in various moods
and phases, a " Farm-House Beauty," flowers, fruits,
and other objects of still life. His works are admirable
for colouring and perfection of finish. Died in 1864.

Hunt, (WILLIAM HOLMAN,) an eminent historical
painter, one of the chief founders of the pre-Raphaelite
school of England, was born in London about 1827. He
began to exhibit at the Royal Academy in 1846. About
1850 he and several other artists assumed the name of
" Pre-Raphaelite Brethren," proposing to restore the art
of painting from the degenerate style of Raphael and his
coevals. His works are very minutely finished, and are
close imitations of nature. Among his master-pieces are
"Our English Coasts," (1853,) "The Awakening Con-
science," (1854,) "The Light of the World," (1854,) and
" The Shadow of Death," (1873.) " Hunt's ' Light of the
World,' "says Ruskin, "is, I believe, the most perfect
instance of expressional purpose with technical power
which the world has yet produced." Later works are
" The Triumph of the Innocents," (1885,) and " May
Day, Magdalen Tower," (1891.)

Hunt, (WILLIAM MORRIS,) an American artist, born
at Brattleborough, Vermont, in 1824. He entered Harvard
College in 1840, but left in his senior year for a tour in
Europe. He spent a winter in Italy and two years in Dus-
seldorf, after which he studied with Couture and Millet.
From 1855 to 1862 he painted at Newport, Rhode Island,
when he removed to Boston. In 1868 he opened an art
school for ladies. His studio was burned in the great fire
of 1872. In 1878 he painted two large pictures on the
walls of the Assembly Chamber at Albany, but his health
failed, and he died at the Isles of Shoals in 1879.

Hunter, (ANNE,) wife of the great surgeon John
Hunter, and sister of Sir Everard Home, was born in
Scotland in 1742. She wrote "My Mother bids me
braid my Hair," and other songs, set to music by Haydn,
Her poems, published in 1802, were praised by " Black-
wood's Magazine." Died in 1821.

Hunter, (CHRISTOPHER,) an English physician and
antiquary, born in Durham in 1675; died in 1757.

Hunt'er, (DAVID,) an American general, born in
Washington, District of Columbia, in 1802, graduated at
West Point in 1822. He became a colonel in May, 1861,
served in the battle of Bull Run, July 21, was appointed
a major-general of volunteers about August, and took
command of the army and department of Missouri in
November, 1861. About the 1st of April, 1862, he was
appointed commander of the army at Port Royal, or
Hilton Head. In May ensuing he issued an order that
the " persons heretofore held as slaves in South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida are declared forever free." This
order was annulled by the President as premature. He
was made brigadier-general and major-general in 1865,
and was retired July 31, 1866. Died February 2,
1886.

Hunter, (HENRY,) D.D., a Scottish divine and author,
born at Culross in 1741, was a man of superior talents.
From 1771 until his death he was pastor of a Scottish
church in London. He was the author of a popular work
styled "Sacred Biography," (1783-1802,) and translated
Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy," Saint-Pierre's
"Studies of Nature," and other French works. His
translation of Lavater, finely illustrated, sold for forty
guineas a copy. Died in 1802.

Hunter, (HUMPHREY,) a patriot of the Auerican
Revolution, born in Ireland in 1755. About 1760 his
widowed mother emigrated with her family to Mecklen
burg, North Carolina. He entered the Revolutionary
army in 1776, and rendered distinguished service at
the battle of Eutaw Springs. He was ordained in 1789,
and from 1805 till his death, in 1827, was pastor of the
Presbyterian church at Steele Creek, North Carolina.

Hunter, (JoHN,) an eminent British anatomist and
surgeon, born at Long Calderwood, near Glasgow, in
1728, was the youngest often children. After receiving

; 5 as*; gAarJ; gasy; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMw.

xplanations, p. 23.)

HUNTER

1334

HUNTING TON

I very defective education, he worked a few years with a
cabinet-maker in Glasgow. In 1748 he went to London,
where he was employed by his brother William as an
assistant in the dissection-room. Having pursued the
study of anatomy with ardour and remarkable success,
he was received in 1754 as a partner in his brother's
school, and lectured regularly for about five years. In
1760, for the sake of his health, he exchanged this em-
ployment for that of army-surgeon, and at the peace
of 1763 returned to London. In 1767 he was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and soon after surgeon of
Saint George's Hospital. He was eminent for surgical
skill, and acquired greater celebrity by his researches
in comparative anatomy, physiology, and natural history,
on which he wrote several treatises. His museum is said
to have cost .£70,000. Died in 1793. He is admitted
to be the greatest British anatomist of the eighteenth
century, and was noted for originality, independence,
and estimable moral qualities. Among his best works
are a " Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gun-
Shot Wounds," and another on "Certain Parts of the
Animal Economy."

See EVERARD HOME, "Life of John Hunter;" JESSB FOOTS,
"Lite of J. Hunter," 1794: JOSEPH ADAMS, " Memoirs of the Life
•nd Doctrines of J. Hunter," 1816; CHAMBERS. "Biographical
Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen;" "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne^-
.•ale."

Hunter, (JOHN,) a British naval officer, born at Leith
01 1738, obtained the rank of vice-admiral. Died in 1821.

Hunter, (JOHN,) a Scottish critic, born at Closebum
In r/47, was for many years professor of humanity in
Saint Andrew's, and published good editions of Horace,
0797.) Virgil, (1800,) and Juvenal, (1806.) Died in 1837.

Hunter, (JOHN KELSO,) a Scottish artist, born near
Dundonald, December 15, 1802. He was bred a shoe-
maker, but in spite of many discouragements won recog-
nition as a good painter, chiefly of portraits. He pub-
lished "Retrospect of an Artist's Life," (1868,) "Life-
Studies of Character," "Memorials of West-Country
Men and Manners," etc. Died February 3, 1873.

Hunter, (Rev. JOSEPH,) an English antiquary, born
at Sheffield in 1783. He was for many years minister
of a congregation of dissenters at Bath. He published
several valuable works, among which are a "History
and Topography of the Deanery of Doncaster," (2 vols.,
1828,) and " Illustrations of trie Life and Studies of
Shakspeare," (2 vols., 1845.) He was assistant keeper
of the public records. Died in 1861.

Hunter, (ROBERT,) an English officer and writer, was
appointed Governor of New York in 1710, and acted as
Governor of Jamaica from 1728 until his death. He
wrote a " Letter on Enthusiasm," ascribed to Swift and
Shaftesbuiy. Died in 1734.

Hunter, (ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO,) an Ameri-
can statesman, born in Essex county, Virginia, April 21,
1809. He graduated at the University of Virginia,
studied law, and commenced its practice in his native
town in 1830. He voted for Jackson in 1832, and was
e'.ected to the legislature of Virginia in 1833. He was
chosen a representative to Congress in 1837. His first
speech in this body was in favour of the independent
treasury and against a national bank. He also took
strong grounds in opposition to the protective policy of
Mr. Clay, and in all his subsequent career was an able
advocate of free trade. In 1839 he was chosen Speaker of
the House, and for his dignified and impartial discharge
of its duties received, at the close of the term, in 1841,
t unanimous vote of thanks. He favoured the election
of James K. Polk, and supported his policy with regard
to Texas and the tariff. The warehousing system, which
was first incorporated in the tariff bill, was originated
and drawn up by Mr. Hunter. He was elected in 1847
to the United States Senate, in which he served through
two full terms, and was elected for a third term ending
in 1865. He supported the Douglas Kansas-Nebraska
bill in 1854, and the admission of Kansas under the
Lecompton Constitution in 1858. He was secretary of
Btate of the Southern Confederacy from July, 1861, to
February, 1862, and was one of the two Senators who
represented Virginia in the Senate at Richmond from
February, 1862, to 1865. Died July 18, 1887.

Hunter, (WILLIAM,) a distinguished anatomist and

physician, born at Long Calderwood, near Glasgow, in
1718, was a brother of John Hunter, noticed above. He
received a liberal education in the University of Glasgow,
and formed a professional connection with Dr. Cullen,
who afterwards became so eminent as a medical writer.
In 1741 he removed to London, where he acquired a
high reputation as a lecturer on anatomy and a medical
practitioner. He formed a partnership with his brother
John in 1748. Having obtained a large and lucrative
practice, he was appointed in 1764 physician-extraordi-
nary to the queen. In 1767 he was chostn a Fellow of
the Royal Society, to whose " Transactions" he contrib-
uted. About 1770 he founded in London an anatomical
museum, to which were attached a classical library, and
a cabinet of rare medals, which cost ^20,000. The
most important of his publications is the " Anatomy of
the Gravid Uterus," (1774.) He died in 1783.

Hunter, (WILLIAM,) a British surgeon, born at Mont-
rose, was employed in the service of the East India
Company in Bengal. He published an " Account of
Pegu," (1785,) " Caverns near Bombay," a " Hindostanee
Dictionary," and several medical treatises. He was
eminent as an Orientalist, and from 1794 to 1808 was
secretary of the Asiatic Society. Died in 1815.

Hunter, (Sir WILLIAM WILSON,) a British pub-
licist, born July 15, 1840. He was educated at Glas-
gow, Paris, and Bonn, and was sent to India in the
civil service in 1862. He served with great honour
in Orissa during the famine of 1866, and in 1871 was
made director-general of statistics for India. Among
his works are "The Annals of Rural Bengal,"
"Orissa," "Statistical Account of Bengal," (20 vols.,
1876; prepared under his supervision,) "The Indian
Empire," (1882,) " Imperial Gazetteer of India,"
(1884,) "The Rulers of India," (edited 1890-95,)
and "The Old Missionary," (1895.)

Hunt'ing-dpn, (SELINA,) COUNTESS OF, an English
lady, eminent for her piety and munificence, was the
daughter of the Earl of Ferrers. Her maiden name was
SHIRLEY. She was born in I7o7,and in 1728 was married
to Theophilus Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon. After her
husband's death, about 1746, she lived in fellowship
with the Calvinistic Methodists, chose Whitefield for her
chaplain, and was noted for her zeal and devotion.
She founded at Trevecca a seminary for preachers, built
chapels, and spent large sums for religious purposes,
Her sect was known as the "Countess of Huntingdon's
Connection." Died in 1791.

Hunt'ing-fprd, (GEORGE ISAAC,) D.D., an English
theologian, born at Winchester in 1748. He was made
Bishop of Gloucester in 1802, and of Hereford in 1815.

painter, born in New York in 1816. He became about
1835 a pupil of Professor Morse at New York, and in

and historical subjects. He was elected president of the
National Academy of Design in 1862. Among his works
are " Lady Jane Grey and Feckenham in the Tower,"
and "Henry VIII. and Catherine Parr." He was
president of the National Academy of Design 1877-
91.

Huntington, (FREDERICK D.,) D.D., an American
divine and author, born in Hadley, Massachusetts, in
1819. He graduated at Amherst in 1839, studied divinity
at Cambridge, and from 1842 to 1855 was minister of the
South Congregational Church in Boston. He became
preacher and professor of Christian morals in Harvard
University. Formerly a Unitarian, he entered the Epis-
copal Church in 1859, and became Bishop of Central New
York in April, 1869. He published " Sermons for the
People," (1856,) "Sermons on the Christian Year,"
(1881,) and other works.

Huntington, (JEDEDIAH VINCENT,) an author, a
brother of Daniel, noticed above, was born in New York
in 1815. He became an Episcopalian priest about 1840,
and afterwards joined the Roman Catholic Church. H«

a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, J, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m8t; n&t; good; moon

HUNTING TON

'335

HUSKISSON

wrote, besides other works, Poems, (1843,) an^ "Lady
Alice," a novel, (1849.) Died March 10, 1862.

Huiitington, (ROBERT,) D.D., an English Orientalist,
born at Deerhurst in 1630. From 1670 to 1680 he was
chaplain to a factory at Aleppo, and collected many valu-
able manuscripts in the Levant. He was chosen Bishop
of Raphoe in 1701, and died in the same year. He wrote
a " Letter on the Porphyry Pillars in Egypt," (published
In the "Philosophical Transactions," No. 161.)

Huntington, (SAMUEL,) president of the American
Congress, was born in Windham, Connecticut, in 1732.
He distinguished himself in the Colonial Council of
1775 by his opposition to the aggressive policy of Great
Britain, and in 1776 took his seat in Congress and signed
the Declaration of Independence. In 1779 he succeeded
John Jay as president of the Congress of the Confedera-
tion, ana was again chosen to the same office in 1780.
He again served in Congress in 1783, and was shortly
after appointed chief justice of Connecticut In 1786 he
was elected Governor of the State, as the successor of
Roger Griswold. and was annually re-elected to the same
office till his death, in 1796.

See GOODRICH, " Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Inde-
pendence."

Huntington, (WILLIAM,) an English Methodist
preacher, born in Kent in 1744, was originally a poor
labourer. He became a popular preacher among the
Calvinistic Methodists in London, and published many
tracts and controversial works. Died in 1813.

See notice in the "Quarterly Review" far January, 1821, (by
OOUTHEY.)

Huut'ley, (ELIAS DEWITT,) D.D., LL.D., a Meth-
odist clergyman, born at Elmira, New York, April 19,
1844. He graduated at Geneva College in 1866, was
president of Lawrence University, 1879-83, and after-
wards was chosen chaplain of the United States Senate.

Hun'ton, (PHILIP,) an English nonconformist divine,
born in Hampshire, was appointed provost of Durham
College in 1657. He wrote a "Treatise on Monarchy,"
(1644,) which gave great offence to the High-Church
party. Died about 1682.

Hunts'man, (BENJAMIN,) an English artisan, born in
Lincolnshire 'in 1704, is said to have been the inventor
of cast steel. He lived in Sheffield. Died in 1776.

Hunyadea. See HUNIADES.

Hunyady. See HUNIADES.

Huot, Aii'o', (JEAN JACQUES NICOLAS,) a French
naturalist, born in Paris in 1 790, published a "Complete
Manual of Mineralogy," (2 vols., 1841,) and revised and
continued the " System of Universal Geography," which
Malte-Brun left unfinished. The last two volumes of
this were written by M. Huot Died in 1845.

Hupfeld, h<56p'i?lt, (HERMANN,) a German theolo-
gian and Orientalist, born at Marburg in 1796, became
professor of theology at Halle in 1843. He published,
besides other works, " De Vera Festorum apud Hebraeos
Ratione," (2 vols., 1852,) and a version of the Psalms,
(1855.) He was an excellent Hebrew scholar. Died at
Halle in April, 1866.

Huppazoli, oop-pad-zo'lee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian,
noted for longevity, born at Casal in 1587, was at one
time a merchant, and in 1669 was appointed Venetian
consul at Smyrna. He was abstemious in his habits,
and retained the use of his faculties to the last. Died
in 1702.

Hurault. See CHIVERNY.

Hurd, (RICHARD,) D.D., an eminent English writer
and critic, born at Congreve in 1720, was educated at
Cambridge, and became a friend of Warburton. He was
appointed Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1775. and
translated to the see of Worcester in 1781. The arch-
bishopric of Canterbury was offered to him, but was
declined. Among his works, which are very numerous
and able, are "Dialogues, Moral and Political," " Letters
on Chivalry," (1762,) "Commentary on Horace's Ars
Poetica," " Lectures on the Prophecies," and a " Life of
Warburton," (1794.) "Hurd has perhaps," says Hal-
lam, "the merit of being the first who, in this country,
aimed at philosophical criticism : he had great ingenuity,
a good deal of reading, and a facility in applying it ; but

he did not feel very deeply, was somewhat of a coxcomb,
and assumes a dogmatic arrogance which offends the
reader." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.1*)
Died in 1808.

See FRANCIS KILVERT, " Memoirs of Bishop Hurd," 1860; "Life
of R. Hurd," by himself, in an edition of his Works, 8 vols., 1811 1
"North British Review" for May, 1861.

Hur'dia, (Rev. JAMES,) an English poet, born In
Sussex in 1763, was a friend of the poet Cowper. In
1784 he became tutor to the Earl of Chichester's son,
and in 1793 professor of poetry at Oxford. He wrote
"The Village Curate," (1788,) "Sir Thomas More," a
tragedy, and other poems. Died in 1801.
See " Retrospective Review," vol. i.. 1820.
Hur6, /Sii'Ra', (CHARLES,) a French Jansenist writer,
born at Champigny-sur-Yonne in 1639, was for many
years an eminent professor of languages in the Univer-
sity of Paris. He published an approved " Dictionary
of the Bible." Died in 1717.

Huret, /m'r4', (GREGOIRE,) a French engraver, born
at Lyons in 1610. His work is easy and mellow, and
his heads expressive. Died in 1670.

Hurl'bert, (WILLIAM HENRY,) a journalist, born at
Charleston, South Carolina, July 3, 1827. He graduated
at Harvard College in 1847, and at the Harvard Divinity
School, was for a short time a Unitarian minister, and
afterwards studied in Germany and at the Dane Law
School. He became a journalist of New York, and for
many years was one of the editors of the " World"^iews-
paper. He published "Gan-Eden," (1854,) "General
McClellan and the Conduct of the War," (1864,) and
other works. Died in Italy, September 4, 1895.

Hurltmt, (STEPHEN A.,) an American general, born
at Charleston, South Carolina, about 1815, commanded
a division of General Grant's army at Shiloh, April 6-7,
1862. With the rank of major-general, he directed a
corps of General Sherman's army in the raid to Meridian
in February, 1864. Died March 28, 1882.

Hurl'stone,(FREDERiCK YEATES,) an English painter
of history and portraits, was born in London in 1801.
Soon after 1830 he joined the Society of British Artists,
of which he became president. Among his works are
" The Spanish Beauty" and " The Last Sigh of the Moor."
His portraits are much admired. Died in 1869.

Hurst, (JOHN FLETCHER,) D.D., LL.D., an American
Methodist bishop, born near Salem, Maryland, August
17, 1834. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1854,
studied divinity in Halle and Heidelberg, and in 1858
became a preacher. He had charge (1866-69) °f a
Methodist theological institution in Germany. In 1871
he became professor of historical theology in the theo-
logical seminary at Madison, New Jersey, and in 1873 was
appointed its president. He was elected a bishop in
1880, and chancellor of the American University in
1891. Among his numerous works are " History of
Rationalism," (1866,) " Outlines of Bible History,"
(1875,) "Outlines of Church History," (1878,) and
" History of the Reformation," (1884,) besides sev-
eral theological works translated from the German.

Hurtault, AuR'to', (MAXIMILIEN JOSEPH,) a French
architect, born at Huningue in 1765. He was appointed
architect of the Fontainebleau Palace, in which he re-
stored the gallery of Diana. Died in 1824.

Hurter, hooR'ter, (FRIEDRICH EMANUEL,) a German
historian, born at Schaffhausen in 1786, published a
"History of Pope Innocent III.," (4 vols., 1834-42,)
and a " History of the Emperor Ferdinand II. and his
Family," ( Eltern,) (9 vols., 1850-57.) Died in 1865.

Hus'bands, (HERMAN,) a native of Pennsylvania,
became a 'leader of the " Regulators" in North Carolina
in 1768, and fought against Governor Tryon in 1771
Died about 1794.

Huschke, hoosh'keh, (EMANUEL GOTTLIEB,) a Gei-
man philologist, born in 1761, published a good edition
of Tibullus, (1819,) and other works. Died in 1828.

Huschke, (GEORG PHILIPP EDUARD,) a German
jurist, born at Miinden in 1801, published "Studies on
Roman Law," (1830,) and other works. Died in 1886.

Hus'kls-spn, (WILLIAM,) an English statesman and
financier, born in Worcestershire in 1770, went to Paria

,- casj; ghard; gas/; G, H, Vi,guttural; N, nasal • R. trilled; sas0,' th as mthis. (JJ^=See Explanations, p. 2

HUSS

HUTCHINSON

lii 1 783, where he lived with one of his uncles and learned
the French language. Sympathizing with the Revolution,
oe was present at the storming of the Bastille, and he
became a prominent member of the "Socie'te de 1789."
In 1790 he was employed as secretary to Lord Gower,
then ambassador at Paris, with whom he returned
to England in 1792. Having attracted the favourable
notice of Pitt, he was appointed in 1795 under-secre-
tary in the department of war and the colonies, and the
next year was returned to Parliament for Morpeth. He
was secretary of the treasury from 1804 until the deitb
of Pitt, and again from 1807 until 1809, when, as a
friend of Canning, he resigned with him. In Parliament
he represented successively Harwich, Chichester, (18:2-
23,) and Liverpool, (1823-30.) He gained distinction
by his knowledge of finance and commerce, and by his
methodical and luminous reports. In 1823, under the
auspices of Canning, he became president of the board
of trade, treasurer of the navy, and a member of the
cabinet From the death of Canning (l82j) to 1829 he
acted as colonial secretary. In the latter part of his life
he inclined to the policy of the Liberal party in respect
to electoral reform, the corn-laws, and other restrictions
on commerce. He resigned in May, 1829, because he
differed from the Tory ministry. At'the opening of the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway he was killed by an
engine, September 15, 1830.

See " Speeches and Biography," by WRIGHT, 3 vols., 1831 : Wit
FBBDAN, Men I have known," London, 1866; "Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale."

Huss, (JOHN,) [Ger. JOHANN Huss, yo'hin hooss ; Lat
JOHAN'NES Huss,] a celebrated reformer of the Church,
was born at Husinec, (or Hussinetz,) in Southern Bohe-
mia, in 1369. Being appointed in 1402 preacher at the
Bethlehem Chapel in Prague, he became a zealous advo-
cate of the doctrines of Wickliffe, whereby he incurred
the censure of the Catholic clergy. As rector of the Uni-
versity of Prague, he had the works of Wickliffe trans-
lated into Bohemian ; but they were soon after burned by
order of Archbishop Sbinko. In 1412 he denounced the
papal bull issued by John XXIII. against Ladislaus,
King of Naples, and with his coadjutor, Jerome of Prague,
condemned the sale of indulgences. He was excommu-
nicated the next year, upon which he wrote his work " On
the Church," exposing the abuses of popery. Cited
before the Council of Constance in 1414, and provided
with a pass by the emperor Sigismund, he was arrested
on his arrival, and, as he adhered firmly to his opinions,
he was burned by order of the treacherous emperor.

See E*MILB DB BONNECHOSB, " Les ReTormateure avant la Re-
forme," a vols., 1847; " J. Huss et Hieronymi Pragensis Historia et
Monumenta," Nuremberg, 1558; J. COCHLBS, "Historia Hussi-
tarum," 1549: HODGSON, " Reformers and Martyrs," Philadelphia,
1867 ; AUGUST NKA.XDBR, " Ziige aus dem Leben des unvergesslichen
J. Huss," Berlin, 1819: WM. GIUIN, " Lives of John Wickliffe and
of the Most Eminent of his Disciples, Lord Cobham, J. Huss," etc.,
1765: GEORG LOMMBL, " J. Huss," 1847; HBLFKRT, " Huss und
Hieronymus von Prag," 1853; "North Ameri-an Review" for Octo-
ber, 1847, (by H. W. TORRBY.)

Hussein Pasha, hoos'sln' pi'shl', a famous Turkish
admiral, born about 1750, was a favourite of Selim III.,
who in 1789 appointed him capudan-pasha. He pos-
aessed superior talents, and served his master with fi-
delity in reforming the discipline and management of
the navy. He commanded the fleet which in i8ot co-
operated with the English against the French on the
coast of Egypt. Died in 1803.

Hussein' Pasha, (or Pacha,) last Dey of Algiers,
born at Smyrna about 1773. At the death of AH Pasha,
in 1818, he was proclaimed his successor. To avenge
an insult received by the French consul, the French
government sent in June, 1830, an army which, after
several days' fighting, forced Hussein to capitulate. He
•vas deposed, and died in 1838.

See A. NETTEMENT, " Histoire de la ConquSte d'Alger," 1857.
Htts'sey, (GILES,) an English painter, born in 1710,
studied in Italy, and settled in London in 1742. He
excelled in portraits, and attempted to apply to his art
the hypothesis of harmonic proportions. Died in 1788.
Husson, /fcii'soN', JEAN HONOR£ ARISTIDE,) a skil-
ful French sculptor, born in Paris in 1803. He gained
the grand prize of Rome in 1830. Among his works
are " Dante and Virgil," a bas-relief, (1836,) a statue of

Voltaire, (1839,) and a marble statue of " Haidee," (1850.)
Died in 1864.

Hu'stpn, (LORENZO Dow,) a Methodist minister, born
in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1820, preached in Kentucky, and
edited several papers.

Hutch'e-spn, [Lat HUTCHESO'NUS,] (FRANCIS,) a
metaphysician, born in the north of Ireland in 1694, was
educated at Glasgow, and was ordained as a Presbyterian
minister. While employed as principal of an academy
in Dublin, he published about 1725 an excellent work,
entitled an " Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of
Beauty and Virtue," which was followed by an " Essay
on the Passions and Affections," (1728.) In 1729 he was
appointed professor of moral philosophy iri the Uni-

r*\*.. nf f^}-*frtn*wt T°\taf1 \T\ till Htc fTTA^fr*»Ct ttK^rl^ "A

of the modern school of philosophy in Scotland." He
adopted the opinions of Lord Shaftesbury in moral philos-
ophy, and maintained that disinterested affections and a
distinct moral faculty are essential parts of human nature.

Hutch'ins, (CHARLES LEWIS,) an American clergy-
man, born at Concord, New Hampshire, August 5,
1838, graduated at Williams College in 1861, and at the
General Theological Seminary in New York. He be-
came a presbyter of the Episcopal Church, and in 1877,
1880, and 1883 was the secretary of its general conven-
tion. His church and Sunday-school hymnals and col-
lections of church music are widely known.

Hutch'ins, (Rev. JOHN,) born at Bradford-Peverel, in
England, in 1698, wrote the " History and Antiquities
of the County of Dorset" Died in 1773.

Hutch'ins, (THOMAS.) an American geographer, born
in Monmouth county, New Jersey, about 1735. He was
appointed geographer to the United States by Congress,
and published, besides other works, a " Topographical
Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
North Carolina," (I7?8.) Died in 1789.

Hutch'in-spn, (ANN,) a religious enthusiast, born in
Lincolnshire, England, about 1600. She was the wife of
William Hutchinson, whom she accompanied to Boston
in 1636. She taught many doctrines which were con-
demned as heretical by the Synod of 1637. Mrs. Hutchin-
son herself was banished, and in 1642 removed to what
is now Westchester county, New York. The next year
her house was set on fire by the Indians, and she and all
her family, consisting of sixteen persons, (except a child
taken captive,) either perished in the flames or were
killed by the savages.

See "Life of Anne Hatchinson," by GBORGB E. EU.IS, in
SrAKKs's " American Biography," voL n., ad series.

Hutchinson, (H. N.,) an English popular science
author, born at Chester in 1856. He published " Au-
tobiography of the Earth," (1890,) "Extinct Mon-
sters," (1892,) " Prehistoric Man and Beast," (1896,)
" Marriage Customs in Many Lands," (1897,) etc.

Hutchinson, (JOHN, )CoLONEL, an English Puritan
and regicide, born at Nottingham in 1616. In 1638 he
married Lucy Apsley. (See HUTCHINSON, LUCY.) In 1642
he obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army
of Parliament, and next year was appointed governor
of the town and castle of Nottingham, which he bravely
defended in a long siege against the royalists. He was one
of the judges who condemned Charles I., and afterwards
was a member of the council of state. He was hostile
to the government of Cromwell. After the restoration
he was included in the act of amnesty, but, on a ground-
less suspicion of a treasonable conspiracy, was confined
in the Tower and Sandown Castle from 1662 to his death
in 1664. His character was excellent, and free from the
austere errors to which the Puritans were mcst inclined.

See " Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson," by his wife, 1806.

Hutchinaon, (JOHN,) an English writer, born at
Spennithorne in 1674, was the founder of the Hntchin-
sonian or mystical school of biblical interpretation. He
was employed as steward by the Duke of Somerset, and
afterwards as his riding-purveyor. His first work, called
" Moses' Principia," was designed to refute the argu-
ments of Newton's " Principia." He published, also, a
" Treatise on Power, Essential and Mechanical," " Glory

i. e, 1, 5, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y; short; a, e, i, p, ohcurt ; ftr, fall, fit: m?t; not; good; moon:

HUTCHINSON

1337

BUTTON

or Gravity, Essential and Mechanical," " The Hebrew
Writings Complete," " Moses sine Principle," and other
works. His leading idea is that the Hebrew Scriptures
contain the elements of natural philosophy as well as
of religion. His views excited much controversy, and
were adopted by Bishop Home, Parkhurst, and other
eminent divines. Died in 1737.

See JULIUS BATES, "Defence of John Hutchinson's Teneta,"
1751 : FLOYD, " Bibliotheca Biographica."

Hutchiiison, (JOHN HELY,) an Irish statesman and
lawyer, born in 1715, resided in Dublin, and became
secretary of state. Died in 1794.

Hutchiiison, (JOHN HELY,) a British general, born
in 1757, was the second son of the preceding. He
entered the army in 1774. Having gained distinction in
the Irish rebellion, he was made major-general in 1796.
In 1800 he went to Egypt as second in command under
Sir Ralph Abercrombie. When the latter was killed, in
March, 1801, Hutchinson succeeded to the command,
and obliged the French army under Menou to capitulate
at Alexandria in the same year. He was rewarded for
these services by the title of Baron Hutchinson. In
1825, on the death of his brother, he inherited the title
of Earl of Donoughmore. Died in 1832.

Hutchinson, (LUCY,) an English authoress of great
merit, was the daughter of Sir Allan Apsley, lieutenant
of the Tower of London, in which Tower she was born
in 1620. She was married in 1638 to Colonel John
Hutchinson, noticed above, after having received a liberal
education. She shared the counsels and dangers of her
husband in the civil war, attended him in prison, and
wrote Memoirs of his life, (1806,) which are greatly
admired. " We have not often met with anything," says
Lord Jeffrey, " more interesting and curious than this
volume. ... It challenges our attention as containing an
accurate and luminous account of military and political
affairs from the hand of a woman, and as exhibiting the
most liberal and enlightened sentiments in the person
of a Puritan. The views which it opens into the char-
acter of the writer and the manners of the age will be to
many a still more powerful attraction."

See " Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen," by LOUISA S. Cos-
TBLLO, London, 1844; "Edinburgh Review" for October, 1808,
(vol. xiii. ;) "Monk's Contemporaries," by GUIZOT, London, 1865.

Hutchinson, (RICHARD HELY,) Earl of Dor.ough-
inore, born in Dublin in 1756, was the eldest son of John
H. Hutchinson, noticed above. He served in the army
during the Irish rebellion of 1798, and in 1800 was raised
to the peerage, as Earl of Donoughmore. In 1805 he
obtained the rank of major-general. In Parliament he
advocated with zeal and constancy the claims of the
Catholics. He was created a peer of the United King-
dom in 1821. Died in 1825.

Hutchinson, (ROGER,) an early English Reformer,
became Fellow of Saint John's College, Cambridge, in
1543. He left theological works, which were published
in 1842. Died in 1555.

Hutchinson, (THOMAS,) a royal governor of Massa-
chusetts, was born in Boston in 1711. He became a
judge of probate in 1752, and chief justice of Massachu-
setts in 1760. His course in relation to the Stamp Act
rendered him very unpopular. He succeeded Bernard
as governor in 1769, and pursued a policy which tended
to provoke a revolt in the colonies. When the tea was
brought to Boston in 1773, the inhabitants, in town-
meeting, resolved that it should not be landed, but be
returned to its owners. Hutchinson, however, refused to
grant the ships a pass. The result was the destruction
of the tea by citizens in the disguise of Indians. In 1 772,
Dr. Franklin, colonial agent in London, had sent over
to Massachusetts confidential letters written by Hut-
chinson to England, which showed that his whole policy
had been characterized by duplicity and evasion, — that,
professing to be the friend of the colony, he had secretly
advised the sending of troops to Boston, and other
obnoxious measures. He retired to England in 1774.
Died near London in 1780. His principal works are a
" History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from
1628 to 1749," (2 vols. 8vo, issued in 1764-67,) and a
" Collection of Original Papers relative to the History
of Massachusetts Bay," (1769.) The " North American

Review" calls his work " a mine of wealth to all future
historians and antiquaries." " It is written," says Kan-
croft, "with lively inquisitiveness and lawyer-like criti-
cism, though without a glimpse of the great truths which
were the mighty causes of the revolution he describes."

See ALLEN'S "American Biographical Dictionary."

Huth, hoot, (GEORG LEONHARD,) a German natu-
ralist, born at Nuremberg in 1705 ; died in 1761.

Hutin, H'tan', (CHARLES,) a French painter and
sculptor, born in Paris in 1715, worked mostly at Dres-
den, where he died in 1776.

Hutten, von, fon hoot'ten, [Lat HUTTE'NUS,] (Ub-
RICH,) a German poet and humanist, was born near Fulda
in 1488. He studied at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and
afterwards at Pavia, in Italy. About 1520 he repaired
to Mentz, where he published a succession of severe
attacks on the Roman clergy, and soon after became
acquainted with Luther, whose cause he openly espoused.
Owing to the persecution he now encountered, he was
obliged to take refuge in Switzerland, where he died in
1523. He possessed rare talents, but lacked discretion
and morality. He was probably one of the authors of
the famous " Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum," consisting
of satires on the monks and the clergy, (1516.)

SeeScHUBART, " Leben Ulrich von Hutten's," 1791; BURCKHARD,
" Commentarius de Fatis et Mentis Ulrici Hutteni," 1717-23;
STRAUSS, " Ulrich von Hutten," 1858 ; BAYLE, " Historical and Criti-
cal Dictionary;" WAGHNSEIL, "U. von Hutten nach seinem Leben,"
etc., 1823; ZELLER, " U. de Hutten, sa Vie, ses CEuvres, son Temps,"
Paris, 1849; GERVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen National- Lite-
ratur;" "Nouvelle Biographic Gi'ne'rale ;" " Fraser's Magazine"
for August, 1849.

Huttenus. See HUTTEN.

Hutter, hotit'ter, (ELIAS,) a German linguist, born at
Ulm about 1555. He published an edition of the Bible
in Hebrew, and a Polyglot Bible. Died about 1602.

Hutter, [Lat HUTTE'RUS,] (LEONHARD,) a German
theologian, a brother of the preceding, was boru at Ulm
in 1563. He was noted for his rigour and excessive zeal
for Lutheranism. He was professor of theology at Wit-
tenberg from 1596 until 1616. Among his numerous work*
is a " Compendium of Theological Subjects," (" Compen-
dium Locorum theologicorum," 1610.) Died in 1616.

See BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" J. G. NEU-
MANN, " Programme de Vita L. Hutteri," 1706.

Hutterus. See HUTTER.

Hut'tpn, (CHARLES,) LL.D., an eminent English
mathematician, born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1737,
was employed for some years as a teacher in his native
place. Here he published treatises on arithmetic and
mensuratioa From 1773 to 1806 he was professor of
mathematics in the Military Academy at Woolwich. In
1774 he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, which
he also served as foreign secretary and enriched with
able scientific memoirs. He acquired celebrity by nu-
merous works, among which are " Mathematical Tables,"
(1785,) " Elements of Conic Sections," a "Mathematical
and Philosophical Dictionary," (1795,) a "Course of
Mathematics," (1798,) etc. From 1804 to 1809 he assisted
Shaw and Pearson in abridging the " Philosophical Trans-
actions." He was eminent for benevolence, modesty,
and simplicity of character. In 1807 his services were
rewarded by a pension of ^500. Died in 1823.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ; ' " Gen-
tleman's Magazine" for 1823.

Hut'ton, (GEORGE CLARK,) D.D., a Scottish divine
of the United Presbyterian Church, was born at Perth,
May 16, 1825. He was trained at the University of
Edinburgh, and was ordained in 1851. Among his books
are "Law and Gospel," (1860,) "Divine Truth and its
Self- Evidence," (1853,) "The Rationale of Prayer,"
(1853,) etc.

Hut'tpn, (JAMES,) M.D., a philosopher and geologist,
distinguished as the author of the Plutonian theory of
geology, was born in Edinburgh in 1726. He gradu-
ated as M.D. at Leyden in 1749. About 1768 he became
again a resident of Edinburgh, where he published, be-
sides other works, a " Dissertation on the Philosophy
of Light, Heat, and Fire," (1794,) and "Theory of the
Earth," (1795.) His geological theory excited much
discussion and opposition, being attacked by Kirwan and
defended by Professor Playfair, who wrote "Illustra-

€ as k; v as s; g hard: g as/: G, H, ^guttural; N, tuual; R. trilled; szsz: th as in this, i J®=See Explanations, p. 2

HUTTON

1338

HUYSMAN

tions of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth," (1802.)
Died in 1797.

Hutton, ( LAURENCE,) an American author, born
at New York in 1843, engaged in authorship after
1871, and became literary editor of " Harper's Maga-
zine" in 1886. He published several works relating
to the stage, " Literary Landmarks of London," and
similar works upon other European cities, etc.

Hutton, (MATTHEW,) an English prelate, born in
1529, was made Bishop of Durham in 1589, and Arch-
bishop of York in 1594. He wrote a work on Predes-
tination. Died in 1605.

Hutton, (WILLIAM,) an English antiquary and authoi,
born of poor parents at Derby in 1723. He received a
defective education. At the age of fifty-six he commenced
his career as an author. His chief works are a " History
of Birmingham," (1781,) a "History of Derby," (1700,)
"Edgar and Elfrida," a poem, "The Roman Wall,"
(1801,) and an instructive volume of "Autobiography,"
(1816.) His daughter CATHERINE wrote " the Miser
Married," a novel. He died in 1815.

See his " Autobiography ;" " Pursuit of Knowledge ander DiflS
culties," vol. i.

Huv«, /m'vi', (JEAN JACQUES MARIE,) a French
architect, born at Versailles in 1783. He succeeded
Vignon as architect of the grand church La Madeleine,
which he finished. He was admitted into the Institute
in 1838. Died in 1852.

See CHARLES LENOKMAND, " Notice sur J. J. M. Huve," 1853.

Hux'ham, (JOHN,) an English physician, born at
Halberton' in 1694, studied under Boerhaave at Leyden,
and practised with success at Plymouth. He wrote
several popular books on medicine, one of which is an
"Essay on Fevers," (1750.) Died in 1768.

Hux'ley, (THOMAS HENRY,) F.R.S., an eminent
English physiologist and naturalist, born at Ealing,
Middlesex, in 1825. He was in his youth a surgeon
in the royal navy. About 1848 he produced a treatise
"On the Anatomy and Affinities of the Family of the
Medusae." He succeeded E. Forbes as professor of
palaeontology in the School of Mines about 1854, and
became professor of physiology at the Royal Institution.
Among his principal works is a " History of the Oceanic
Hydrozoa," (1857,) "Man's Place in Nature," (1863,)
" Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy,"
(1864,) " Protoplasm ; or, The Physical Basis of Life,"
(1869,) "Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews," (1870,)
"Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,"
(1871,) "Critiques and Addresses," (1873,) "American
Addresses," (1877,) and "Essays on Controverted
Questions," (1892.) In 1872 he was elected lord
rector of Aberdeen University, and in 1892 was made
a member of the privy council. Mr. Huxley was a
very popular lecturer, and stood in the foremost rank
among physiologists and naturalists. He favoured the
Darwinian theory. Died June 29, 1895.

Huydecoper, hoi'deh-ko'per, (BALTHASAR,) a Dutch
poet and excellent critic, born at Amsterdam in 1695.
He produced "Arsaces," (1722,) and three other trage-
dies, a good metrical version of the Satires, Epistles, and
"Ars Poetica" of Horace, (1737,) and other poems.
His " Essays, Philological and Poetical, or Observations
on Vondel's Dutch Version of Ovid's Metamorphoses,"
(1730,) are highly commended. "All that he has done
in this department," says the " Biographic Universelle,"
"is classical." Died in 1778.

Huygena or Huyghens, hi'gens, [Dutch pron. almost
hoi'Hens ; Lat. HUGE'NIUS,] (CHRISTIAN,) a celebrated
Dutch astronomer and geometer, born at the Hague,
April 14, 1629. He inherited the title of Lord of Zuy-
lichem. About the age of sixteen he went to Leyden,
where he studied law and mathematics under Vinnius
and Schooten. Soon after leaving the university, he
began to distinguish himself by his admirable scientific
discoveries and mechanical inventions. In 1651 he pub-
lished his "Theorems on the Quadrature of the Hyper-
bola," etc., and in 1656 discovered a satellite of Saturn
with a telescope of his own construction. In 1657 he
rendered important service to science and society by

improving the clock, being the first to apply the pendu-
lum to the measurement of time. Two years later he
published, in his " System of Saturn," a description of
Saturn's ring, which he had discovered with a telescope
of twenty-two feet focal length. These and other
successes had rendered him pre-eminent among the
contemporary savants and philosophers of all nations.
Newton was then a young student preparing to rival
or surpass him. The years 1660 and 1661 were passed
by Huygens in France and England. In 1663 he was
chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. From
1665 to 1681 he resided in Paris, whither Colbert had
invited him in order to add Mat to the newly-founded
Academy of Sciences. In this period he demonstrated
the law of the impact of bodies, (1669,) wrote an elegant
treatise on Dioptrics, and published his great work
entitled " Horologium Oscillatorium," (1673,) dedicated
to Louis XIV. Besides the theory of the pendulum,
this work contains several very important mechanical
discoveries, among which are the fact that the cycloid
is the curve all the arcs of which, measured from the
lowest point, are synchronous, and the theory (without
demonstration) of the centrifugal force in circular mo-
tion, by which he made a near approach to those laws
ol gravitation afterwards proved by Newton. He has
the credit of inventing the spiral spring which is used
to regulate the balance of watches, which invention was
also claimed by Hautefeuille. In 1681 Huygens returned
to Holland, where he spent some years in constructing
a planetarium, and telescopes of enormous dimensions,
one of which had a focal length of two hundred and ten
feet In 1690 appeared (in French) his "Treatise on the
Cause of Gravity," and a "Treatise on Light," which is
esteemed one of his greatest works. It contains argu-
ments in favour of the undulatory theory, which was first
proposed by him and is now generally adopted. Died
In 1695. He left a work styled " Cosmotheoros," (printed
in 1698,) in which he advances bold speculations or con-
jectures on the constitution of the planets, which he
believed to be inhabited. Huygens was never married.
He loved retirement, and maintained a good character
as a man. He kept up a friendly correspondence with
Leibnitz and Newton, the latter of whom called him
" Summus Hngenius."

See "Vita Hugenii," prefixed to his "Opera Varia," 1724 ; COM-
DORCKT, "filoge de Huygens;" ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine
Encyklopaedie ;" MONTUCLA, "Histoiredes Mathematiques ;" DB-
LAMEKE, "Histoire de I'Astronomie modeme;" P. H. PEERLKAMP,
"Annotatio in Vitam C. Hugenii." 1821; M. LBMANS, "Lebens-
beschrijving van C. Huiigens:" DR. F. HOEFER, article in the
"Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale."

Huygens or Huijgens, (CONSTANTIJN,) Seigneur of
Zuylichem, (or Zulichem,) born at the Hague in 1596, was
the father of the preceding. He acted with credit as
secretary to three successive princes of Orange, the last
of whom was William III. of England. He wrote Latin
epigrams, and other poetical performances, which were
received with favour. Died in 1687.

See his Autobiography, in verse, entitled " De Vita propria Ser-
mones;" BAYLI, " Historical and Critical Dictionary," (in Z ;) LONO-
FBI.LOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" SCHINKBL, " Bijdrage to.
de Kennis van net Karakter van C Huijgens," 1843; "Fraser'i
Magazine" for May, 1854.

Huyghens, Hoi'Hens, (GOMARUS,) a Dutch Roman
Catholic theologian, born in Brabant in 163 1 ; died in 1 702,

Huyn, hoo'in, (LuiSE,) a German writer, born at
Coblentz, November 6, 1843. Her works are mostly
religious (Roman Catholic) tales, written under the
pseudonym of M. LUDOLFF.

Huyot, Au'yo', (JEAN NICOLAS,) a French architect,
born in Paris in 1780. He passed several years in the
Levant, exploring the ruins of Ephesus, Thebes, Athens,
and other cities. Died in 1840.

Huysman, hois'man, sometimes written Housemau,
(CoRNELis,) an eminent Flemish landscape-painter, born
at Antwerp in 1648. He worked mostly at Malines,
(Mechlin.) His colouring is praised by Descamps, who
also observes that he had a great talent for painting
mountains. Among his works is " The Disciples Going
to Emmaus." Died in 1727.

Huysman or Houseman, (JACOB,) a Flemish paintet
of history and portraits, born at Antwerp in 1656 ; died
in London in 1696.

a, e, I, o, u, y, long: 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; far, fall, fit; mJt; n6t; good; m<5on

TUDMAS HKNRY HUXLEY.

HUYSUM

1339

HYDER-ALEE

Huysum, van, vjn hoi'sum, (JACOB,) brother of Jan,
noticed below, was born at Amsterdam about 1680. He
excelled in flower-painting, and copied several of his
brother's works with accuracy. Died in London in 1740.

Another brother, JUSTUS, born in 1684, excelled in
battle-pieces, but died prematurely in 1706.

Huyautn, van, (JAN,) a celebrated Dutch painter,
born in Amsterdam in 1682, was a pupil of his father,
Justus. His favourite subjects were flowers and fruits,
in which he is thought to be unrivalled. His works unite
tasteful composition, richness and harmony of colour,
freedom of touch, and exquisite finish. His pictures
were often adorned with insects, dew-drops, birds' nests,
ttc. He had a peculiar art of preparing his colours,
which he always kept secret. Died in 1749.

Huysum, van, (JUSTUS,) THE OLD, a Dutch land-
scape-painter, born at Amsterdam in 1659, was the father
of the preceding. Died in 1716.

Hazard, M'ziR', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a noted French
veterinary physician, born in Paris in 1755. was a member
of the Institute. He wrote numerous able and popular
works on the veterinary art and rural economy, and he
had collected a library of forty thousand volumes per-
taining to his speciality. Died in 1839.

See PARISET, " filoge de Huzard ;" BARON SILVESTRH, " Notice
•ur Huzard."

Hvergelmir. See NIDHOGG.

Hvitfeld, hvit'feld, (ARILD,) a Danish historian,
born in 1 549. In 1 586 he attained the dignity of senator,
and afterwards was chancellor of the kingdom. He wrote
a "Chronicle of the Kingdom of Denmark," which is
considered authentic. Died in 1609.

See KRAFT og NYHRUP, " Litteraturlexicon for Danemark."

Hwiid, hweed, (ANDREAS CHRISTIAN,) a Danish critic,
born at Copenhagen in 1749, was educated for the church,
and was skilled in Oriental languages. He published a
" Life of Cyrus the Great and the Younger," and several
commentaries on Scripture. Died in 1788.

Hyacinthe. See HYACINTHUS.

Hyacinthe, e'i'saNt', (CHARLES LOYSON,) PERE, an
eminent French pulpit orator, born at Orleans about
1828. He became a Carmelite monk, preached for some
time in Lyons, and removed about 1865 to Paris, where
his conferences in the church of Notre-Dame attracted
much attention. In September, 1869, he published, in
a letter to the general of his order, a protest against the
ultramontane doctrines and practices of the Roman
Church, called forth by the Encyclical letter by which
the pope had convened a general council. This protest
caused a great commotion in the religious world, and
drew down upon its author the major excommunication.
In 1871 he was a member of the Old Catholic Congress
at Geneva, of which Dollingerwas the chief, and in Sep-
tember, 1872, he was married in London. In 1873 he
became curate of the Old Catholic Church in Geneva,
but resigned in 1874, when he went to Paris and estab-
lished there the Gallican Church.

Hy-a-cin'thus, [Gr. '"fwaveof; Fr. HYACINTHE, e'i'-
saNt',] a beautiful Spartan youth, beloved by Apollo, by
whom he was accidentally killed in a game of discus.
The poets feigned that Apollo changed him into the
flower called Hyacinth.

Hy'a-dei, [Gr. 'Yo<5ec,] Anglicised as HY'ADS, nymphs
of classic mythology, and daughters of Atlas. According
to the poetic legend, they were changed into stars, and
now form part of the constellation of Taurus. When
they rose and set with the sun, it was regarded as a sign
of rainy weather.

Hy'att, (ALPHEUS,) JR., an American naturalist, born
at Washington, D.C., April 5, 1838, studied at the
Maryland Military Academy, at Yale College, and at the
Scientific School of Cambridge, Massachusetts, where
he graduated in 1862. In 1881 he became professor of
zoology and palaeontology in the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. His principal works are " Memoirs on
the Pol yzoa," (1868,) and "Guides for Science Teaching,"
besides many important scientific papers. His special
studies have been upon the lower forms of animal life.

Hy'att, (JOHN,) a Calvinistic Methodist preacher,
born in 1767, officiated in the Tabernacle, London. He
published several volumes of sermons. Died in 1826.

Hyb're-as, [TfSptof,] an eminent Greek orator, a
native of Caria, flourished about 40 B.c,

Hyde, (ANNE,) a daughter of Lord Clarendon, was
born in 1637. She was married about 1660 to the Duke
of York, afterwards James II. She was the mother of
Queen Mary and Queen Anne. Died in 1671.

See " Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen," by LOUISA STIABT

COSTHLLO.

Hyde, (EDWARD.) See CLARENDON, EARL OF.

Hyde, (HENRY.) See CLARENDON, EARL OF.

Hyde, (LAWRENCE,) M.P., son of Sir Nicholas Hyde,
distinguished himself by his successful efforts in pro
moling the escape of Charles II. after the battle of Wor-
cester. The king passed one night in the house of
Lawrence Hyde's tenant, and thence was conducted by
Hyde to the sea-shore. Died in 1682.

Hyde, (LAWRENCE,) first Earl of Rochester, was the
second son of Edward, Earl of Clarendon. He was
in ultra Tory, and was the leader of the High-Church
party in the reign of Charles II. He became first com-
missioner of the treasury in 1679. At the accession
of James II., in 1685, he was appointed lord treasurer,
(prime minister.) Though extremely subservient to the
policy of the king, he was removed from office in Decem-
ber, 1686, because he would not turn Roman Catholic.
After the flight of James II., Hyde gave his adhesion to
William III. Died in 1711.

See MACAULAY, " History of England," vol. i. chaps, ii. and iv.,
»ol. ii. chaps, vi., ix., and x.

Hyde, (Sir NICHOLAS,) an English judge, born in
1572, was the father of Lawrence Hyde, and uncle of the
first Earl of Clarendon. He was appointed chief justice
of the king's bench in 1626, and presided when Sir John
Eliot was unjustly condemned to prison. Died in 1631.

Hyde, (THOMAS,) D.D., a learned English divine, born
In Shropshire in 1636, became Archdeacon of Gloucestei
in 1678, professor of Arabic at Oxford in 1691, and regius
professor of Hebrew in 1697. He excelled in Oriental
languages, and was interpreter of the same to Charles
II., James II., and William III. From 1665 to 1701 he
was principal librarian of the Bodleian Library. He pub-
lisheda treatise on Chinese weights and measures, (1688,)
and one on "Oriental Games," (1694.) His principal
work, a " History of the Religion of the Ancient Per-
sians and Magi," in Latin, (1700,) displays a vast erudi-
tion, and for a long time had a great reputation. " The
variety and novelty of its contents," says Hallam, "gave
this book a credit which in some degree it preserves;
but Hyde was ignorant of the ancient language of Persia,
and is said to have been often misled by Mohammedan
authorities." ("Introduction to the Literature of Eu-
rope.") He wrote other works, and compiled dictiona-
ries of the Persian and Turkish languages. Died in 1703.

See " Biographia Britannica ;" WOOD, " Athena; Oxonienses."

Hyde de Neuville, hed deh nuh'vel', (JEAN GUIL-
LAUME,) a French politician, born in the department of
Nievre in 1776. He was an active royalist during the
republic and the empire. After the restoration he acted
with the ultra royalists as a deputy in 1815, and was
minister to the United States of North America from 1816
to 1821. He was minister of the marine in the Mar-
tignac cabinet for a short time in 1828. Died in 1857.

Hyder, the German of HYDRA, which see.

Hyder-Alee or Hyder- Ali, hl'der S'lee, [sometimes
written, in French, HAIDER-ALI,] a celebrated Hindoo
prince, born about 1718, entered the army of the Rajah
of Mysore. His military talents procured his promotion
to the command of an army, with which he captured Ban-
galore and fought against the Mahrattas. About 1759, by
a bold and successful coup tfttat, he obtained the chief
power in Mysore, leaving his former master the title of
rajah and a pension. The English, alarmed by his en-
croachments, formed a league with the Mahrattas against
him, (1766.) In the war that ensued, Hyder gained such
advantages that the English sued for peace and entered
into alliance with him, (1769.) In 1771 he was defeated
by the piratical Mahrattas, the English having failed
to aid him according to the treaty. Having made an
alliance with the French and the Mahrattas against the
English, he suddenly invaded the Carnatic in 1780, took
several fortresses, defeated some detachments, and rav-

f. as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Vi, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.

Explanations, p. 23. <

HYDRA

1340

HYPERIUS

«ged the country almost to the walls of Madras. In
1782 he was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at Porto Novo,
and died in the same year, leaving his throne to his son,
Tippoo Sahib. Hyder was a Mussulman. He is reputed
the most able enemy the British have had to contend
with in India.

See MF.HK HUSSKIN ALI KHAN K.IRMAIN, " History of Hyder Ah','

d'Hvder

'i Chute de i'Empirede Mysore," etc, 2 vols.. 1801.

Hy'dra, [Gr. T6pa; Fr. HYDRE, edR ; Ger. HYDER,
nee'der; It. IDRA, ee'dRa,] a monster which infested the
Lernean marsh and was destroyed by Hercules. It was
said to have had nine heads. (See HERCULES.)

Hydre. See HYDRA.

Hy-ge'ia or Hy-gl-ei'a, [Gr. "Tyicui; Fr. HYGIE,
e'zhe', or H'YGEE, e'zhi',] written also Hygea or Hygia,
the goddess of health, in Greek mythology, said to be the
daughter of Asclepias. She was represented as holding
a cup in one hand, and in the other a serpent, drinking
from the cup.

Hygie or Hyg6e. See HYGEIA.

Hy-gi'nus [Fr. HYGIN, e'zhiN'] became Bishop of
Rome in 138 A.D., and died in. 142. He is supposed to
have been a Greek.

Hy-gi'nus or Higinus, (CAius JULIUS,) a Roman
grammarian, born in Spain or Alexandria. Originally
a slave, he was set free by Augustus Cxsar, who gave
him charge of the Palatine Library. He wrote a " Com-
mentary on Virgil," and other esteemed works, which
are lost Other works bearing his name are extant, viz.,
" Mythological Fables," and " Poeticon Astronomicon,"
but are supposed to have been written by a Hyginus
who lived at a later date.

See BUNTB, " Dissertatio de C. J. Hygini Vitt et Scriptii," 1846

Hyksos. See SHEPHERD KINGS.

Hylander, hii-lan'der, (ANDERS,) a Swedish Orien-
talist, born at Tunhem in 1750; died in 1830.

Hylaret, yie'Ii'r^', (MAURICE,) a French monk and
preacher, born at Angouleme in 1539, was a partisan ol
the League. Died in 1591.

Hy'las, [Gr. TfAof,] a favourite of Hercules, whom he
accompanied in the A rgonautic expedition. The Naiads,
enamoured with his beauty, drew him into the water, so
that he was lost to Hercules forever.

Hyll, hil, (?) (ALBAN,) an English physician, who prac-
tised in London with a high reputation. He wrote a
"Commentary on Galen." Died in 1559.

Hyl'lus, [Gr. T/Uof,] a son of Hercules and Dejanira,
was persecuted by Eurystheus, and after the death of
his father was the leader of the Heracli'dae. Aided by
the Athenians, he invaded Peloponnesus, and defeated
Eurystheus, whom he killed with his own hand.

Hy'mgn or Hy meuaeus, him-e-nee'us, [Gr. '"tuiiv or
"T/ievawf ; Fr. HYMEN, e'men', or HYMENEE, e'ma'ni',]
the god of marriage of the Greeks and Romans, was
represented as a handsome youth, crowned with flowers,
and holding a nuptial torch in his hand. According to
one tradition, he was a son of Apollo and one of the
Muses. Another account makes him the son of Bac-
chus and Venus.

Hymir, hl'mir, written also Eymer, [supposed to be
derived from Autnr, the " sea,"] the name of a great giant
mentioned in the Norse mythology as the owner of a
huge kettle, a mile deep, which Thor carried off, having
nrst placed it over his head, so that he was entirely
hidden by it. It was the same giant with whom Thor
went a fishing and caught the World-serpent

See THORPH, " Northern Mythology," vol. i. ; MALLET, " North-
ern Antiouities," vol. ii. Fable XXVII

Hy m'nl-a, [Gr. "fpiia ; Fr. HYMNIE, em'ne',] a sur-
name of Diana, under which she was worshipped in
Arcadia.

Hymnie. See HYMNIA.

Hynd'fprd, (JOHN CARMICHAEL,) EARL OF, a Scot-
tish diplomatist, born in 1701. In 1741 he was employed
with credit as ambassador to the Prussian court, and
in 1744 was sent in the same capacity to Russia. After
successful efforts to terminate the war of the Austrian
succession by a treaty of peace, he acted as envoy to

Vienna in 1752. In 1764 he was appointed lord vice-
admiral of Scotland. He died in 1767.

Hyiid'man, (HENRY MAYERS,) an English social-
ist, born in 1842. He wrote "England for All,"
(iS8i,) "Historic Bases of Socialism in England,"
(1883,) "The Indian Famine," (1887,) "The Com-
mercial Crises of the Nineteenth Century," (1892,) etc.

Hyne, (CHARLES JOHN CUTCLIFFE,) an English
novelist, born at Bibury in 1866. His works include
"The New Eden," (1892,) "Honour of Thieves,"
(1895,) "The Adventures of Captain Kettle," (1898,)
"Through Arctic Lapland," (1898,) etc.

Hyp.itia, hl-pa'sh^-a, [Gr. Tirana; Fr. HYPATIE,
e'pi'te',) a celebrated female philosopher and mathema-
tician, born at Alexandria in the latter part of the fourth
century. She was the daughter of Theon, and displayed
even greater talents than this famous mathematician in
the study of philosophy and the sciences. She pursued
her studies with great assiduity, often studying late in the
night. After having improved herself by travelling and
attending lectures at Athens of the most distinguished
teachers of philosophy, she returned to Alexandria,
where she was invited by the magistrates of the city
to tench philosophy. She favoured the Neo-Platonic
philosophy. She had many celebrated disciples, some
of whom embraced Christianity and cherished through
life feelings of friendship for her, although she con-
tinued to worship the heathen deities of Greece. She
was noted for her virtue, her beauty, her simplicity of
dress, her accomplishments, and her strength of mind.
Orestes, the prefect of Alexandria, admired her wisdom,
and often availed himself of her counsels. Cyril, the
Christian patriarch, and his fanatical monks, appear to
have regarded Hypatia as the principal supporter of the
old religion ; and at last their frenzy reached such a point
that they tore her from her chariot as she was going to
her school, and murdered her. This occurred in March,
415 A.D. The works of Hypatia were destroyed when
the Mohammedans burned the library of Alexandria.
Among these were a "Commentary on Diophantus,"
an "Astronomical Canon," and a "Commentary on the
Conies of Apollonius of Perga." The titles of all her
other works are lost

See TILLBMONT, " Me"moires ;" WBRNSDORP, " Quatre Disserta-
tions sur Hypatie :" CHARLES KINGSLEY'S historical romance entitled
" Hypatia."

Hy'per-bo're-ans, a fabled race whom the Greeks
placed (as their name indicates) in the far North, " beyond
the North wind." They enjoyed perpetual youth, and
lived in an earthly paradise separated from the rest of
the world by the Khipean Mountains.

Hyp6ride. See HYPERIDES.

Hy-per-i'deS, [Gr. 'YnrpciAiK or "fmpifyf ; Fr. HYP<-
RIDE, e'pi'red',] a famous Athenian orator, was the
son of Glaucippus, and a pupil of Plato. He was iden-
tified with the party that opposed Philip of Macedon.
After the battle of Chaerone a, (338 B.C.,) he proposed
to recall the exiles, to liberate the slaves, and to take
other vigorous measures, which were adopted, and pro-
cured peace on favourable terms. Having refused to
touch the gold with which Harpalus corrupted other
orators of Athens, he was chosen to conduct the prose-
cution against Demosthenes for his share in that trans-
action. Hyperides was put to death by Antipater in
322. Cicero ranks him next to Demosthenes ; and other
ancient critics agree that his eloquence was of the highest
order. Important portions of four of his orations were
discovered in papyrus in 1847 ar>d 1856.

Hy-pfr-i'on, (or hl-pee're-pn,) [Gr. Tirepiuv,] in
Greek mythology, the name of a Titan, a son of Uranus
and Ge, (or Terra,) and the father of Aurora and Helios.
In Homer, Hyperion is a name of the sun.

Hy-pe'rl-ua, [Dutch pron. he-pa're-us,] (ANDR4 GE-
RARD,) an eminent Protestant theologian, born at Ypres
in 1511. He was professor of theology at Marburg from
1542 to 1564. Among his works are " De Formandis
Concionibus sacris," (" On the Composition of Ser-
mons," 1555,) and " De Theologo seu de Ratione Studii
theologici," (" On the Theologian, or on the Method of
Theological Study," 1556.) Died in 1564.

a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fat; mSt; not; good; moon;

HYPERMNESTRA

IBN-AL-A TSEER

Hy-perm-nes'tra, JGr. Tirtp/ivf/orpa; ft. HYPERM-
NESTRE, e'peRm'nestR'] one of the DANAIDES, which
see.

Hyp'sl-clei, ['Yi/*otX>7c,] a Greek mathematician of
an uncertain epoch, issuppcsed to have lived at Alex-
andria in the second century. He wrote a treatise
" On the Right Ascension of the Constellations of the
Zodiac," which is extant. He is regarded by some as
the author of the fourteenth and fifteenth books of the
" Elements" of Euclid. According to Delambre, he
lived about 146 B.C.

Hjfp-sip'y-le, [Gr. 'T^iTt''/^,] a queen of Lemnos,
who, according to tradition, saved the life of her father
when the other women of the island killed their husbands
and male relations. She was afterwards sold into slavery
by the Lemnian women.

See LRMFRIERB'S "Classical Dictionary."

Hyrcan. See HVRCANUS.

Hyr-ca'nus [Gr. Tpitavof ; Fr. HYRCAN, eRTcoN'j J,
(JoHN,) high-priest of the Jems, was the son of Simon
Maccabeus, whom he succeeded in 135 B.C. After the
death of Antiochus Sidetes, 130 B.C., he conquered the
Idumeans and destroyed the city of Samaria. Though
educated as a Pharisee, in the latter part of his life he
favoured their rivals the Sadducees. He died in the
year 103, leaving his office to his son Aristobu'lus.

See JOSKPHUS, " History of the Jews :" Apocryphal Book of
Maccabees.

Hyrcanus H.. high-priest of the Jews, succeeded his

father, Alexander Jannaeus, in 76 B.C. His brother Aristo-
bu'lus having usurped the regal power, Hyrcanns, who
was a weak prince, appealed to the Roman Pompey,
who restored him to the throne and priesthood. An-
tigonus, son of Aristobulus, with the aid of the Parthians,
deposed Hyrcanus about 38 B.C., and was soon after
supplanted by Herod, who married Mariamne, the grand-
daughter of Hyrcanus, and put the latter to death, 30 B.C

Hyrtl, hSeVt'l, (JOSEPH,) an able anatomist, born at
Eisenstadt, Hungary, in 1811. He became professor of
anatomy in Vienna in 1845. He published, besides other
works, a "Text-Book of Human Anatomy," (2 vols.,
1847,) which has been adopted by the German univer-
sities as a standard. Died July 17, 1894.

Hys'lpp, or HIs'lop, (JAMES,) a Scottish poet, born
near Sanquhar, July 13, 1798. He became a school-
master in the navy, and died near the Cape Verde
Islands, December 4, 1827. He is still remembered for
his sweet and graceful verses.

Hystaspe. See HYSTASPES.

Hys-tas'peS, jGr.'To-TooTr^f ; Fr. HYSTASPE, es'ttsp';
Persian, GUSHTASP,] a satrap of Persia, and the father
of Darius I., lived about 550 B.C. He is said to have
been the first who introduced into Persia the learning
of the Indian Brahmans. According to one account, he
was the chief of the Magians, which accords with the
Persian tradition that Gushtasp patronized the religion
of Zoroaster. (See GusHrAsp.)

Hywell See HOV.'ELL THE GOOD.

I.

I-ao'«hn8, IGr.
BACCHUS, which see.

& surname or synonym of

I-am'be, [Gr. 'la/t/ij),] a servant-maid of Metanira,
Queen of Eleusis, was said to be a daughter of Pan. By
her jokes or tricks she amused Ceres when the latter
was in distress. Iambic poetry is supposed to have
derived its name from her.

lamblichus. See JAMBLICHUS.

I-ap'e-tus, (Gr. 'lairerof; Fr. JAPET, zhJPpS',] in classic
mythology, a Titan, and a son of Uranus. He was the
father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius.
He is by some considered to be the same as the Japhel'a
of Scripture. lapetus was regarded by the anciert
Greeks and Romans as the ancestor of the human race,*
and, according to Scripture, the descendants of Japheth
inhabited the "isles of the Gentiles," (Genesis r. 5,)
which would seem to signify the numerous islands along
the coasts of Europe and Asia Minor, and probably
also the adjacent portions of the two continents ; in other
words, all that part of the world with which the early
Greeks were acquainted.

I-a'sI-on [Gr. 'lam'uv] or I-a'sI-us, a fr.buluus son of
Jupiter and Electra, (or of Minos and Corythus.) He
is said to have been beloved by Ceres, who bore him a
son, Plutus, the god of ricl.es.

Ibarra, e-nar'ra, (JOAQUIN,) a Spanish printer, born at
Saragossa in 1725, carried on business in Madrid. He
was distinguished for the perfection of his publications,
especially fur his editions of " Don Quixote," (1780,) and
a Spanish version of Sallust, (1772.) Died in 1785.

ITsas, a Syrian priest of the fifth century, ac'.cd a
prominent part in the disputes about Nestorianism, He
was chosen Bishop of Ldessa in 436 A.D. At the Coun-
cil of Ephesus, in 449, he was deposed on the charge of
favouring the Nestorians ; but he was reinstated by the
Council of Chalcedon in 451. Died in 457.

Ib'bet-spn, (Mrs. AGNES,) an English botanist, born
in London in 1757. She investigated the structure of
plants, and wrote botanical papers which were inserted
in Nicholson's "Journal" and the " Philosophical Maga-
rine," (1809-17.) Died in 1823.

Ibbetson, (JULIUS C/ESAR,) an English landscape-

• See Hnrace, lib. i., Carmen 3, in which the phrases "Gens hu-
mana" and " lapeti genus" are used almost synonymously,
t See note on page 35.

painter, born at Jcarborough, copied and imitated with
success the works of Berghem. He wrote an " Accidence
or Gamut of Oil-Painting for Beginners." Died in 1817.

Ib'bpt, (BENJAMIN,) an English divine, born near
Swaffham, in Norfolk, in 1680. He became chaplain
to George I. in 1716, and prebendary of Westminstei
in 1724. He delivered the Boyle lectures in 1713-14.
Died in 1725. Two volumes of his sermons were pub-
lished in 1726.

6ee DR. S. CLARKE, " Life of Benjamin Ibbot."

Iberville, d', de"b?R'vel', (LEMOINE or LEMOYNE,)
a Canadian navigator, born at Montreal in 1642, distin-
guished himself in many actions against the English.
He commanded a vessel sent by the French government
to explore the mouth of the Mississippi, which he dis-
covered in March, 1699. He ascended the river, and
built a fort on its border. Died at Havana in 1706.

Ibi, ee'bee, (SiNlBALDO,) an Italian painter, a pupil
of Perugino, was born at Perugia, and flourished between
1505 and 1528.

IBN, ib'n, an Arabic word signifying "son," and
torming a part of many names; as, IBN-HANBAL, the
"son of Hanbal," etc. It is often written Btn; as, ALI-
BEN-Aiif-TAuB, for AI.EE-!BN-ABEE (-An!) -TALIB.

Ibn- Abeet(- Ab!)-Yakoob,(or -Y'akflb,) Ib'n a'bee
ya'koob' (Abool-Faraj, a'bool far'aj,) otherwise called
An-Nadeem (-Nadim)-Mohammed-Ibn-Ishak, an-
na-deem' mo-ham'med Ib'n is-hik', an Arabian writer,
chiefly known as the author of a valuable catalogue of
books in the Arabic language, with brief and excellent
notices of their authors. Nothing is known of his life,
except that he wrote in the latter part of the tenth century.

Ibn-AI-Atseer, (-Atsyr,) Ib'n al at-seeR', (Abool-
Hassan-Alee, or Aboul (-Abfll) -Hassan- All, a'b6ol
has'san J'lee,) surnamed Az-ED-DEEN, (AzzEDDYN,) (i.e.
the " Splendour of Religion,") an Arabian historian, born
in Mesopotamia about 1160, became a citizen of Mosul.
I le excelled in the science of prophetic traditions, and
had great knowledge of history, as appears by his
Complete Chronicle from the origin of the world to
his own time. Died in 1233.

See HAJI-KHALFAH, " Lexicon Bibliographicum ;" VON HAMMM-
PURGSTALL, " Literaturgeschichte der Araber."

Ibn-AI-Atseer (or -Al-Atsyr)-Nasr- Allah, Ib'n al-
It-seeR' nas'r dl'lah, written also Alatyr and Alatlr, an
Arabian writer, a brother of the preceding, was born at

. <;as.i,- g/iarJ; g as/; G, H, K,. guttural; n, nasal; R, trilled; gas z; th asm this.

Explanations, p. 23.)

IBN-BAJAH

1342

IBRAHEEM

Jezeereh-Benee-Omar, on the Tigris, in 1 162. He visited
the court of Saladin, who engaged him as vizier to his
son and heir, Melik-Afdhal. He was eminent for his learn-
ing, and wrote a treatise on Prosody, and other works.

See IBN-KHALLIKAN, "Biographical Dictionary."

Ibn-Bajah. See AVENPACE.

Ibn-Batuta. See BATOOTAH.

Ibn-Doreid, Ib'n do'rad', (or do'nd',) a celebrated
Arabian poet, born at Bassorah in 838 A.D. He culti-
vated various kinds of poetry with distinguished success.
Died at Bagdad in 933.

Ibn-Hanbal, Ib'n han'bal, (Ahmed, an'med.) the
founder of the fourth sect of orthodox Mohammedans,
was born at Bagdad (or, as some say, at Meru) in the
year of the Hejrah 164. He attained a great reputation
for virtue and knowledge of the traditions of Mohammed.
He received many traditions from Shafei, with whom he
was intimate. For his refusal to acknowledge the Koran
to have been created, he was scourged and imprisoned
by the caliph M6tassem. He died at Bagdad in A.D.
855. The sect became very numerous after his death.
They are called Hanbalites.

Ibn-HankaL See HAUKAI,

Ibn-Ishak, (cr -lahaq,) Ib'n is-hlk', an Arabian his-
torian, who, at the request of the caliph Al-Mansoor,
wrote a life of Mohammed the prophet He is an elo-
quent but not a trustworthy writer. Died in 768 A.D.

See SPRENGER, "Life of Mohammad," p. 69 et teq.

Ibn-Khakan, (or -Khacan.) See AL-FATH.

Ibn-Khaldoon, (-Khaldoun or -Khaldftn,) Ib'n
Kal'doon' (Walee-ed-Deen- (or Waly -Eddyn-)
Aboo-Zeid-Abd-er-Rahman, wa'lee ed-deen' S'boo
zid abd-er-r Jh'man,) a celebrated Arabian historian, born
at Tunis in 1332. He removed to Cairo, where he distin-
guished himself by his uprightness as a judge, and was
chosen chief of the Cadees (Cadis) of the sect of Malek-
ites in 1384. Afterwards, while on a journey to Syria,
he was made prisoner by Taimoor, (the famous Tamer-
lane,) by whom he was treated with great kindness and
respect His principal work is a valuable " History of
the Arabs, Persians, and Berbers, with Preliminary
Observations," which was recently published in France.
"We cannot but conceive, in reading this," says Sil-
vestre de Sacy, "a very high idea of his judgment,
sagacity, and erudition, and of the great variety of his
knowledge." Died in 1406.

See his Autobiography, published in the " Journal Asiatiquc" of
1844 ; SILVESTRR DB SACY, " Chrestomalhic Arabe :" CASIRI, Bibli-
otheca Arabico-Hispana."

Ibn-KhaHikan, Ib'n Kal'le-kln', written also Ebn-
Khalican or -Khilcan, (Shems-ed-Deen (or-Eddin)
Abool- (Aboul- or Abfil-) Abbas-Ahmed, shims
ed-deen' a'bool Jb'bJs' aH'med,) a celebrated Arabian
historian, born at Arbela in 121 1. He became grand
Cadee (Cadi) of Damascus about 1261. His chief work
is a "Biographical Dictionary of Famous Moslems,"
which contains over eight hundred articles. An English
translation of it was beg-jn by Mr. Slane, the first volume
of which was published in 1841. Died in 1282.

Ibn-Kotcybah or Abdallah-Ibn-Koteybah, ab-
dll'lah Ib'n ko-ta'bah or ko-ti'bah, written also Cotey-
bah and Qotay tiah, an Arabian historian and critic, born
at Bagdad in 828 A.D. ; died in 889.

See IBN-KHALLIKAN, "Biographical Dictionary."

Ibn-Maimoon, (-Maimfln or -Maimoun.) See
WAIMONIDES.

Ibn-Rosched, (or -Roahd.) See AVERROES.

Ibn-Sina See AviCE.N.NA.

Ibn-Tofail, (-TofayL) See ABOO-BF.KR-!B.\-TOFAIL

Ibnul-Abbar. See KODHAEE.

Ibn-Yoonaa, (-Younas or -Yftnas,) Ib'n yoo'nas,
sometimes spelled Ibn-Younis, (Alee- (or Ali-) Ibn-
Abderrahman, i'lee Ib'n abd-er-rah'man,) one of the
most eminent Arabian astronomers, was born in 979 A.D.
He made at Cairo a series of observations, the results of
which he published in a work called the "Table of Ibn-
Yoonas." Died in 1008.

Ibn-Zohr. See AVENZOAR.

Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) written also Ibrahym, ti..-
Arabic name of the patriarch ABRAHAM, which see.

Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,*) ib-rS-heem', thirteenth caliph
of the Omeyyad dynasty, was the son of Waleed (Walid)
I. He began to reign in Damascus in 744 A. D., and a
few months after was deposed by Merwan. The Arab
historians disagree respecting his subsequent fate,

Ibraheem (Ibrahim) L, (Aboo-Abdallah, i'tx58
Ib-dal'lah,) founder of the dynasty of Aglabides in Africa,
was the son of Aglab, and a native of Arabia. About
800 A.D. he was appointed Governor of Africa by Haroun-
al-Raschid. After the death of the latter, (808,) IbrSheem
assumed the royal power. Died about 813.

Ibraheem (Ibrahim) L, a Turkish Sultan, brother
of Amurath IV., was proclaimed in 1640, at the age of
twenty-three. His cruelty and other vices excited against
him a powerful and successful conspiracy, by which he
was deposed and strangled in 1648 or 1649. He wa»
succeeded by his son, Mahomet IV.

Ibraheem (Ibrahim) U., Emperor of Hindostan, the
son of Iskander, iiegan to reign in 1517, being the third
of the Afghan dynasty. He was a very unpopular rulei.
In 1526 the Mogul Baber invaded India, a battle was
fought at I-aniput, where Ibraheem was defeated and
killed, and the Mogul dynasty was established in India.

Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) a favourite of Sultan Solyman
II., was a Genoese by birth, and was taken to Constan-
tinople by pirates in his infancy. He became grand
vizier about 1523, and signalized his courage in the war
against Hungary in 1527. He was put to death, at the
instigation of the Sultana, in 1535.

Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) born at Aleppo, was the most
eminent among the Ottoman jurists. His fame rests upon
a great work styled the " Confluence of the Seas," (" Mul-
t.-.ka al-Abhar, ') which is a complete code of laws. Died
in 1549.

Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) Pasha of Egypt, the son of
Mehemet Alee, (Ali,) was born in Rumelia in 1789. He
conquered the Wahabees, in Arabia, about 1818. In
1824 he commanded an army and fleet which Mehemet
Alee sent against the Greeks. Having landed in the
Morea with 10,000 men in 1825, he took several towns
and committed many atrocities. The success of the allies
at Navarino and the French invasion of the Morea forced
him to retire to Egypt in 1828. In a war waged between
the Viceroy of Egypt and the Sultan, Ibraheem took
Aleppo and defeated the Turks in a great battle at
Konieh, in Syria, in 1832. His victorious progress was
arrested by the intervention of the European powers in
1833. Died in 1848.

See LABAT, " L'lSgypte, ancienne et moderne."

Ibraheem (Ibrahim) Bey, a famous Mameluke
chief, born in Circassia about 1735. He went to Egypt
in his youth, and entered the service of Mohammed Bey.
After the death of the latter.Ibraheem shared with Moorsd
Bey the sovereignty of Egypt. When Bonaparte invaded
Egypt in 1798 and defeated Moored, Ibraheem retired
to Syria. In 1800 he took part against the French at
Cairo, etc., and, after they evacuated Egypt, was again
Governor of Cairo, until supplanted by Mehemet Alee.
Died in 1816.

Ibraheem (Ibrahim) Effendi, (eT-f?n'dee,) a learned
Turk, who was born about 1640, and filled considerable
offices at Constantinople. He was converted to Chris-
tianity, was baptized in 1671, retired to Venice, and as-
sumed the name of Paul Antonio Effendi. He translated
several books of the Bible into Arabic. Died in 1697.

Ibraheem (Ibrahim) Khan-Ogli,(o'glee,) was grand
vizier of Turkey when Mahomet I. died, in 1421. He
tcok measures to secure the succession of Mahomet's
sen, Amurath II., who was then absent from the capital.
To reward this service, Amurath gave him the title of
Klian, with hereditary privileges which made his family
the rrst in the empire.

* The Arabic texts are by no means un'f rrn in regard to the
penultima of this name; it is often made sVcrjt but. if we mistake
not, more frequently long, as given above. It is proper, however, to
remark that a single instance of the insertion of the Alif (the sign of

generally correct, merely proves lhat the insertion is not deemed
Absolutely indispensable. Its omission may be compared to the
neglecting to dot one's rs in writing English,— a fault, undoubtedly, but
• null often committed by writers otherwise remarkable for accuracy.

i, e, T, 5, u, y, long; i, e, 6, san-e, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; m?t; n5t; good; moon;

IBRAHIM

IGNARRA

Ibrahim. See IBRAHEEM.

Ibrahym. See IBRAHEEM.

Ibsen, ib'sen, (HENRIK,) a Norwegian poet and
dramatist, born at Skien, March 20, 1828. He began
life as an apothecary. His "Catiline," (1850,) a drama,
was an ill-written production. In 1851 lie went to the
University of Christiania, and afterwards was director
of theatres, first at Bergen and then at Christiania.
In 1864 he left Norway, in anger because it failed to
help the Danes in their war wilh Prussia, and resided
abroad till 1892. His " Warriors in Helgeland,"
(1858,) and "Rival Kings," (1864,) placed him in
the first rank of Scandinavian national dramatists, and
his "Love's Comedy," (1862,) was the first step to-
wards his satirical social dramas. He produced other
historical dramas, but first attracted world-wide atten-
tion by "A Doll's House," (1879.) This keen ar-
raignment of modern social custom; was followed by
"Ghosts," (1881,) "The Wild Duck," (i«"4,) "The
Lady from the Sea," (i«88,) "The Master Builder,"
(1892, ) " John Gabriel Borkwan," (1896,) and others,
psychological in their interest, but vividly realistic in
language, and which gave rise to a storm of contro-
versy among critics.

Ib'y-OOB, ['ISii/tof,] a Greek lyric poet, born at Rhe-
gium, in Italy, flourished about 560 B.C., and passed part
of his life at Samos. His poems, which were chiefly
love-songs, are lost, except a few fragments. He was
the fifth lyric poet of the Alexandrian canon, and had
a high reputation. He is said to have been killed by
robbers. His death has furnished the subject of one
of the finest of Schiller's minor poems, "Die Kraniche
des Ibycus."

I9a. See ISA.

Icard, e'kiR', (CHARLES,) a French Protestant min-
ister and writer, born in Languedoc in 1636. He was
driven into exile by persecution in 1682, and settled at
Bremen in 1688.

Icare. See ICARUS.

I-ca'rl-us, [Gr. 'luapiof ,] also called Icarus, an Athe-
nian, to whom Bacchus is said to have taught the cultiva-
tion of the vine. He was killed by some shepherds, to
whom he had given wine and who suspected that he had
poisoned them. The legend adds that he was changed
into the constellation Bootes.

Icarius, a Lacedaemonian, the father of Penelope.
He urged her to remain at Sparta after she was married
to Ulysses ; but she preferred to follow her husband.

Ic'a-rus, [Gr. 'kopec; Fr. ICARE, e'kjR',] son of Da?-
dalus.'with whom, according to the Greek mythology,
he was imprisoned in the Labyrinth of Crete. Having
attempted to fly by means of artificial wings made with
wax, they were melted by his approaching too near the
sun, and he fell into the sea, near the island of Samos,
which received from him the name of the Icarian Sea.

Iccius, ik'she^js, a Roman philosopher, lived about
30 B.C., and was a friend of Horace, who addressed to
him an epistle and an ode.

Icher, e'shaiR', (PIERRE,) a French physician and
Hellenist, born at Montpellier in 1658; died in 1713.

I-cill-us, (Lucius,) a Roman tribune, who was affi-
anced to the celebrated Virginia. He was elected tribune
of the people in 456 B.C., and favoured the cause of the
plebeians. He was one of the leaders of the successful
revolt against the Decemviri about 450 B.C.

See NIBBUHR, " History of Rome."

Ic-ti'nus, ['I/cru-of,] a celebrated Grecian architect,
who flourished about 450 B.C. He built several grand

and King of Jerusalem. She was eminent for wisdom
and piety. Died in 1113.

See BAILLBT, " Vies des Sainta."

Idace. See IDACIUS.

Idacius, e-da'she-us, [Fr. IDACE, e'dtss',1 a Spanish
chronicler, born at Lamego about the end of the fourth
century. He became Bishop of Chaves, (Accuse Flavise,)
in Portugal. He was author of a " Chromcon" of the
period from 379 to 468 A.D., which was printed in Paru
by Sirmond in 1619.

See N. ANTONIO, "Bibliotheca Hispana Nova."

I'daa, [Gr. 'loaf,] a son of Aphareus, took part in the
Argonautic expedition, and was renowned for valour.
Idas and his brother Lynceus having quarrelled with
the Dioscu'ri, Idas killed Castor, and was in turn killed
by Pollux.

Iddesleigh, (EARL OF.) See NORTH COTE, (WAL-
TER STAFFORD.)

Ide. See IDA.

Ideler, ee'deh-ler, (CHRISTIAN LUDWG.) a Prussian
astronomer and linguist, born near Perleberg in 1766.
He was appointed in 1816 tutor to the princes William
Frederick and Charles, and in 1821 became professor at
the Berlin University. He was the author of " Historical
Researches on the Astronomical Observations of the
Ancients," (1806,) "On the Calendar of Ptolemy," and
other similar treatises. He was a member of the French
Institute, and the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. Died
in Berlin in 1846.

Ideler, (Junus LUDWIG,) a physician, a son of the
preceding, was born at Berlin in 1809. He published
" Meteorology of the Ancient Greeks and Romans,"
(1832,) "Hermapion, or Rudiments of the Hieroglyphic
Literature of Ancient Egypt," (1841,) and other anti-
quarian treatises. Died in 1842.

Ideler, (KARL WILHELM,) a Prussian physician, born
in 1795, lived in Berlin. He is known as a writer on
i mental maladies. Died at Kumlosen, July 29, 1860.

Ides, ee'dfs, (EVERARD ISBRANTZ,) a German travel-
ler, born in Holstein about 1660. He was sent to Pekin
by Peter the Great in 1692 to negotiate a treaty of com-
merce, and returned in 1694. A narrative of his journey,
published in 1704, is a work of some merit

Idman, id'man, (NILS,) a Swedish philologist, pub-
lished in 1778 " Researches on the Finnish People, and
the Relations between the Finnish Language and the
Greek."

Idomeneus, [Gr. 'lotyifra'if,] a Greek historian, born
at Lampsacus, lived about 300 B.C. He was a friend and
disciple of Epicurus. His works are not extant

See Vossius, "De Historitis Gratis."

idtina, e-doo'na, or Idun, sometimes written Idun
na, [etymology doubtful,] in the Norse mythology, the
goddess of immortality, who keeps a casket of apples, of
which if the gods partake they never grow old. (See
THIASSI.) Iduna is said to be the wife of Bragi, the god
of poetry, who in one sense may be said to possess the

lefremoff or lefremov. See YEFREMOF.

lenichen. See JENICHEN.

lermak. See YERMAK.

lezdedjerd. See YEZDEJERD.

Iffland, ifflant, (AUGUST WILHELM,) a celebrated
German actor and dramatist, born at Hanover in 1759.
He became director of the National Theatre at Berlin in
1796, and in 1811 was appointed director-general of the

Arcadia. The most memorable monument of his genius .'

£5£553sS£SMS5MittJs£«

this edifice, which is probably the most perfect speci-
men of Grecian architecture in any age. Its length was
227 feet and its breadth about 100. (See CALLICRATES.)

See PAUSANIAS, book viii.

Icwara. See ISWARA.

I'da, [Fr. IDE, ed,] Countess of Boulogne, born about
1040, was the mother of Godfrey of Bouillon, crusader

theory as" in the practice of his art" Died in 1814.

Igdrasil, (Yggdrasil.) See ODIN.

Iglesiaa de la Casa, e-gla'se-is di li ki'8.1, (Jos«,l
a Spanish poet, born at Salamanca in 1753 ; died in 179'-

See LONGFELLOW'S "Poets and Poetry of Europe."

Ignace. See IGNATIUS.

Ignarra, en-yar'ri, (NICCOL6,) an Italian antiquaij

•eas/S; fasj; %Aanf; gas/;G, H, K,guttural; y, nasal; ^,trilled; sasz; thasinMu. (J^'See Explanations, p. 23.)

IGNATIEFF

1344

IMAD-ED-DOWLAH

»nd priest, born near Naples in 1728, was a good clas-
sical scholar. He became professor of divinity in the
Royal University of Naples in 1771, director of the royal
printing-office in 1782, and preceptor of the prince Fran-
cis de Bourbon in 1784. He wrote, besides other works,
an esteemed commentary "De Palaestra Neapolitans *'
(1770.) Died in 1808.

See CASTAL: i, " Igname Vita," prefixed to his '* Opuscoli," 1807.

Ignatieff, ig-na'te-Sf, (NIKOLAI PAVLOVITCH,) a Rus-
sian general and diplomat, born at Saint Petersburg,
January 29, 1832. He entered the army, was rapidly
promoted, and was afterwards sent upon various im-
portant diplomatic errands. In 1858 he obtained from
China the cession of extensive territories, and from 1859
to 1863 he was full ambassador at Peking. He was
(1864-77) Russian envoy to Turkey, and in 1878 he
negotiated the treaty of San Stephano, and was after-
wards minister of the interior.

Ignatius, ig-na'she-us, [Gr. 'I/rariof; Fr. IGNACS,
en'ytss'; Ger. IGNAZ, ig-nats'; It IGNAZIO, en-yat'se-o.J
surnamed THEOPH'ORUS, one of the earliest Christian
Fathers, and one of the most eminent among the imme-
diate successors of the apostles, is supposed to have
been a native of Syria. About 67 A.D. he became bishop
or minister of the church of Antioch by the appointment
of Saint Peter, or, according to some writers, of Saint
John. He had filled this station acceptably about forty
years, when the emperor Trajan began a persecution
of the Christians. Ignatius was brought before Trajan
at Antioch, and, refusing to renounce his religion, was
condemned, and suffered martyrdom at Rome in 107,
being exposed to wild beasts in the amphitheatre. His
epistles to the Ephesians, Trallians, Magnesians, Romans,
Philadelphians, Smyrneans, and to Polycarp are extant,
and are regarded by many able critics as precious memo-
rials of the primitive Church; but not a few scholars
reject them entirely. There are eight other Ignatian
ep'stles which are generally conceded to be spurious.
In one of his epistles we find the words, " Now I begin
to be a disciple ; I weigh neither visible nor invisible
things, that I may win Christ !"

See CAVE, " Historia Literaria ;" PHAKON, " Vmdidae Ignatianz,"
Cambridge, 1672: W. CURBTON, " Vindiciz Ignatianx, or the Genu-
ine Writings of Saint Ignatius vindicated from the Charge of Heresy,"
8vo, 1846 ; CottTLosQUET, " Vie de Saint-Ignace, Eveque d'Antioch,"
1857 ; Mas. JAMESON, " History of Sacred and Legendary Art."

Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, born in 799
A.D., was the son of the emperor Michael Curopalates.
When the latter was deposed, Ignatius entered a monas-
tery, and became eminent for piety and wisdom. In 846
he was raised to the dignity of patriarch. Eleven years
after, he was banished and cruelly treated for his opposi
tion to Bardas, an uncle of Michael III., who appointed
in his place the ambitious Photius. The schism between
the Greek and Roman Churches began while Photius
was in office, and has continued ever since that time. In
867 the emperor Basilius reinstated Ignatius, who as-
sembled in 869 an oecumenical council at Constantinople,
which condemned Photius and his party. Died in 877

See DAVID NICETAS, "Vita S. Ignatii," 1604.

Ignatius Loyola. See LOYOLA.

Igor (ee'gor) I., third Grand Duke of Russia, a son
of Rurik, was born about 875, and succeeded Oleg ir
912 A.D. He led an expedition against Constantinople in
941, and compelled the Greek emperor to sue for peace,
which was granted by a treaty in 945. Igor was killed
in an ambuscade in 945. After his death his widow Olga
was converted to Christianity.

See SOLOVIHP, " Histoire de Russie."

Igor II., or Igor Olgovitch, Grand Prince of Russia,
began to reign at Kief about 1145. His claim was con
tested by Iziaslaf, who defeated him in 1146. Igor was
confined in a convent, and assassinated in 1 147.

See KARAMZIN, "Histoire de Russie."

Ihre, ee'reh, (JoHAN,) a Swedish scholar, eminent in
philology, born at Lund in 1707, graduated with the
highest honour at Upsal in 1730. After visiting France,
England, etc., he returned to Upsal and became professor
of poetry and of theology in the university of that place.
In 1 738 he obtained the chair of belles-lettres and political

science, which he occupied about forty years, acquiring
great celebrity as i lecturer and author. In 1769 he
published his " Swedish Glossary," (" Glossarium Suio-
gothicum,") a monument of his immense learning and
critical sagacity, containing a philosophic treatise on the
filiation of languages, besides remarks on the origin
and affinity of Swedish words. He also wrote several
hundred excellent academical dissertations, and is justly
ranked among the best critics of the eighteenth century.
In 1759 he was decorated with the order of the Pola)
Star. Died in 1780.

See FLODERUS, "Parentaiion ofver J. Ihre," 1781 ; CEZBLIUS
" Biographiskt- Lexicon dfver namnkunnige Svenska Man."

Hire, (THOMAS,) a Swedish writer, father of the pre.
ceding, born at Wisby in 1659 ; died in 1720.

See T. RUDBN, " Trognas Strid och Seger, Likpredikan ofver T
Ihre," 1720.

Iken, ee'ken, (CONRAD,) a German theologian, born
at Bremen in 1689. He became professor of theology at
Bremen, and wrote, besides other works, " Antiquitatei
Hebraicae," (1730.) Died in 1753.

Iken, (HEINRICH FRIEDRICH,) a German religious
writer, born at Neuenkirchen in 1791; died in 1820.

Ildefonse. See ILDEFONSO.

Il-de-fon'so, [LaL ILDEFON'SUS ; Fr. ILDEFONSE,
41-deh-foNs',] SAINT, a Spanish prelate, born at Toledo
in 607 A.D., was a pupil of Saint Isidore. He became
Archbishop of Toledo in 658. He wrote, besides several
theological treatises, a continuation of Saint Isidore's
work "De Viris illustribus." Died in 669.

See Cm LA, "Vita Ildefonsi :" GREGORIO MAYANS, " Vida de S
Ildefonso," 173-,.

Hepooshin or Uepouschic, il-e-poo'shen, a Rus-
sian poet of the present age, lived near Saint Petersburg
He wrote pastoral poems.

Ilgen, il'gen, (KARL DAVID,) a distinguished philolo-
gist, born in Prussian Saxony in 1763. He became in

mina convivialia Graecorum.") Died in 1834,

See F. C. KRAPPT, "Vita CD. Ilgeni," 1837; R, STERN, " Nar
ratio de C. D. Ilgenio." 1839 ; " ll^emana: Erinnerungen an Dr. C
D. Ilgen," Leipsic, 1853.

nia. See RHEA SILVIA.

I-lith-jM'a or Eileithyia, |Gr. FJXfi9Dwj,J written
also Eleithy'ia and Eleutho, a Greek goddess, who
presided over birth. Though originally distinct from
Diana, (Artemis,) she seems later to have become identi-
fied with her. (See LUCIVA.)

Dive, I'liv, ? (JACOB,) an English printer, who became
noted by his fictitious" Book of Jasher," (1751,) which he
pretended to have translated from Alcuin. Died in 1763.

Ulescas, el-yes'kas, (GONSALVO,) a Spanish monk,
wrote a " History of the Popes," (1570.) Died in 1580.

Blgen, il'gen, (CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,) a German
Protestant divine, born at Chemnitz in 1786, wrote sev-
eral works, and edited a journal at Leipsic. Died in 1844.

Ulyricus. See FRANCOWITZ.

Umoni, il-mo'nee, (IMMANUEL,) a Finnish physician,
born in 1797, wrote " Contributions to the History of the
Nosology of the North," (3 vols., 1846-53.) Died in 18561

Ilus, [Gr. 'l?.oc,| the founder of Ilium, (Ilion,) or Troy,
was a son of TROS, (which see.)

Imad-ed-Deen, (-Eddyn or -Eddin.) e-mid' ed-
deen', (i.e. the " Pillar of Religion,") (Mohammed,
mo-ham'me'd, ) surnamed AL-KATEB, was born at Is-
pahan in 1125 A.D. He went in 1167 to Damascus,
where he became the secretary of Noor-ed-Deen. Afier
the death of Noor-ed-Deen, he enjoyed the favour of the
famous Saladin, whose victories he celebrated in an ode,
and whom he served as private secretary until the death
of that prince. ImSd-ed-Deen wrote a " History of the
Conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin," and " Memoirs of
the Moslem Poets of the Sixth Century of the Hejrah.'-
Died in 1201.

See IBN-KHALLIKAN, " Biographical Dictionary."

Imad-ed-Dowlah, (or -Eddaulah.) e-mSd'ed-dflw'-
lah, (i.e. "Pillar of the State,") (Alee-Abool-Hasaan
Alee-Ibn-Booyah, J'lee a'bool has'san a'lee Ib'n boo'
yah,) King of Persia, was the founder of the dynasty of

a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far. fall, fit; met; not; RcSoil; moon.

IMBERDIS

INCHBALD

Uouides, and began to reign in 933 A.D. Pie conquered
the Caliph of Bagdad, and died in 949, leaving the throne
to his nephew, Adhad-ed-Dowlah.

See IBN-KHALLIKAN, "Biographical Dictionary;" WEIL, "Ge-
•chichte des Chalifen."

Imberdis, aN'beVdess', (ANDRE,) a French writer,
born at Ambert about 1810, published a " History of the
Religious Wars in Auvergne during the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries," (2 vols., 1841.) Died in 1878.

Imbert, ax'baiR', (BARTHELEMY,) a French poet, born
at Mimes in 1747. He produced at the age of twenty
"The Judgment of Paris," a graceful poem, which was
much admired. The plan was ingenious, and the style
natural and elegant. Died in 1790.

See QUHRARD, "La France Litte'raire."

Imbert, (GUILLAUME,) a French litifratcur, born at
Limoges about 1743 ; died at Paris in 1803.

Imbert, (JEAN,) a French jurist, born at La Rochelle
about 1522, published " Institutiones Forenses," (1542,)
often reprinted. Died about 1600.

Imbert, (JOSEPH GABRIEL,) an eminent French
painter, born in Marseilles in 1654, was a pupil of Le-
brun and of Van der Meulen. At the age of thirty-four
he took the monastic vows, after which he painted only
sacred subjects. His chief work is a " Calvary." Died
in 1740.

Imbouati, em-bo-na'tee, (CARLO GIUSEPPE,) an Ital-
ian bibliographer, born at Milan, wrote "Bibliotheca
Latino-Hebraica," (2 vols., 1696.) Died after 1696.

Imhof or ImhoS, im'hof, (GusTAV WILLEM,) born
in Amsterdam in 1705, was appointed Governor of Cey-
lon in 1736. Having gained general confidence by hi3
conduct and capacity, he became about 1742 Governor-
General of the Dutch East Indies. Died in 1750.

Imhof, von, fon im'hof, (JAKOB WILHELM,) a Ger-
man genealogist, born at Nuremberg in 1651. He was
well versed in the history of the royal and noble families
of Europe, and wrote many works on genealogy, among
which is one in 2 vols., (1684.) Died in 1728.

See KOELHR, " Lebensgeschichte Imbofs."

Im-ho-tep, a god of the ancient Egyptians, supposed
to be the god of science, and chiefly honoured at Mem-
phis. He was the son of Ptah and Pakht.

Imilcon. See HIMILCO.

Im'I-son, (JOHN,) an English mechanician, wrote a
valuable work entitled "The School of Arts," which
passed through several editions. In 1807 Professor J.
Webster published an improved edition, with the title
of "Elements of Art and Science." Died in 1788.

Im'lah, (JOHN,) a Scottish song-writer, born at Aber-
deen, November 15, 1799. He published "May-Flow-
ers," a volume of lyrics, (1827,) and "Poems," (1841.)
Died in Jamaica, January 9, 1846.

Immermann, im'm?r-man', (KARL LEBRECHT,) a
German dramatist and poet, born at Magdeburg in 1796,
was the author of a comedy entitled "The Princes of
Syracuse," (1821,) "The Valley of Ronceval," "King
Periander," (1823,) and other tragedies. He also pub-
lished a number of tales and lyric poems. Died in 1840.

See KARL IMMBRMANN, " Memorabilien," 3 vols., 1840-43; F.
FREILIGRATH, "C. Immermann, Blatter der Erinnerung an ihn,"
1842 ; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1843.

Imola. See FRANCUCCI.

Imparato, em-pa-ra'to, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian
painter, born at Naples about 1530, was a pupil of Titian,
whose style he imitated with some success. Died after
1565.

Imperials, cm-pa-re-a'li, (FRANCESCO,) born at
Genoa about 1370, went to Spain, and became attached
to the court of Henry III. of Castile. He was regarded
as one of the best Spanish poets of that time.

Imperiali, em-pa-re-a'lee, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an
Italian physician and author, born at Vicenza in 1568,
graduated at Padua, and practised with success in his
native city. He wrote Latin poems, which were admired,
also a collection of observations entitled "Exotericae
Exercitationes," (1603.) Died in 1623.

His son GIOVANNI, born at Vicenza in 1602, was also
a physician, and wrote " Musaeum Historicum et Physi-
cum," consisting of eulogies and memoirs of eminent
literary men. Died in 1670.

Imperiali, (GIOVANNI VINCENTS,) an Italian poet,
born at Genoa about 1570, served the state as a diplo-
matist, and held a high command in the navy. He wrote,
besides other poems, "Lo Stato rustico," (1611,) which
was received with favour. Died about 1645.

See SOPRANI, "Scrittori Liguri."

Imperiali, (GIUSEPPE RENATO,) an Italian cardinal,
distinguished for his patronage of learning, was born of
a noble family at Genoa in 1651. It is said he would
have been elected pope in 1730, if the court of Spain
had not interposed against him. Many learned men were
recipients of his bounty. Died in 1737. He left a noble
library, which, by his will, was kept open to the public

See TIPALDO, " Biografia degli Italiaui illustri."

Imperiali-Lercari, em-pa-re-a'lee IdR-ka'ree, (FRAN-
CESCO MARIO,) was Doge of Genoa when that city was
bombarded by the fleet of Louis XIV. in 1684. Hos-
tilities having been suspended by the mediation of the
pope, the Doge went as ambassador to Paris, and a
treaty of peace was signed in 1685.

Im'pey, (Sir ELIJAH,) an infamous judge, who offi-
ciated in India during the administration of Warren
Hastings; was recalled, 1782; impeached, 1788; died
in 1812.

See "Memoirs of Sir Elijah Irapey," by E. B. IMPHY, 1846;
MACAULAY, " Essay on Warren Hastings."

Impiccati, degli, a surname of ANDREA DEL CAS-
TAGNO. (See CASTAGNO.)

I'na or I'nas, King of the West Saxons, and one of
the chiefs of the Heptarchy, succeeded Ceadwalla in 689
A.D. He appears to have possessed superior talents,
and is regarded as one of the principal legislators among
the ancient Anglo-Saxons. He waged war successfully
against the people of Kent and the Britons about 710,
In 728 he resigned his crown, and died at Rome the
same year.

See WILLIAM OF MALMHSBURY, " Gesta Regum Anglorum."

In'a-ehus, [Gr. 'Iva^of,] a mythical personage, the
son of Oceanus, and father of lo, is said to have been
the first King of Argos. Having been chosen as umpire
by Neptune and Juno when they disputed about the
possession of Argos, he decided in favour of Juno.

Inca, ing'ki, (plural Incas,) a Peruvian or Quichua
word, signifying " chief," and applied to the dynasty reign-
ing in Peru on the arrival of the Spaniards in that coun-
try in the early part of the sixteenth century. As the
Peruvians did not possess the art of writing, we have no
means of ascertaining, or even forming a satisfactory
conjecture respecting, the earliest date of their power. The
Incas claimed to be the descendants of Manco Capac and
his wife Mama Ocllo, who were the children of the sun.
(See MANCO CAPAC.) The empire of the Incas, at the
period of their greatest power, extended through nearly
forty degrees of longitude, and contained an area of
between one and two million square miles. Their sub-
jects, though unacquainted with letters, had in many
respects advanced to a high degree of civilization. They
understood the working of the precious metals, archi-
tecture, and many other arts, and were especially dis-
tinguished for the general liberality and wisdom of their
state policy; though some of their laws and regulations
were, according to the standard of Christian civilization,
both unjust and inhuman.

See PRBSCOTT'S " Conquest of Peru," book i. chap. i.

Inch'bald, (ELIZABETH,) a popular English actress,
novelist, and dramatist, born at Stanningfield in 1753,
was the daughter of a farmer named Simpson. At the
age of sixteen she came to London with the intention of
becoming an actress, and was married to Mr. Inchbald,
who had obtained some success on the stage. After
performing with her husband several seasons at Edin-
burgh and other towns, she made her dlbut at Covent
Garden in 1780, and was very successful. Her success
is ascribed in a great measure to her personal beauty
and virtuous character. In 1789 she retired from the
stage. She wrote " Such Things Are," " Every One
has his Fault," "To Marry or Not to Marry," and many
other plays. Her greatest productions are two novels,
"A Simple Story," (1791,) and "Nature and Art," (1796,)
which obtained extensive and durable popularity. Her
" ' Nature and Art,' " says Hazlitt, " is one of tie most

easi; yas.s; ghard; gas/; G, H, K,guttural; vi, nasal; R, trilled; sas«; thasin//iu-. (^[^"See Explanations, p. 23.)

INCHIQUIN

1346

INGEN

interesting and pathetic stories in the world." The
other work is highly commended by Miss Edgeworth.
Died in 1821.

See her Life, by BOADHN, 1833; MRS. ELWOOD, "Memoirs of
the Literary Ladies of England from the Commencement of the
Last Century," voL i., 1843.

Inch'j-quin, (MoRROGH O'BRIEN,) BARON OF, a
famous Irish soldier, born about 1618. He acted a
prominent part in the civil war, fighting alternately for
Charles I. and against him. He was a royalist from 1640
to 1645, and gained several victories. About 1649 he
entered the French service, with the rank of general.
Died in 1674.

Inchpfer, ing'Ko'fer, (MELCHIOR,) a Jesuit, born in
Vienna in 1584, lived in various cities of Italy, and wrote
several learned works, among which is the " Ecclesias-
tical History of Hungary," (1644, unfinished.) He had
more learning than critical judgment. Died in 1648.

See BAYLH, "Historical and Critical Dictionary."

Incledon,ink'el-don, (BENJAMIN CHARLES,) an Eng-
lish vocalist, born in Cornwall in 1764, served several
years in the royal navy. He first appeared in a London
theatre in 1790, and performed many years with success.
Died in 1826.

Indaco, 1', len'da-ko, (FRANCESCO,) a painter of the
Florentine school, flourished about 1530.

Indaco. 1', ( JACOPO DA FIRENZE,) a Florentine painter,
a brother of the preceding, was a pupil of Ghirlandaio,
and worked at Rome.

See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters."

India, en'de-i, (TuLUO, ) called THE ELDER, a
painter of the Venetian school, was born at Verona, and
flourished in 1545. He was a skilful painter in fresco,
and an excellent copyist

His son BERNARDINO, a painter, was born at Verona.
One of his later works is dated 1584.

See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters."

In-dibl-lia, a Spanish chief, who flourished during
the first Punic war, in which he fought for and betrayed
both sides. He fought for the Carthaginians in the
battle at which Publius Scipio was killed, in 213 B.C.
His army was defeated by the younger Scipio in 207.
He was killed in battle by the Romans in 205 B.C.

See LIVY, " History of Rome," books xxii. and xxv.-xxix.

Iiidicopleustes. See COSMAS.

Indra, In'clRa, [etymology doubtful ; possibly related
to the Latin imber, (Gr. o/43poc,) a "shower" or "rain-
itorm,"] the regent of the firmament, in the Hindoo
mythology, is the son of Kasyapa and Aditi. As the
god of storms and thunder, he may be said to correspond
very nearly to the Roman Jupiter and Greek Zeus. In
the early period of the Hindoo mythology he was (like
Jupiter) regarded as the most powerful of the gods ; but,
after the introduction of the deities of the Hindoo triad,
Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, Indra, Varuna, and Agni
were deposed from their high rank and made to occupy
a far inferior position. Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, is
represented, while still an infant, as baffling with the
utmost ease the mightiest efforts of the god of thunder.
(See KRISHNA.) Indra is supposed to preside over all
atmospheric changes ; the clouds are his war-elephants,
one of which, represented with three trunks and called
Irivat,* (1-ra'vat,) is his vShan, (or "vehicle,"!) and his
most terrible weapon is his vajra, (pronounced by the
modern Hindoos vuj'ra or buj'ra,) or "adamantine thun-
derbolt."} The heaven or paradise of Indra is called
Swarga or Swerga, (pronounced swur'ga.) Here dwell
the Apsaras, the beautiful dancing-girls of his court, who
may be said to correspond to the Hoorees (Houris) of
Mohammed's paradise, and the Gandharvas, or celestial
minstrels. The consort of Indra is named IndrSnl, (in-
dRa'nee.) His capital city is called Amrivati, (im-ra'-
va-tee,) or the "city of immortality."

See MOOR'S " Hindu Pantheon;" COLBMAN'S " Mythology of the
Hindus;" SIR WILLIAM JONES'S Works, vol. xiii., (or vol. vi of
another edition;) H. H. WILSON'S "Translation of the Rig- Veda,'
and " Essays on the Religion of the Hindus,"

• Iravat signifies " watery," " full of rain," (in Latin, plmwut.)
T See note under GARUDA.

t This word (vajra) signifies both " thunderbolt" and " adamant,'
or "diamond."

Induno, en-doo'no, (DoMENico,) an Italian painter
of history and genre, born at Milan in 1815. He gained
the grand prize in 1837. He died in 1878.

Ifies (en'ySs) or Ifiez de Castro, en'ySth di kas'tRo,
sometimes Anglicised as AGNES DE CASTRO, a beautiful
Spanish lady, whose tragical fate is commemorated by
Camoens in the " Lusiad," was born of a noble famiiy
in Castile in the fourteenth century. Having been a
maid of honour at the court of Alphonso IV. of Por-
tugal, she won the love of his son Don Pedro, who
privately married her. The king, on learning the fact,
was violently enraged, and, after vain efforts to dissolve
their union, authorized her assassination in 1355. She
was eminent for virtue, grace, and intelligence. Her
story is the subject of numerous dramas, legends, etc.

Infantado, de, di en-fan-ta'oo, DUQUE, a Spanish
statesman, born in 1773, was an intimate friend of the
Prince of Asturias, (Ferdinand VII.) In 1808 he ac-
companied that prince to Bayonne, and signed the con-
stitution which Napoleon imposed on Spain. In 1809
he commanded an army which was defeated by the
French at Saint Sebastian. Ferdinand VII. appointed
him president of the council of Castile in 1814. He
resigned in 1820, and was prime minister for a short
time in 1825. Died in 1841.

Ingalls, (JOHN JAMES,) an American politician,
born at Middleton, Massachusetts, in 1833. He en-
gaged in law practice, became a resident of Kansas,
was State Senator in 1861, and was elected to the
United States Senate in 1873, 1879, and 1885. He
officiated as president pro tempore of the Senate 1887-
91 . He subsequently became a lecturer and journalist.
Died July 16, 1900.

Ingalls, ing'galz, (RuFUS,) an American general, born
in Oxford county, Maine, about 1820, graduated at West
Point in 1843, and was appointed a brigadier-general
of volunteers in 1862. He served in the army of the
Potomac in 1863-65. Died January 15, 1893.

Ingeburga, mg'eh-bdoR'ga, sometimes written Ing-
elburge or Ingerburga, a Danish princess, was the
sister of Canute VI. In 1192 she became the wife of
Philip Augustus of France, who soon after divorced
her without good reason. She appealed to the pope,
Innocent III., who decided in her favour ; and after the
kingdom of Philip had been laid under an interdict,
he was induced to reinstate her. Died in 1236.

Ingegneri, en-jSn-ya'ree, (ANGIOLO,) an Italian litte-
rateur, born in Venice about 1550, was secretary of Car-
dinal C. Aldobrandini at Rome, whose service he quitted
in 1598. He wrote a pastoral called "The Dance of
Venus," (" La Danza di Venere,") " Buon Segretario,"
and a few other works, in prose and verse. He was a
friend of Tasso. Died in 1613.

Ingegno, L'. See LUIGI, (ANDREA.)

In'ge-low, (JEAN,) a popular English poetess, was
born at Boston, England, in 1820. Her first volume of
poems, containing " Divided," " Songs of Seven," " The
High Tide," etc., at once established her reputation.
Her other publications are "Studies for Stories," (1864,)
"Poor Mat," (1866,) "A Story of Doom, etc.," (1867,)
"A Sister's Bye-I louir.." (1868,) " Mopsa the Fairy,"
(1869,) "Off the Skelligs," (1872,) "Fated to be Free,"
(1875,) and "Don John," (1881.) Died July 12,
1897.

lugemann, ing'eh-man', (BERNHARD SEVERIN,) a
popular Danish poet and novelist, was born in the island
of Falster, May 28, 1789. He produced a volume of
lyric poems (" Digte") in 1811, and an epic poem, called
"The Black Knights," (" De sorte Riddere,") in 1814.
His tragedies " Blanca" and " Masaniello" (1815) were
performed with great success. About 1820 he published
a dramatic poem, called " The Deliverance of Tasso." He
was chosen professor of Danish at the Academy of Soroe
in 1822. He wrote several popular historical novels,
among which are " Waldemar the Victor," (1826,) and
" Prince Otho of Denmark," (1835.) Died May 24, 1862.

See WiLLiAMand MARY HOWITT, "The Literatureand Romance
of Northern Europe," vol. ii., 1852; LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry
of Europe ;" ERSLEW, "Almindeligt Forfatter- Lexicon :" MdLLBR.
"Dansk Pantheon ;" " Forei.cn Quarterly Review" for April, 1838.

Ingen or Inghen, van, vSn ing'gen or ing'Hen, (WiL-

a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; mdt; n&t; good; moon;

INGENHOUSZ

1347

INGLIS

LKM,) a Dutch painter, born in 1651, studied under C.
Maratta at Rome. He worked in Venice and Naples,
and settled in Amsterdam. His works have considera-
ble merit. Died about 1710.

Ingeuhousz, ing'gen -hows', (JAN,) an eminent Dutch
physician and chemist, born at Breda in 1730. About
1767 he visited London, where he became intimate with
Dr. Pringle, president of the Royal Society, by whose
recommendation he became physician to the empress
Maria Theresa in 1772. He was made a member of
the aulic council in Vienna, and received a pension for
life. After remaining in Vienna a number of years, he
travelled in France, Italy, etc., pursuing his scientific
studies and experiments, and at last settled in London,
and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society. He in-
vented an electrophorus, and discovered that growing
plants exposed to the light exhale oxygen gas, (1779.)
His principal works (which are all written in English)
are " Experiments on Vegetables, discovering their Power
of Purifying the Air," (1779,) an " Essay on the Food of
Plants," and " Experiments and Observations on Various
Physical Subjects." The invention of the plate electrical
machine is attributed to him. Died in 1799.

See " Biographic Me"dicale,"

Ingersoll, ing'ger-spl, (CHARLES JARED,) a lawyer
and writer, a son of Jared, noticed below, was born in
Philadelphia in 1782. He was elected to Congress in
1812, and was appointed district attorney for Pennsyl-
vania by President Madison in 1815. He was chosen
a Democratic member of Congress in 1840, 1842, and

1844. Among his works are "Chiomara," a poem,
(1800,) and a "Historical Sketch of the Second War
between the United States of America and Great Britain,"
(4 vols., 1845-52.) Died in 1862.

Ingersoll, (ERNEST,) an American author, born at
Monroe, Michigan, March 13, 1852, studied at Oberlin
and Harvard Colleges, was attached to United States
geological surveys as a naturalist, 1874-1877, and after-
wards was attached to the United States fish commission.
In 1880 he was a special agent of the tenth census. His
principal works are " A Natural History Series" for the
young, "Natural History of Nests and Birds," (in parts,
1878 it ieq.,) " Friends Worth Knowing," " Oyster In-
dustries of the United States," (1881,) "The Ice
Queen," (1884,) "Wild Neighbours," (1897,) etc.

Ingersoll, (JARED,) LL.D., an American jurist, born
in Connecticut in 1749. He graduated at Yale in 1766,
studied law at the Temple in London, and on returning to
America took up his residence in Philadelphia. Though
the son of a royalist, he zealously advocated the rights
of the colonies in the Revolution. He rose to great dis-
tinction in his profession, was twice attorney-general of
Pennsylvania, once United States district attorney, and in
the latter part of his life president-judge of the district
court of Philadelphia. He served in the convention that
framed the Federal Constitution in 1787, and in 1812 was
the candidate of the Federal party for the Vice-Presidency
of the United States. Died in 1822.

Ingersoll, (JOSEPH REED,) D.C.L., son of the pre-
ceding, was born in Philadelphia, June 14, 1786. He
graduated at Yale College in 1808, and attained to a high
rank in the legal profession in his native city. He was a
representative in Congress from 1835 to 1837, and was
re-elected by the Whig party in 1841, and again in 1843,

1845, and 1847. He took a prominent part in the debates
on the tariff, and was for some time chairman of the
committee on the judiciary. He was appointed minister
to England by President Fillmore in 1852. Died in 1868.

Ingersoll, (ROBERT GREEN,) an American lawyer,
born at Dresden, New York, August 11, 1833, the son
of a Congregational minister of broad views. The young
Ingersoll became a lawyer, was a colonel of cavalry in
the Federal army, 1862-65, was appointed attorney-gen-
eral of Illinois in 1866, and afterwards acquired fame as
a political orator and successful lawyer. He became
very prominent as a lecturer against the Bible and
the Christian creeds. Died July 21, 1899.

Ing'ham, (CHARLES C.,) an eminent American por-
trait-painter, born about 1797. He worked in the city
of New York, where he died in December, 1863. His
pictures are remarkable for their high finish.

Inghen. See INGEN.

Inghirami, en-ge-rl'mee, (Cavaliere FRANCESCO,)
an eminent Italian antiquary, born at Volterra in 1772,
devoted many years to researches into ancient art, and
acquired a European reputation by his writings. The
most important of these is his "Monument! Etruschi,"
(10 vols., 1821-27,) which is the most complete de-
scription of the antiquities of Etruria. He wrote, also,
"Galleria Omerica," (3 vols., 1827-38,) illustrative of
Homer's poems, and " Letters on Etruscan Erudition,
etc.," (1828.) Died in 1846.

See ERSCH und CRUDER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."

Inghirami, (TOMMASO FEDRA,) an eminent Italian
scholar and orator, born at Volterra in 1470, settled at
Rome in early youth, and obtained high preferments.
He acquired the fame of being one of the most eloquent
men of modern Rome ; and Erasmus informs us that he
was styled the Cicero of his age. He was patronized
by Julius II., who appointed him keeper of the Vatican
Library. He left in manuscript a "Commentary on
Horace's Art of Poetry," "An Abstract of Roman His-
tory," and other works. Died in 1516.

Ingleby, ing'gl-be, (CLEMENT MANSFIELD,) LL.D.,
an English critic, born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham,
October 29, 1823. He graduated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, in 1847. His principal works are "Theo-
retical Logic," (1856,) "The Shakspere Fabrications,"
(1859,) " Shakspeare Hermeneutics, or The Still Lion,"
(1867-74,) "Was Thomas Lodge an Actor f" (1867,)'
"Revival of Philosophy at Cambridge," (1869,) "Shat.-
spere's Centurie of Prayse," (1870,) and "Shakspere,
the Man and the Book," (1877.) Died in 1886.

Inglefield, (Sir EDWARD,) an English naval offi-
cer, born at Cheltenham in 1820. He entered the
navy in 1832, took part in encounters with pirates off
Borneo and in other operations, and was active in the
search for Sir John Franklin. He also went to the
polar waters to relieve the Belcher expedition, and
took part in the siege of Sebastopol. He was suc-
cessively promoted until he became a full admiral in
1879. Died September 5, 1894.

Inglis, ing'glis, (HENRY DAVID,) a Scottish writer of
travels, born in Edinburgh in 1795. He travelled exten-
sively in Europe, and published excellent books of travel,
viz., " Solitary Walks through Many Lands," (3d edition,
1843,) a "Journey through Norway, Sweden, and Den-
mark," (1829,) "Tour through Switzerland, the South of
France," etc., (1830,) "Spain in 1830," (from which Lord
Aberdeen said he had derived more information than
from all the state documents he ever perused,) "The
Tyrol, with a Glance at Bavaria," (1834,) and " Rambles
in the Footsteps of Don Quixote." Died in 1835.

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen,"
(Supplement)

Inglis or English, (Sir JAMES,) a poet, born in Scot-
land in the reign of James IV., is supposed to be the
author of a book entitled "The Complaint of Scotland,"
published at Saint Andrew's in 1548, said to be the most
ancient Scottish prose work that is extant. Died in 1530.

Inglis, (JAMES,) an English author, born at Edzell
in 1845. Most of his life was spent in India, Aus-
tralia, and New Zealand, and he published "Sport
and Work on the Nepaul Frontier," (1^80,) "Our
New Zealand Cousins," (1886,) "Tent Life in Tiger
Land," (i8G8,) etc.

Inglis, (JOHN,) an eminent Scottish advocate, was
born at Edinburgh in 1810. He became lord advocate
and dean of the faculty in 1852. Having retired from
office with the Derby ministry in December, 1852, he
was restored to the same in 1858, and became lord
justice clerk in the same year. Died August 20,
1891.

In'glis, (Sir JOHN EARDLEY WILMOT,) a British gen-
eral, born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, about 1815, was a son
of the Bishop of Nova Scotia. He distinguished himself
in the campaign of the Punjab in 1848-49, and obtained
the rank of lieutenant-colonel. His regiment was at
Lucknow when that place was besieged by the Sepoys
in the summer of 1857. On the death of Sir Henry

e as &; 9 as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, TS^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J^p^See Explanations, p. 23.

INGLIS

1348

INNES

Lawrence he succeeded to the command of the garrison.
He received the brevet of major-general for his heroic
defence of Lucknow. Died at Homburg, Germany, in
September, 1862.

Inglis, (MARGARET MAXWELL,) a Scottish poetess
born at Sanquhar, Scotland, in 1774, published a "Mis-
cellaneous Collection of Poems" in 1838. Died in 1843.

Inglis, (Sir ROBERT HARRY,) M.P., born in 1786, was
the only son of Sir Hugh Inglis, chairman of the East
India Company. He was first elected to Parliament in
1824. From 1829 to 1853 he represented the University
of Oxford, and constantly voted with the Tories against
the Reform bill, the relief of the Catholics, etc. Died
in 1855.

Ingoldsby, ing'golz-be, (THOMAS,) the assumed name
of Richard H. Barham. (See BARHAM.)

Ing'pn I., surnamed THE GOOD, King of Sweden, was
the son and successor of Stenkil, and began to reign
about 1080. He favoured the propagation of Christianity
among his subjects. Died in 1112.

Ingon IL, a nephew of the preceding, was one of his
successors, and shared the royal power with his brother
Philip. Slavery was gradually abolished in his reign.
Died in 1130.

Ingoni, en-go'nee, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an Italian
painter, born at M6dena in 1528 ; died in 1608.

lugoni, (MATTEO,) a painter of the Venetian school,
born at Ravenna in 1587; died in 1631.

Ingouf, aN'goof,(FRANc;ois ROBERT,) a skilful French
engraver, born in Paris in 1747. He engraved "The
Nativity," after Raphael, and some of the plates for the
"Musee Francais." Died in 1812. His brother, PIERRE
CHARLES, born in Paris in 1746, was also a successful
engraver. Died in 1800.

Ingraham, ing'gra-am, (DUNCAN NATHANIEL,) a
naval commander, born in Charleston, South Carolina,
in 1802. He gained distinction by his spirited conduct
in procuring the release from an Austrian war-vessel,
at Smyrna, in June, 1853, of Martin Koszta, a Hungarian,
who had legally declared his intention to become a
citizen of the United States. He was raised to the rank
of captain in 1855, but resigned in 1861, and entered the
Confederate navy. Died October 16, 1891.

Ingraham, (JOSEPH H.,) an American writer, born
at Portland, Maine, in 1809. Besides the romances of
" Lafitte," " Captain Kyd," and " The Dancing Feather,"
he wrote "The Prince of the House of David," "The
Pillar ofFire,"and"TheThroneofDavid." Died in 1866.

Ingram, ing'gram, (HERBERT,) an English printer,
born at Boston in 1811, founded the "Illustrated Lon-
don News" in 1842. He was elected to Parliament in
1856, and visited the United States in 1860. In Sep-
tember of that year he was drowned in Lake Michigan,
in consequence of a collision.

Ingram, (JAMES,) D.D., an English clergyman, born
in Wiltshire in 1774, became president of Trinity College,
Oxford, in 1824, and rector of Garsington. He published
an edition of the " Saxon Chronicle," (1823,) " Memorials
of Oxford," (1834-37,) which was favourably received,
and several other works. Died in 1850.

Ingram, (JOHN H.,) an English author, born in Lon-
don, November 16, 1849. His principal books have
been " Poems by Dalton Stone," (1863,) "Flora Sym-
bolica," (1869,) "Memoir of Poe," (1874, prefixed to an
edition of Poe's works,) " Poe Memorial," " The Haunted
Houses of England," " Life of Oliver Madox Brown,"
(1883,) "Life of E. B. Browning," (1888,) " Dar-
ley's May Queen," (1892,) etc. He edited the " Emi-
nent Women" series.

Ingrain, (JOHN KELLS,) an Irish author, bjrn in
county Donegal in 1823. He was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and is best known as an author by
his " Political Economy," contributed to the " Ency-
clopaedia Britannica," and reprinted as a book in
1888. It has been translated into eight European
languages and into Japanese.

Ingrassia, en-gRas'se-1, written also Ingraasias,
(GIOVANNI FILIPPO,) an eminent Sicilian physician and
anatomist, born at Palermo about 1510, taught anatomy
at Naples. In 1563 he was chosen by Philip II. first

physician of Sicily, and in 1575 he checked the ravages
of the plague at Palermo. He wrote a "Commentary
on the Bones," and other able treatises on anatomy.
Died in 1580.

See ELOY, " Dictionnaire historique de la Me'decine."

Ingres, axgK, (JEAN AUGUSTE DOMINIQUE,) a cele-
brated French historical painter, born at Montauban in
1780 or 1781, was a pupil of David. He gained the first
prize in 1801 for a picture of "Achilles receiving in his
Tent the Envoys of Agamemnon." Hewoiked about
twenty years (1804-24) in Rome and Florence, choosing
Raphael as his model. During this period lie painted
" CEdipus and the Sphinx," " Raphael and La Fornarina,"
and "Odalisque," (1819.) He returned to Paris in 1824,
became the founder of a school, and exhibited " The
Vow of Louis XIII.," one of his best works, which
opened to him the doors of the Institute in 1825. In
1827 he painted on the ceiling of the Louvre "The
Apotheosis of Homer," which is called his master-piece.
At the Exposition of 1855 a salon was reserved exclu-
sively for his works, which are said to have had a wide
influence on the style of French and foreign artists. He
is called the representative of correct design and idea'
composition. Died in January, 1867.

See L. DE LOMHNIE, " M. Ingres, par un Homroe de Rien," 1842 ;
FREDERIC MERCHY, " Peintres et ScuJpteurs modernes : J. IngreV
1846; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Inguimbert, d'.daN'gaN'baiR', (JOSEPH DOMINIQUE,)
a French bishop, born at Carpentras in 1683, assumed
the name of DOM MALACHIE. He became an intimate
counsellor of Pope Clement XII., who appointed him
domestic prelate, and in 1733 Bishop of Carpentras. He
built a hospital in that town, and founded a large public
library there. He wrote and translated several religious
works. Died in 1757.

See VITALIS, "Notice surla Vie de Malachie d'Inguimbert," 1813.

Ingulf. See INGULPHUS.

In-gul'phus or In'gulf, a monk, born in London
about 1030, became secretary and favourite of William,
Duke of Normandy, in 1051. After that prince had
become King of England, Ingulphus was made abbot of
the monastery of Croyland. He died in 1109. He was
the reputed author of a History of the above monastery,
in Latin, containing much curious and important infor-
mation ; but Sir Francis Palgrave has proved that it is a
forgery.

In't-go, an English engraver, whose proper name was
JOHN COLLET, was born about 1725. He excelled in
the same line as Hogarth, and displayed an original
genius for humorous design. He left but few works,
among which is a " Monkey pointing to a Very Dark
Picture of Moses striking the Rock." Died in 1780.

In'man, (HENRY,) an American portrait-painter, born
at Utica, New York, in 1801, was a pupil of Jarvis. He
worked mostly in the city of New York. During a visit
to England, in 1844, he painted portraits of the poet
Wordsworth, Dr. Chalmers, and T. B. Macaulay. Among
his other works are portraits of Chief-Justice Marshall
and Bishop White. He was commissioned by Congress
to adorn the national capitol with historical paintings ;
but before he had finished them he died, in 1846.

Inman, (JoHN,) a brother of the preceding, born at
Utica, New York, in 1805, was an associate editor cf
the "New York Mirror" and "The Commercial Adver
tiser." Died in 1850.

In'n^s, (COSMO,) a Scottish lawyer, historian, and
antiquary, born at Durris on Deeside, September 9,
1798. He early became known as a student of the
ancient records of Scottish history. He was made an
advocate in 1822. He collated and edited the chartu-
laries of the old religious houses of the North, was em-
ployed for many years in editing and publishing the
Scottish statutes, and was the author of " Scotland in
the Middle Ages," (1860,) " Lectures on Scotch Legal
Antiquities," (1872,) etc. He had a strong leaning to
Catholicism, though he never gave his personal alle-
giance to that religion, and his works were greatly valued
by Montalembert and other distinguished Catholics. He
died at Killin, July 31, 1874. A "Memoir of Cosmo
Innes" was published anonymously, in 1874, by Mrs.
John Hill Burton.

a, e, i, 5, u, y, fang; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obtain; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;

INNES

1349

INNOCENT

In'nes, (Louis,) a Roman Catholic priest, born of a
Scottish family about 1650. He became secretary to
James II. after he was deposed from the English throne.
He is the reputed author of " Memoirs of James II.," part
of which was published in 1816. Died in Paris, January

23. '738-

Innes, (THOMAS,) a brother of the preceding, born
it. 1662, studied in Paris, was ordained a priest, and suc-
ceeded Louis as principal of the Scottish College. He
wrote a " Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of
the Northern Parts of Britain," (1729,) which is highly
commended for sound learning, judicious criticism, and
valuable information. Died in 1744.

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."

In'ness, (GEORGE,) an American artist, born at New-
burgh, New York, May i, 1823. He studied art in New
York and in the European capitals, chronic ill health
interfering much with the continuity of his labours.
Taken at his best, Mr. Inness was inferior to no other
American landscapist. His work was so informed with
high spiritual purpose that some critics classed him,
without complete justice, with the " Impressionist"
school. He was a member of the National Academy.
Died August 3, 1894. His son, GEORGE INNESS, Junior,
is a painter of much promise.

In'no-cent JLat. INNOCEN'TIUS ; It. INNOCKNZO, en-
no-chSn'zo ; Ger. INNOCENZ, in'no-ts?nts ; Span. INO-
CENCIO, e-no-Men'Me-o] I., a native of Albano, chosen
Bishop of Rome in 402 A.D., was contemporary with
Augustine and Jerome. During his pontificate, Rome
was pillaged by Alaric the Goth. Innocent strenuously
asserted the supremacy of the see of Rome, and con-
demned the doctrine of Pelagius. He succeeded Anas-
tasius I., who, according to Jerome, was the father of
Innocent. Died in 417. He was succeeded by Zcsimus.

See BRUYS, "Histoire des Papes," 5 vols., 1735.

Innocent It, POPE, was elected in 1 130 as successor
to Honorius II. Another party elected a rival pope,
under the name of Anacletus II., whose partisans drove
Innocent out of Rome. The latter was recognized as pope
by the Kings of France, England, and Germany, and his
rival was supported by Roger of Sicily. In 1 138, Inno-
cent, assisted by Lotharius of Germany, recovered the
papal power, and, his rival having died in the same year,
the unity of the Church was restored. In 1139 Arnaldo
da Brescia was banished from Rome for preaching doc-
trines that were deemed unsound. Innocent died in
1143, and was succeeded by Celestine II.

SeePLATiNA, "Vile de' summi Pontefici," 1613; ALLETZ, "His-
toire des Papes," 1776; J. HARTMANN, "Vita Innocentii II. Pon-
tincis," 1744; ARTAUD DH MONTOR, " Histoire des souverains Pon-
tifes," 1847-49.

Innocent HI., whose proper name was Lotharius,
was the son of Trasimund, a Roman count, and was born
in Rome in 1161. He was unanimously elected pope in
January, 1198, as successor to Celestine III. With su-
perior abilities, improved by diligent study, he combined
great resolution, industry, and austerity of character, and
availed himself of every opportunity to magnify his office
and to assert the supremacy of the papal power. In 1199
he placed the kingdom of France under an interdict be-
cause the king, Philip Augustus, had repudiated his wife ;
and thus he compelled him to reinstate her. About 1200
he instigated the fourth crusade, the principal result of
which was the capture of Constantinople from the Greeks
by the crusaders. In 1212 he excommunicated and de-
posed Otho, Emperor of Germany, and crowned Frede-
rick of Sicily in his place. A memorable quarrel occurred
between this pontiff and King John of England, respect-
ing the appointment of the Archbishop of Canterbury,
(1207,) the right to appoint being obstinately asserted by
each. England was laid under an interdict, which lasted
two years, at the expiration of which, as John was still
refractory, the pope declared him to be deposed, and
authorized Philip Augustus of France to execute the
decree. While the latter was preparing to invade Eng-
land, John submitted to the pope, in 1213, and signed a
disgraceful treaty, in which he consented to hold Eng-
land and Ireland as fiefs of the Church of Rome, and to
pay an annual tribute of one thousand marks. In 1214
Innocent raised a cruel persecution or crusade against

the Albigenses for heresy. During his pontificate tha
papal power attained its greatest height He was perhaps
the most learned man and the most able statesman of
his age. He wrote " Letters," and other works, which are
highly commended. Died in 1216, and was succeeded by
Honorius III.

See F. HURTER, " Geschicbte Innocenz III.," 3 vols., 1835, (and
French version of the same, 4 vols., 1838-43 ;) D. LBSSMANN, " Pabst
Innocenz III. und Fiirst Michael Glinski," 1830: JORRV, " Histoire
du Pape Innocent HI," 1852: ARTAUD DH MONTOR, "Histoire de*
souverains Pontifes," 1847-49; J. H. GURNEY, " Four Ecclesiastical
Biographies," London, 1864.

Innocent IV., (SINIBALDO de' Fieschi — da fe-Js'-
kee,) a native of Genoa, was elected pope as successor to
Celestine IV. in 1243. He soon found himself involved
in a quarrel with the emperor Frederick II., (who had
been excommunicated by Gregory IX.,) and retired for
security to Lyons. Here he summoned a council, in
1245, and renewed the excommunication of Frederick,
who was also formally deposed. The emperor, however,
refused to submit to this assumption, and waged war
against the pope for several years, until his death in 1250.
Innocent then returned to his capital, and proclaimed a
crusade against Conrad, the son of Frederick ; but again
his malignity was baffled. He died in 1254, and was
succeeded by Alexander IV.

See J. HARTMANN, "Vita Innocentii IV.," 1738; PAOU> PANZA,
"Vita del gran Pontefice Innocenzio Quarto," 1601.

Innocent V., ( PETER OF TARANTASIA, ) born at
Moutierj in Savoy, was elected in 1276 as successor to
Gregory X. After holding office a few months, he died
in the same year.

Innocent VI., ( STIENNE Aubert — o'baiR', ) a
Frenchman, born near Pompadour, was elected pope
in 1352. He succeeded Clement VI., who had made
him a cardinal and Bishop of Ostia. His court was kept
at Avignon throughout his pontificate. He reformed
some abuses in the Church, and appears to have acted
with more moderation and propriety than most of his
predecessors. Died in 1362.

See BRUYS, "Histoire des Papes," 1735; SISMONDI, "Histoire
des Francais."

Innocent Vn., (Cardinal COSMO Migliorati — mel-
yo-ra'tee,) born at Sulmona about 1338, was elected pope
in 1404, as successor to Boniface IX. At that time there
was an extensive schism in the Church, and Benedict
XIII. held a rival court at Avignon. Died in 1406.

See PLATINA, " Vite de' summi Pontefici," 1613.

Innocent VUL, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA Cibo — chee'-
bo,) born at Genoa in 1434, was elected pope in 1484, as
successor to Sixtus IV. He laboured without success
to unite the sovereigns of Europe against the Turks,
and wcs himself engaged in war with Ferdinand, King
of Naples. He died in 1491, and was succeeded by
Alexander VI.

See F. SERDONATI, "Vita d'Innocenzo VIII.," 1829; F. M.
VIALARDO, " Istoria della Vita d'Innocenzo VIII.," 1613.

Innocent IX., (ANTONIO Facchinetti — fak-ke-
net'tee,) born at Bologna, succeeded Gregory XIV. in
October, 159;, but only survived two months after his
election. He left a good reputation for virtue and
wisdom. Clement VIII. was his successor.

See RANKE, " History of the Popes."

Innocent X, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA Panfili— pan-
fee'lee,) elected in place of Urban VIII. in 1644, was
born in Rome about 1570. He owed his promotion to
the Barberini, who soon became his enemies. The Jan-
senist controversy having made a great commotion in
the Church, Innocent appointed a commission of car-
dinals to settle it, and in 1653 issued a bull cum occasion*,
in which he condemned the five propositions of Jansen.
Historians differ widely as to the character of this pontift
He died in 1655, and was succeeded by Alexander VII.

See RANKE, " History of the Popes;" CIACONIUS, " Vitas et Re«
gestz Pontificum Romanorum," 4 vols., 1677.

Innocent XI., (Cardinal BENEDICT Odescalchl —
o-dSs-kll'kee,) born at Como in 1611, succeeded Clement
X. in 1676. He had been made a cardinal in 1647, and
had sustained a respectable character. He soon mani-
fested his zeal to reform abuses and restore strict disci-
pline, and his inflexible resolution to maintain the papal

eas/fc; {as>; gkard; gasy'yG, K K,gutturai; N, nasal; R, trilled; sass; th as in this. (J^="See Explanations, p. 23.)

INNOCENT

135°

IPHIGENIA

prerogatives. His pontificate was signalized by a re-
markable contest with Louis XIV. of France in relation
to the rfgale and the privileges or exemptions of foreign
ambassadors at Rome. The pope wished to abolish the
usage which rendered the ambassador's palace, with the
adjacent premises, an asylum for malefactors, etc., inac-
cessible to the officers of justice. Louis XIV. in 1687
sent his ambassador Lavardin with orders to maintain
his rights, and with an armed retinue of eight hundred
men. The pope persisted, and excommunicated Lavar-
din, who returned without effecting his object ; and the
quarrel was not ended until after the death of Innocent,
which occurred in 1689. It seems that his enmity to Louis
induced this pontiff to favour the English in resistance
to James II. ; and some one remarked that the peace of
Europe would be promoted if James would become a
Protestant, and the pope a Catholic.

See UGHELLI, "Italia sacra," 10 vols., 1717-22; RANKE, "His-
tory of the Popes:" SISMONDI, "Histoire des Francais;" F.
BUONAMICI, "De Vita et Rebus gestis Innocentii XI.," 1776.

Innocent 'XTT (ANTONIO Fignatelli — pen-ya-tel'-
lee,) born in Naples in 1615, became Cardinal and Arch-
bishop of Naples during the pontificate of Innocent XL,
and succeeded Alexander VIII. as pope in July, 1692.
He proposed to take Innocent XI. as his model, and
appears to deserve credit for his economy, regular habits,
liberality, and works of utility. In his pontificate a re-
conciliation was effected with the French court by mutual
concession. Quietism also received its quietus, in 1699,
by a papal brief condemning Fenelon's " Maximes des
Saints." He died in 1700, and was succeeded by Clem-
ent XI.

Innocent XIII., (MICHELANGELO Conti — kon'tee,)
born in Rome in 1655, was the son of the Duke of
Poli, and attained the dignity of cardinal in 1706. He
succeeded Clement XI. as pope in 1721, and exercised
his power so prudently that his subjects regretted the
brevity of its duration. He died in 1724, and his place
was supplied by Benedict XIII.

See BRUYS, " Histoire des Papes," 1735 ; " Leben Pabst Innocent
XIII. ," Cologne, 1724.

InnocentiuB. See INNOCENT.

Innocenz. See INNOCENT.

Innocenzo. See INNOCENT.

I'no, [Gr. "Ivii,] a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia,
was the wife of Athamas, King of Thebes. According
to tradition, she incurred the enmity of Juno, who de-
prived Athamas of his reason. In a fit of insanity he
killed a son of Ino, who threw herself into the sea and
was changed into a sea-goddess, named Leucothea. Her
story was dramatized by several Greek poets.

Inocencio. See INNOCENT.

Inouye, (KAORU,) COUNT, a Japanese statesman,
horn in 1839. Making a secret journey in Europe with
Count Ito, he became a strong advocate of Western
civilization. He was in office from 1868 onward, was
minister of public works in 1878, afterwards in the
foreign office, retired in 1887, and was recalled as
minister of the interior in 1892.

In'skip, (JOHN S.,) a Methodist preacher, born at
Huntingdon, England, August 10, 1816, was brought to
the United States when five years old, began a religious
life in 1832, and in 1835 commenced to preach. He
acquired great note as a conductor of camp-meetings,
and became editor of the "Christian Standard." Died
•t Ocean Grove, New Jersey, March 7, 1884.

Interiano de Ayala, en-ta-re-a'no da I-a'15, (JUAN,)
a Spanish author and monk, born in 1656, became
preacher to the king. He published, besides other works,
(mostly in Spanish,) "Pictor Christianus Eruditus,"
(1730,) in which he exposes the prevalent errors of
painters who treat of religious subjects. His style is
pure and elegant Died in 1730.

Inthiema, in-te-a'mi, (HERO,) a Dutch poet and jurist,
born in 1576; died in 1623.

Intieri, en-te-a'ree, ( BARTOLOMMEO, ) an Italian
economist and mechanician, born at Pistoia about 1674.
He founded a chair of political economy at Naples, and
wrote "On the Conservation of Grain." Died in 1757.

Inveges, en-va'jes, (AUGUSTIN,) a Sicilian historian

and ecclesiastic, born at Sciacca in 1595, published a
"History of Palermo," (3 vols., 1649-51,) which was
much esteemed. Died in 1677.

In'wood, (CHARLES FREDERICK,) son of William
Inwood, noticed below, was born in 1798. He co-operated
with his father as architect of Westminster Hospital and
other edifices. Died in 1840.

In-wood, (HENRY WILLIAM,) an English architect, a
brother of the preceding, was born in 1794. He was
associated in his profession with his father, and pub-
lished " Studies of the Architect from Nature," and an
illustrated work on Athenian architecture, called "The
Erechtheion at Athens," (1827.) He perished by ship-
wreck in 1843, while making a voyage to Spain.

Inwood, (WILLIAM,) an English architect, born about
1770, was employed on many buildings in London, and
also followed the profession of surveyor. He was assisted
in his architectural labours by his two sons, noticed
above. Saint Pancras Church, London, finished in 1822,
was erected by him and his son Henry. He published
"Tables for Purchasing Estates," etc. Died in 1843.

I'o, [Gr. 'Iu,] a fabulous personage, whom the Greek
poets represent as a daughter of Inachus and a priestess
of Juno. It was said that, having been transformed by
Jupiter into a white cow, she was tormented by a gadfly,
(sent by Juno,) to escape from which she swam across
the Ionian Sea and wandered through various parts of
the world. Her story is related by ^ischylus in his
"Suppliants."

I-o-la'ua [Gr. 'lo/aocl or I'p-las, [Gr. 'loAoc,] a per-

sonage of classic mythology, was a relative and faithful
companion of Hercules, whom he aided in his contest
against the Lernean Hydra.

I'o-le, [Gr. 'Io?J7,] the daughter of Eurytus, King of
CEchalia, who promised her in marriage to Hercules.
But, Eurytus having afterwards refused to perform his
•L-ment, lole was forcibly carried off by her lover.
On the death of the latter, caused by Dejanira's jealousy,
(see DEJANIRA,) lole was married to Hyllus, the son of
Hercules.

I'on, [Gr. 'luv,] the mythical ancestor of the lonians,
was supposed to be the son of Apollo and Creusa. His
story was dramatized by Euripides.

Ion, ["luv,] a Greek tragic poet, who was born at
Chios, (Scio,) and flourished about 450 B.C. He lived
at Athens, where he became a friend of ^schylus and
gained a prize for one of his tragedies. He composed,
besides tragedies, elegies, lyric poems, and some prose
works, all of which are lost He was included in the
canon of the five Athenian tragic poets by the Alexan-
drian critics.

See FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Grzca ;" KAYSER, " Historia cn-
lica Tragicorum Gnecorum," 1845 : KARL NIEBERDING, " De lonit
Chii Vita, Moribus et Studiis," 1836.

I'o-phon, [Gr. 'lo^uv,] an Athenian tragic poet, a soi.
of Sophocles the poet, lived about 420 B.C. He gained
the second prize in 429, when Euripides received the
first prize. Among the titles of his plays are " Achilles,"
" Actaeon," and " Pentheus." His works are not extant
Died after 405 B.C.

See KAVSER, " Historia critica Tragicorum Gntcorum," 1845.

louzef or louzaf. See YOOSUF.

Iphicrate. See IPHICRATES.

I-phic'ra-tes, [Gr. 'I^ocpan/c ; Fr. IPHICRATE, e'le
kRJtt',] a skilful Athenian general, who rose from a
humble rank in society and obtained the chief command
of the Athenian army. About 392 B.C. he defeated the
Spartans near Corinth, and afterwards gained applause
by his defence of Corcyra against the Spartans and Syra-
cusans. He made important changes in the armour anci
tactics of his troops, by exchanging the heavy buckler
for a light target and increasing the length of the speai
and the sword. He was associated with Timotheus and
Chares in the command of an expedition against Byzan-
tium about 357 B.C.

See GROTB, " History of Greece :" CORNBLIUS NEPOS, " Iphi-
crates :" DIODORUS SICULUS, books xiv., rv., and xvi. ; XENOPHOM.
" Hellenica," books iv. and vi. ; REHDANTZ, "Vita: Iphicratis, Cha-
briae et Timothei," Berlin, 1845.

Iph-I-£e-nI'a or Iph-I-ge-nei'a, [Gr. 'tytytvoa; Fr.
IPHIGENIE, e'fe'zha'ne',] a daughter of Agamemnon and

a, e, J, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon;

IPHIGENIE

IRE TON

Clytemnestra. The ancient poets relate that Diana
detained the Greek fleet at Aulis by a calm, because
Agamemnon had offended her, and that the soothsayer
Calchas declared Diana could be appeased only by the
sacrifice of Iphigenia. When she was on the point of
being immolated, she was rescued, it is said, by Dinna,
who carried her to Tauris, where she became a prie?tess
In the temple of the goddess. Her story is the subject
of two of the dramas of Euripides.

Iphigenie. See IPHIGENIA.

Iphl-tus, [Gr. 'tyiTOf,.] a king of Elis, who revived
the Olympic games about 884 B.C., four hundred and
seventy years after their first institution. They were
celebrated every fifth year, at Olympia, on the banks
of the Alpheus. Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, was
associated with Iphitus in this affair.

Ipparco, the Italian of HIPPARCHUS, which see.

Ippocrate. See HIPPOCRATES.

Ippolito. See HIPPOLYTUS.

Irailh, e'rjl', (AucusTiN SIMON,) a French historical
writer, born at Puy-en-Velay in 1719, became canon
of Monistrol. He wrote an interesting work entitled
"Literary Quarrels, or Memoirs of the Revolutions in
the Republic of Letters from the Time of Homer to
the Present," (4 vols., 1761,) also a "History of the
Reunion of Bretagne with France," (2 vols., 1764.) Died
in 1794.

Ir'by, (CHARLES LEONARD,) an English officer in the
royal navy, was born October 9, 1789. In conjunction
with James Mangles, he wrote a valuable work entitled
" Travels in Egypt, Nubia, Syria, and the Holy Land,"
(1823.) Died December 3, 1845. (See MANGLES,
CAPTAIN.)

Ire'dell, ir'del, (JAMES,) a distinguished jurist,
born in England in 1751, settled in North Carolina in
1768. He was admitted to the bar in 1770, and from
1777 to 1779 was judge of the supreme court of North
Carolina. He was one of the ablest members of the
constitutional convention of 1787, and from 1790 till
his death, in 1799, was judge of the supreme court of
the United States. He published the " Laws of North
Carolina, 1715-1790."

Iredell, (JAMES,) a lawyer, a son of the preceding,
was born at Edenton, North Carolina, in 1788. He was
Governor of North Carolina in 1827, and was a Senator
of the United States from 1828 to 1831. He was sub-
sequently reporter to the supreme court of his native
State, and published thirteen volumes of law and eight
of equity reports. Died in 1853.

Ire'land, (JOHN,) D.D., an English writer, born at
Ashburton in 1761, became prebendary of Westminster
in 1802, and Dean of Westminster and rector of Islip in
1816. He founded a professorship at Oxford, and several
scholarships. He was a contributor to the " London
Quarterly Review," and the author of several approved
works of divinity, among which is " Paganism and Chris-
tianity Compared." Died in 1842.

Ireland, (JOHN,) an English writer, born in Shrop-
shire, removed to London, where he became a con-
noisseur of art and a dealer in pictures. He compiled
"Memoirs of Henderson" the actor, and published
" Hogarth Illustrated," which was favourably received.
Died in 1808.

Ireland, (JOHN,) an American ecclesiastic, born
in Ireland in 1838. He was brought to the United
States as a boy, studied theology in France, was or-
dained priest in the Roman Catholic Church in 1861,
became bishop, and in 1888 archbishop of St. Paul,
Minnesota. He became well known as a lecturer on
temperance and a writer and speaker for the Repub-
lican party, and published "The Church and Modern
Society."

Ireland, (SAMUEL,) born in London, was a weaver
of Spitalfields in his youth. He became subsequently a
dealer in rare prints, curiosities, etc. Having acquired
some skill in drawing and engraving, he employed it
in illustrating various countries, of which he published
" Picturesque Tours." He was the author of " Graphic
Illustrations of Hogarth," and the publisher of the Shak-
speare Papers forged by his son. (See below.) Died
in 1800.

Ireland, (WILLIAM HENRY,) a son of the preceding,
was born in London in 1777. He acquired notoriety
in 1795 by forging legal documents under the seal of
Shakspeare, and by practising on the public credulity in
relation to dramas which he pretended to have found at
Stratford. One of these, called " Vortigern," was pur-
chased by Sheridan, and performed at Drury Lane before
the imposture was detected. The audience were ex-
tremely disgusted at the quality of the play, and Ireland,
being required to explain how he had obtained it, con-
fessed the forgery to his father, and afterwards published
a written confession, which displays more vanity than
penitence. Died in 1835.

Ireuaeus, e-ra-na'us, (FALKOVSKI,) a learned Russian
prelate and writer on theology, born in 1762; died in
1823.

IrenaEus, (KLEMENTIEVSKI,) a Russian theologian,
born in 1753, became Archbishop of Pskof. He wrote
commentaries on Scripture, and translated from the
Greek some works of the Fathers. Died in 1818.

Iren^us, ?r-e-nee'us, [Gr. E/pizvoiof; Fr. IRENEE, e'ri'-
na'; It. IRENEO, e-ri-na'o,] SAINT, a Christian martyr,
born about 130 or 140 A.D., was a Greek by birth, and
was probably a native of Asia Minor, as he was a pupil
of the eminent Bishop Polycarp of Smyrna. About 177
he became Bishop of Lyons, (Lugdunum,) in France, in
place of Pothinus, who was the first that occupied that
see. He ministered to his churches with wisdom and
general acceptance. To counteract the errors of the
Gnostics and others, he wrote a treatise against Heresies,
which is still extant, (in a Latin translation.) He also
wrote several Letters, and other works, which are lost,
except some fragments. It is generally supposed that
he suffered martyrdom under Septimus Severus ; but
the learned are not agreed whether it occurred in 2OJ
or 208. He was well versed in ancient philosophy, as
well as in evangelical doctrine. His book on Heresies
is highly appreciated as a historical monument and a
vindication of the primitive faith. He was a believer in
the Millennium, and entertained opinions on that subject
which some consider extravagant.

See SAINT JEROME, " De Viria illustrious ;" EUSBBIUS, " Historic
Ecclesiastical" HENRY DODWELL, " Dissertationes in Irenseum,"
1689; GERVAISE, "Vie de S. Ire'ne'e, second Evgque de Lyon," 1723;
J. M. PRAT, "Histoire de Saint-Ire'ne'e," 1843; JAMES BRAVEW,
" Account of the Life and Writings of Saint Iren;eus."

I-re'ae, [Gr. Zlpijvn ; Fr. iRiNE, e'rjn',] Empress of
Constantinople, was born at Athens about 752, of very
obscure parentage, and in 769 A.D. became the wife of
Leo IV., Emperor of the East. At his death, in 780, he
left a son of ten years, named Constantine, during whose
minority Irene acted as regent. She was remarkable for
her beauty, energy, and talents. In order to decide the
quarrel between the Iconoclasts and their opponents, to
whom she was partial, she assembled a council in 787,
which formally sanctioned the worship of images. When
her son attained his majority, her ambition so far pre-
vailed over natural affection that she dethroned him and
deprived him of sight. In 802 she was deposed by a
conspiracy of her subjects, and Nicephorus was chosen
emperor. She died in exile in 803.

See LB BEAU, "Histoire du Bas- Empire;" VINCENT MIGNOT,
" Histoire de I' I mpeVatrice Irene," 176:1 ; GIBBON, " History of the
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."

Irenee. See IREN^US.

Ireneo. See IREN^US.

Ireton, Ir'tpn, (HENRY,) an eminent English repub-
lican, born in 1610. He was a student of law when the
civil war began, in which he became an ardent leader
of the popular cause. Entering the army as captain of
cavalry, he was rapidly promoted, and became highly
distinguished for his courage and capacity both in the
battle-field and the council-chamber. At the battle of
Naseby, (1645,) with the rank of commissary-general, he
commanded the left wing, and was wounded and taken
prisoner ; but, his friends having gained the victory, he
recovered his liberty the same day. In 1646 he married
Bridget, daughter of Oliver Cromwell. The latter, as
Hume remarks, "had great deference for the counsels
of Ireton ;" and the republicans generally reposed the
highest confidence in him, as a statesman of incorruptible
honour. About 1646 he was elected to Parliament, where

c as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. lJ[^=See Explanations, p. 23.)

IRIARTE

IRVING

he projected various wise legal and constitutional re
forms and was eminent for his skill in drafting ordi-
nances. While Charles I. was a prisoner at Hampton
Court, he had conferences with Cromwell and Ireton,
who, it is said, were inclined to reinstate him in a limited
royalty, until they intercepted one of his letters which
convinced them of his insincerity. Ireton was a member
of the court which tried the king ; and he signed the
warrant for his execution, January, 1649. In reference
to this affair, Burnet says, " Ireton was the person that
drove it on ; for Cromwell was all the while in some
suspense about it." In July, 1649, he went to Ireland
as second in command under Cromwell, who, returning
after the lapse of a few months, left to Ireton the chief
command, with the title of lord deputy. After gaining
several victories and taking Limerick, he died there of
the plague in 1651. Hume, who was not partial to his
cause, denominates him "a memorable personage, much
celebrated for his vigilance, industry, capacity even for
the strict execution of justice in that unlimited command
which he possessed in Ireland. It was believed by many
that he was animated by a sincere and passionate love
of liberty." (" History of England.")

See, also, " Biographia Britannica ;" GUIZOT, " Histoire de la
Revolution d'Angleterre."

Iriarte or Yriarte, e-re-an'ta, (BERNARDO,) nephew
of Don Juan de Iriarte, noticed below, was born in Tene-
riffe about 1734. He became a member of the council
of state, and held other important offices under the
Spanish government Died in 1814.

Iriarte, (DOMINGO,) brother of the preceding, born
in Teneriffe in 1746, was sent as minister plenipotentiary
of Spain to Poland, and employed in other embassies.
Died in 1795.

Iriarte, (FRANCISCO DIEGO DE Ainsay — In-sl',) a
Spanish writer, born at Huesca, published an account
of his native city, entitled "Fundacion, Eccelencias,
Grandezas, etc. de la antiquisima Ciudad de Huesca,"
(1619.)

Iriarte, (IGNACIO,) a celebrated Spanish landscape-
painter, born in Guipuscoa in 1620, was a pupil of the
elder Herrera. He worked in Seville, and became a
friend of Murillo, who painted the figures for some of his
landscapes. He was one of the founders of the Academy
of Seville. Iriarte was regarded as the best landscape-
painter of his country and his time. Connoisseurs admire
in his works the lightness of the foliage, the transparency
of the sky, the limpidity of the water, and the mastery
of chiaroscuro. Died in 1685.

See RAPHAEL MHNGS, " Las Obras," etc., 1780 ; QUILLIBT, " Dic-
tionuaire des Peintres Espagnols."

Iriarte, de, da e-re-aR'ti, (Don JUAN,) an eminent
linguist and scholar, born in the island of Teneriffe in
1702. He studied in Paris at the College of Louis le
Grand, and subsequently visited London and Madrid,
where he was appointed in 1732 one of the librarians
in the Royal Library. He became official translator to
the principal secretary of state in 1740, and in 1743 was
elected a member of the Royal Academy. Among his
works may be named a " History of the Canary Islands,"
(in manuscript,) a collection of Spanish proverbs in
Latin verse, and translations from Martial. Iriarle is
said to have added two thousand manuscripts and more
than ten thousand printed volumes to the Royal Library
during the thirty-nine years in which he officiated as
librarian. Died in 1771.

Iriarte, de, (ToMAS,) youngest brother of Bernardo,
noticed above, was born in Teneriffe about 1750. He be-
came a proficient in the ancient and modern languages
under the tuition of his uncle, and subsequently became
archivist to the principal secretary of state, and editor
of the " Madrid Mercury." He was author of a poem
entitled "La Musica," (1779,) which was received with
great favour and translated into the principal European
languages, and " Literary Fables," (" Fabulas literarias.")
The latter are written in various metres, and are re-
markable for their graceful versification. They enjoyed
great popularity at the time, and are still ranked among
the classics of the language. An English version of
.hese fables, by George H. Devereux, appeared in 1855.
Iriarte also published a comedy entitled "The Spoiled

Child," ("El Sefiorito mimado,") a number of sonnets
and critical essays, and a metrical translation of Horace's
"Art of Poetry." Died about 1790.

See LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe;" IOLY, no-
tice of the Life of Tomas de Iriarte, in the " Repertoire de Litte'ra-
ture. "

Irico, e-ree'ko, (GIOVANNI ANDREA,) an Italian priest
and savant, born at Trino in 1704. He wrote se/eral
religious and antiquarian works. Died in 1782.

I'ria, [Gr. 'Ip'f.J in Greek mythology, the goddess of
the rainbow, said to be a daughter of Thaumas, and
sometimes called Thaumantias. Homer represents her
as the messenger of the gods, employed to carry mes-
sages from Ida to Olympus and from gods to men. She
was the attendant of the goddess Hera, or Juno.

Irland, CR'ION', (BONAVENTURE,) a French jurist, of
Scottish dsscent, born at Poitiers in 1551 ; died in 1612.

Irnerius, eR-na're-us, sometimes written Warnerius,
a celebrated Italian jurisconsult, born at Bologna in the
eleventh century. He became the renovator or restorer
of the Roman law, which had been neglected, and on
which he wrote commentaries, called " Glossae." He
obtained the office of judge, and was sent by the emperor
to Rome in 1118 to expedite the election of a pope.

See B. NIHUSIUS, "Irnerius," Cologne, 1642; FANTUZZI, " Serif
tori Bolognesi."

Iron Mask. See MASQUE DE FER.

I'rgns, (WILLIAM JOSIAH,) D.D., an English author,
born at Hoddesdon, Herts, September 12, 1812. He
graduated at Queen's College, Oxford, in 1833, became
a prebendary of Saint Paul's in 1860, and in 1870 rural
dean, rector of Wadingham, and Bampton Lecturer.
He published various theological and philosophical
works, and made a noted translation of the " Dies Irae."
Died June 18, 1883.

Ir'vlne, (WILLIAM,) a general, born near Enniskillen,
Ireland, about 1742, emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1763.
He became a colonel in 1776, and a brigadier-general
in 1779. From 1781 to 1783 he commanded the troops
stationed at Fort Pitt for the defence of the western
frontier. He was chosen a member of Congress in 1787,
and again in 1793. Died in 1804.

Ir'ving, (DAVID,) LL.D., a Scottish biographer and
writer on law. He published " Lives of Scottish Poets,"
(1804,) " Lives of the Scottish Writers," (1839,) and "The
Table-Talk of John Selden," (1854.) He was born at
Langholm, December 5, 1778; died at Edinburgh, March
10, 1860.

Irving, (EDWARD,) a celebrated and eloquent Scottish
pulpit orator, born at Annan in 1792, was a graduate of
the University of Edinburgh. Having been employed
as rector of an academy at Kirkaldy about seven years,
he was ordained a Presbyterian minister. From 1819 to
1822 he was engaged as assistant in the pulpit of Dr.
Chalmers, Glasgow, where he acquired a good reputation.
He accepted a call from the Scottish Church, Cross
Street, London, in 1822, and soon became an admired
and fashionable preacher. His original genius and his
extraordinary eloquence attracted crowded audiences,
among whom were found the most eminent authors and
statesmen, and nobles of the highest rank. In 1823 he
published a series of discourses entitled "For the Ora-
cles of God, Four Orations," etc In 1829 he removed
into a larger church built for him in Regent Square. A
charge of heresy having been preferred against him in
the presbytery of London in 1830, he was condemned
by that body, and ejected from the church, in 1832.
After this event he obtained another place, and attracted
crowds by his exhibition of the gift of unknown tongues,
which he ascribed to divine inspiration. He published
" Babylon and Infidelity Foredoomed of God," and other
theological treatises. Died at Glasgow in December,
1834. " He was unquestionably," says De Quincey, "by
many degrees the greatest orator of our times." It is
probable that his devotion was sincere, but not guided
by discretion, and that in the latter part of his career
his mind was affected with insanity. Carlyle, who was
his friend, thinks that "bodily and spiritually, perhaps,
there was not (in that November, 1822) a man more full
of genial, energetic life in these islands." He left three
children. The collected writings of Edward Irving have

a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; far, fall, fat; mjt; nit; good; moon;

HENRY IRVING.

IRVING

'353

ISAAC

been published under the editorship of his nephew, the
Rev. G. Carlyle, London, 1864-65.

See "Life of Irving," by MRS. OLIPHANT, 1862 ; DR QUINCHY,
'Literary Reminiscences," vol. ii. ; "Edinburgh Review" For Octo-
ber, 1862: "Edward Irving, an Ecclesiastical and Literary Biogra-
phy," by W. WILKS ; CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Emi-
nent Scotsmen," (Supplement;) MICHAEL HOHL, " Bruchstucke aus
dem Leben und den Schriften E. Irving's," 1839 ; LEHMAMN, " Ueber
die Irvingianer," 1853; "Westminster Review" for January, 1824;
" Biackwood's Magazine" for November, 1858, and June, 1862;
" Fraser's Magazine" for January, 1835; "North British Review"
for August, 1862.

Irving, (Sir HENRY BRODRIBB,) an English actor,
whose family name is Brodribb, was born at Keinton,
in Somersetshire, February 6, 1838. He first appeared
on the stage in 1856, and rapidly attained distinction as
a first-rate comedian. His " Hamlet," first played in
1874, greatly divided public opinion, but at present his
high rank as a tragedian is very generally conceded.
Since 1883 he has frequently visited the United States.

Ir'ving, (JOHN TREAT,) an American judge and writer,
brother of Washington Irving, was born in 1778. He
was a popular contributor, (political,) both in prose and
verse, to the " Morning Chronicle," and from 1821 til!
his death, in 1838, was presiding judge of the court
of coma /n pleas in New York.

Irving, (JoHN TREAT,) an American lawyer and writer,
son of the preceding, and a resident of New York, is au-
thor of a volume of " Indian Sketches," (1835,) and two
novels, entitled " The Attorney," and " Harry Harson ;
or, The Benevolent Bachelor," which originally appeared
in the " Knickerbocker Magazine."

Irving, (JOSEPH,) a Scottish author, born at Dumfries
in 1830. He wrote a " Book of Dumbartonshire," (3
vols., 1879,) "Annals of Our Time," "Dictionary of
Scotsmen," (1880,) etc. Died in 1891.

Irving, (PETER,) an American journalist, born in 1771.
He became in 1802 the editor and proprietor cf the
" Morning Chronicle," a Democratic journal of New
York. In conjunction with his brother Washington, he
projected " Knickerbocker's Histoty of New York." He
wrote "Giovanni Sbogarro, a Venetian Tale," (1820.)
Died in 1838.

Irving, (THEODORE,) LL.D., an American author,
and minister in the Protestant Episcopal Church, was
born in New York in 1809. He spent some time in
Europe with his uncle, Washington Irving, was professor
of history and belles-lettres in Geneva College, New
York, from 1836 to 1849, and afterwards filled for several
years the chair of belles-lettres in the New York Free
Academy. He entered the ministry in 1854. He wrote
" The Conquest of Florida by Hernando de Soto," in 2
vols., (Philadelphia and London, 1835,) and "The Foun-
tain of Living Waters," (1854.) Died December 20, 1880.

Irving, (WASHINGTON,) a distinguished American
author and humourist, born in the city of New York,
April 3, 1783, was a son of William Irving, a native of
Scotland. About iSco he left school and commenced
the study of the law. For the benefit of his health, he
performed in 1804 a voyage to Europe, visited France,
Italy, Switzerland, and England, and returned in 1806.
Soon after his return he was admitted to the bar; but
he preferred to devote himself to literary pursuits, and
never practised law. In conjunction with his brother
William and with James K. Paulding, he issued in 1807
a humorous and satirical magazine, entitled "Salma-
gundi, or the Whim-Whams and Opinions of Launcelot
Langstaff, Esq., and others." Of this amusing and popular
work only twenty numbers were issued. He published
in 1809 another humorous work, "The History of New
York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker," in which he was
assisted by his brother Peter. It was very favourably
received. " I have never," says Sir Walter Scott, " read
anything so closely resembling the style of Dean Swift
as the Annals of biedrich Knickerbocker." (Letter to
Henry Brevoort, April 23, 1813.)

In 1810 he became a silent partner with his brothers
in an extensive commercial house in New York. He
sailed in 1815 to Europe, where he remained many
years, and in 1817 visited Sir Walter Scott at Abbots-
ford, who became his constant friend. He was reduced
to poverty by the failure of the firm of which he was a
member, in 1817. His next important work was "The

Sketch-Book," (1818,) by Geoffrey Crayon, which was
written in England. It enjoyed great popularity, and
raised Irving to the highest rank of American authors.
Lord Jeffrey, in the " Edinburgh Review" for August;
1820, commended "The Sketch-Book" as "written
throughout with the greatest care and accuracy, and
worked up to great purity and beauty of diction on the
model of the most elegant and polished of our native
writers." He published in London, in 1822, "Brace-
bridge Hall, or the Humourists," which was received
with great favour both in England and America. Com-
menting on this work, Lord Jeffrey says, " We happen
to be very intense and sensitive admirers of those soft
harmonies of studied speech in which this author is apt
to indulge himself, and have caught ourselves oftener
than we shall confess, neglecting his excellent matter to
lap ourselves in the liquid music of his periods." ("Edin-
burgh Review" for November, 1822.) For his "Tales
of a Traveller," (1824,) Murray, the London publisher,
gave him .£1500 before he saw the manuscript.

Mr. Irving afterwards spent some years in France and
Spain, where he composed his " History of the Life
and Voyages of Christopher Columbus," (4 vols., 1828,)
which was very successful. " This is one of those works,"
says Alexander II. Everett, "which are at the same time
the delight of readers and the despair of critics. It is
as nearly perfect as any work well can be." ("North
American Review" for January, 1829.) In 1829 he pro-
duced an imaginative and romantic work entitled "The
Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, from the Manu-
scripts of Fray Antonio Agapida." He was appointed
secretary of legation to the American embassy at London
in 1829, and returned to the United States in 1832. Among
his later works are "The Alhambra,"(i832;) a "Tour on
the Prairies," (1835;) "Astoria," (3 vols., 1836;) "The
Adventures of Captain Bonneville," (2 vols., 1837;)
"Oliver Goldsmith, a Biography," (1849;) "Mahomet
and his Successors," (1850;) and "The Life of George
Washington," (5 vols., 1855-59.) He was minister to
Spain from 1842 to 1846. He passed the latter part of
his life at Sunnyside, on the Hudson River, where he
died, November 28, 1859. He was never married.

For an easy elegance of style, Irving has no superior,
perhaps no equal, among the prose writers of America.
If Hawthorne excels him in variety, in earnestness, and in
force, he is perhaps inferior to Irving in facility and grace ;
while he can make no claim to that genial, lambent
humour which beams in almost every page of " Geoffrey
Crayon."

IK

.835, and January, 1837, (both by EDWARD EVERETT,) and April,
1858 ; " Blackwood's Magazine" for July, 1820 ; " Fraser's Magazine1'
for October, 1835; "Westminster Review" for January, 1837 ; ALLI
BONE, "Dictionary of Authors:" CLEVELAND, "Compendium of
American Literature ;" " Atlantic Monthly" for November, 1860, and
June, 1864.

Irving, (WILLIAM,) a brother of the preceding, was
born in New York in 1766. He married a sister of
James K. Paulding in 1793, became a merchant in New
York, and was a member of Congress during three
terms, (1813-19.) He aided his brother and Mr. Pauld'
ing in the " Salmagundi," of which he wrote the poetical
parts. Died in 1821.

Ir'win, (EYLES,) a poet, born in Calcutta, of Irish
parents, in 1748, was employed in the civil service of
the East India Company. He wrote several odes and
eclogues, and "Adventures during a Voyage up the Red
Sea," (1780.) Died in 1817.

Irwin, VISCOUNTESS. See HOWARD, (ANNE.)

Isa, ee'sa, written also 153 and Isha, one of the names
of SIVA, which see.

Isaac, I'zak, [Heb.pm" or pn»' ; It. ISACCO, e-sik'-
ko; Arabian, ISHAK, is'hlk',] a Hebrew patriarch, the
son of Abraham and Sarah, was born about 1990 B.C. He
married Rebecca, and became the father of Esau and
Jacob. " Of all the patriarchs," says Bishop Hall, " none
made so little noise in the world as Isaac." He removed
to Gerar. in the land of the Philistines, and acquired

; jasj; 'ghard; gas/;G, H,K, guttural; N, nasal; ^trilled; sasz; th as in Afaf. (2®=See Explanations, p. 23.

IS A A C

1354

ISAIAH

riches as a planter. He died at the age of one hundred
and eighty.

Isaac L, or Isaac Com-ne'nus, [Gr. loaiuaot 6
Ko^wTvof,] Emperor of Constantinople, was chosen by
the army as successor of Michael VI. in 1057. Two
years later, in consequence of a malady which he sup-
posed mortal, he resigned the throne to Constantine
Ducas, and entered a convent Died in 1061.

Isaac H, or Isaac An'ge-lus, [Gr. 'laaaiaof 6 'Ayye-
*oc,l Emperor of Constantinople, was proclaimed in
1185 as successor to Androni'cus, who was dethroned
by a popular revolt He rendered himself very un-
popular by his vices and misgovernment In 1195 his
brother Alexis usurped the throne and imprisoned Isaac,
who was liberated and restored in 1203 by an army of
crusaders. In 1204 he was again supplanted by Alexius
Ducas, and died or was killed the same year. Constan-
tinople was speedily taken by the crusaders, who elected
Baldwin emperor.

Isaac, ee'zak, (HEINRICH,) a German musician, whorr
the Italians called ARRIGO TEDESCO, («>. the " German
Henry,") was born about 1440. He removed to Italj
about 1475, and was patronized by Lorenzo de' Media
He composed sacred music.

Isaacson, T'zak-son, (HENRY,) born in London ir
1581, wrote a work on Chronology. Died in 1654.

Isabel, the Spanish of ELIZABETH, which see.

Isabel L See ISABELLA OF CASTILE.

Is'a-bel [Sp. pron. e-si-bel'] HZ, (or, more fully,
Maria Isabel Luisa,) Queen of Spain, born at Madnd
in October, 1830, is a daughter of Ferdinand VIL and
Maria Christina. She succeeded her father on the 29th
of September, 1833, when her mother became regent.
Her claim was disputed by her uncle, Don Carlos, in a
civil war, which ended in the defeat of the Carlists in
1840. The queen-regent having been driven from power
by a popular revolt in October, 1840, Espartero became
regent Isabel was declared of age in November, 1843,
and in October, 1846, was married to her cousin, Fran-
cisco de Assis, a son of Francisco de Paula, who was a
brother of Ferdinand VII. Her reign was agitated by
many revolutions, coups d'ltat, and changes of constitu-
tion. In September, 1868, she was deposed by her
revolted subjects almost without a struggle. Her son,
Alfonso XII., became king in 1875.

Isabella. See ELIZABETH.

Is-a-bel'la OF AUSTRIA, (CLARA EUGENIA,) the
daughter of Philip II. of Spain and Elizabeth of France,
was born in 1566. As the niece of Henry III. of France,
she claimed the French crown at his death, but was
excluded by the Salic law, though she was favoured by
the chiefs of the League. In 1597 she became the wife
of Archduke Albert, son of the Emperor of Germany.
Died in 1633.

Isabella OF BAVARIA, daughter of Stephen, second
Duke of Bavaria, born in 1371, became Queen of France
in 1385 by marriage with Charles VI. She was remark-
able for beauty and for her voluptuous and dissolute
character. When her imbecile consort became incapable
of ruling, she aspired to royal power, and made a coali-
tion with the English against the dauphin, her son. Died

ln '435-

Isabella [Span. ISABEL, e-si-bf 1'; Fr. ISABELLE, e'zf-
bel'] OF CASTILE, daughter of John II., King of Cas-
tile, was born at Madrigal in 1451. The malcontent
subjects of her brother, Henry IV., forced him to ac-
knowledge her as his heir, after which her hand was
solicited by several princes of Europe, and she became
the wife of Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469. In 1474 she
was proclaimed Queen of Castile and Leon, the sove-
reignty of which she did not resign to her husband, but
kept in her own hands. Historians agree in applauding
her beauty, virtue, magnanimity, piety, learning, and
political wisdom. It was under her auspices that Co-
lumbus discovered America, after his project had been
treated with neglect by Ferdinand. Died in 1504. (See
FERDINAND V.) Isabella had blue eyes and auburn hair,
and possessed gieat beauty of features, sweetness of
expression, and dignity of presence.

See PRESCOTT, " History of Ferdinand and Isabella;" Tr,*?: . _
MOLINA, " Sumariu de la Vida y Hechos de los cat61icos Reves D.

Fernando y Dona Isabel," 1587 ; FERNANDEZ DE PULGAR, " Rerum
a Ferdinando et Elisabe Hispaniarum Repibus Gestarum Decades
II.," 1545; D. CLEMENCIN, "Elogio de la Reina catolica Dona
Isabel," 1821 ; GEORGE ANITA, " Memoirs of Queen Isabella of
Castile," London, 1850.

Isabelle. See ISABELLA.

Isabelle OF FRANCE. See ELIZABETH OF FRANCE.

Isabelle (e'zt'bSl') OF FRANCE, Queen of England
daughter of Philip the Fair, King of France, was born
in 1292, and was married to Edward II. in 1308. The
issue of this union was a son, who became Edward III.
About 1324 she went to Paris to negotiate between her
consort and the French king, where she formed a con-
spiracy with malcontent nobles, and returned to England
with the avowed intention to remove from power the
king's unworthy favourite, Spencer. Entering London
without resistance, in 1326, the partisans of the queen de-
posed Edward II. and proclaimed his son king. Isabelle
and her favourite, Mortimer, exercised the royal power
a few years during the minority of her son ; and there
seems no reason to doubt that they contrived the murder
of Edward II. She was imprisoned for nearly twenty
years, and died in prison in 1358. She was surnamed,
on account of her cruelty, "the she-wolf of France."

Isabelle OF FRANCE, Queen of England, born in
1389, was a daughter of Charles VI. She was married
to Richard II. of England in 1396. Died in 1409.

Isabelle, e'zf'bel', (CHARLES EDOUARD,) a French
architect, born at Havre in 1800, wrote "The Circular
Edifices and Domes Classed," etc., Died May I, 1880.

Isabelle d'Angouleme, e'zf'bel' d6N'goo'l8m', a
French princess, was a daughter of Aymar, Count of
Angouleme. She was married to John, King of Eng-
land, in 1201. Died in 1245.

Isabey, e'zfbS', (EUGENE Louis GABRIEL,) an emi-
nent painter of marine views, born in Paris in 1804. He
obtained a first-class medal in 1824, and produced
11 The Coast of Honfleur" and a " Tempest near Dieppe"
in 1827, the "Battle of the Texel," (1839,) "The De-
parture of Queen Victoria," (1845,) and the " Embarka-
:ion of De Ruyter," (1851.) He received a first-class
medal at the Exposition of 1855. Died in 1886.

Isabey, (JEAN BAPTISTS,) a celebrated French minia-
ture-painter, born at Nancy in 1767, was a pupil of
David, and father of the preceding. About 1802 he
became the most fashionable artist of Paris in his depart-
ment of the art He was liberally patronized by the
emperor Napoleon, who had been his friend when both
were obscure citizens. He executed many admired
portraits of the Bonaparte family and of the generals
of the empire. It is said that most of the sovereigns of
Europe have been the subjects of his pencil. Among
his works are the "Table des Marechaux," a picture on
porcelain of Napoleon and his marshals, and " Th;
Congress of Vienna," (1817.) Died in 1855.

Isacs, ee'zaks, (PlETER,) a skilful Dutch portrait-
painter, born at Helzevor in 1569; died about 1620.

Isaeus, I-see'us, [Gr. 'laoioc/ Fr. IsfiE, e'za',] a famous
Greek orator, who flourished about 400 B.C., was a
native of Chalcis, or, according to some authorities, of
Athens. Having been a pupil of Isocrates, he opened
a celebrated school in Athens, and had the honour of
being the preceptor of Demosthenes. Isxus is one of
the ten Athenian orators of the Alexandrian canon. His
style is at once elegant and vehement, but is less natural
than that of Lysias. He had great skill in dialectics
and in the distribution of his arguments. Only eleven
of his orations are now extant ; and these are all forensic.
He is said to have survived the accession of King Philip
of Macedon, 348 B.C.

See J. A. LIEBMANN, " De Iszi VitaetScriptis," 1831 ; E. JENIKE.
" Observationes in Iszum," 1838.

Isaeus, a Greek sophist and orator, born in Assyria,
lived in the first century after Christ His eloquence
is extolled by Pliny.

Isaiah, I-za'yah" or e-zi'a, [Heb. m'yVT ; Gr. llaaiaf ;
Lat ESAI'AS; Fr. ISA'I'E, e'zt'e', or fisAiE, i'zi'e'; It
ISAIA, e-sa-ee'S; Sp. ISAIAS, e-si-ee'as,] the first of the
great Hebrew prophets, was a contemporary of Hosea,
Joel, Amos, and Micah. He prophesied during a period
of about fifty years, beginning about 760 B.C. He lived
at Jerusalem, and exerted great influence in public affairs.

i, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, <J, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon;

ISAIE

1355

ISIDORE

Little is known of his personal history, except that he
had a wife, who is called a prophetess, and two sons.
There is a doubtful tradition that Isaiah suffered death
by being sawn asunder, at the command of King Ma-
nasseh. As a writer he is remarkable for versatility of
genius, and merits the first rank among the prophets by
the majestic simplicity and sublimity of his compositions.
He declared more amply and clearly than any other
prophet the eternal divinity, vicarious sufferings, and
glorious kingdom of the Messiah, and hence is often
called the evangelical prophet. No other prophet is so
often quoted by Christ and his apostles. (See Matt. i.
22, iii. 3, viii. 17, xii. 18-20, xiii. 14 ; Luke iv. 17; Acts
xxviii. 25 ; Rom. ix. 27, and x. 16; Phil. ii. 10.) In our
translation of the New Testament he is always called
ESAIAS. He has been pronounced by some critics not
inferior to Homer in poetical genius ; and all agree that
his book is a master-piece of beauty and sublimity both
in thought and style.

Among the commentators on Isaiah are Saint Jerome,
Vitringa, Lowth, Calmct, Eichhorn, Doderlein, Gesenius,
Gataker, Hitzig, Rosenmiiller, and Henderson ; and, in the
United States, Dr. Alexander and Mr. Albert Barnes.

See, also, KIMCHI, "Lexicon Rabbinicum;" EWALD, "Die Pro-
pheten des alien Bundes," and "Geschichte des Volkes Israel bil
Christus;" KNOBEL, "Prophetisme des H^breux."

Isaie. See ISAIAH.

Isambert, e'z6N/baiR', (EMILE,) a French physician
and biographer, a son of Fran9ois Andre, noticed below,
was born at Auteuil in 1828. Died October 27, 1876.

Isambert, (FRANCOIS ANDRE,) a French jurist and
Protestant, born at Aunay (Eure-et-Loire) in 1792. He
distinguished himself about 1825 as the defender of the
rights of the free people of colour in Martinique, and
" performed in France," says Taillandier, "a service like
that which Clarkson and Wilberforce rendered in Eng-
land." In 1830 he was appointed a judge (conseiller) of
the court of cassation. He was a Liberal member of the
Chamber of Deputies from 1830 to 1848, and supported
Cavaignac and the cause of order in the Assembly of
1848. He was secretary of the French Society for the
Abolition of Slavery, of which he is said to have been
the founder. Among his works are a " Manual for the
Publicist and Statesman," (4vols., 1826,) and a "History
of Justinian," (1856.) He wrote many able articles for
the "Nouvelle Biographic Generale." Died in 1857.

See TAILLANDIER, article in the " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Isarn, e'zlRn', (SAMUEL,) a French poet, born at Cas-
tres in 1637, wrote "The Speaking Pistole," (" La Pistole
parlante," 1660,) which had great success. Died in 1673.

Isauricus. See LEO III.

Is-ca'nl-us or Is-ca'nus, (JOSEPH,) surnamed also
DEVO'NIUS, an English poet, born at Exeter, derived his
name from Isca, the place of his education. He accom-
panied Richard I. en a crusade to Palestine, and wrote
a Latin poem " On the Trojan War," and another en
titled " Antiocheis." Died about 1224.

Isee. See IS^EUS.

Iselin, ez'laN', (ISAAC,) a Swiss writer, born at Bale
in 1728. He was assistant secretary of state from 1756
to his death. He became the enlightened advocate of
reform in morals, education, and legislation, on which
he wrote articles for the journals. His chief work is
entitled " On the History of Mankind," (" Ueber die
Geschichte der Menschheit." 1764.) Died in 1782.

See J. G. SCHLOSSER, "Rede auf Iselin," 1783; S. HIRZEL,
"Denkmal I. Iselin gewidmet," 1782.

Iselin, [Lat. ISELI'NUS,] (JACQUES CHRISTOPHE,) an
eminent Swiss philologist and divine, born at Bale in
1681. He spoke Greek with facility, and excelled in
Oriental languages. He became professor of history at
Bale in 1707, and was promoted to the chair of divinity

ricis Latinis Melioris ./Evi," 1697,) a treatise "On the
Domination of the Magi in Persia," (1707,) and other
minor works. Died in 1737.

See BECK, "Vita Iselini," in the 3d vol. of "Tempe Helvetica;1
J. R. ISELIN, " Laudatio funebris consecrandas Memorise Viri incom
parabiHs J. C. Iselini," 1739.

Iselin, (JEAN RODOLPHE,) a Swiss jurist, born at
3ale in 1705, wrote "On Eminent Domain," ("De Do-
minio Eminente," 1726,) and other works. Died in 1779.
Isembert (e'zfiN'baiR') OF XAINTES, a French archi-
ect, lived about 1200, and is supposed :o have built the
old London Bridge.

Isenburg, ee'zen-booRG', [Fr.' ISEMBOURG, C'ZON'-
JOOR',] one of the great German families of Protestant
>rinces and counts. It included the branches of Isenburg-
Birstein, Isenburg-Philippseich, Isenburg-Iiiidingen, and
others.

Isendoorn, van, vSn ee'zen-doRn', or Ysendoorn,
GIJSBERT,) a Dutch philosopher, born in Gelderland in
:6oi, published "EfTata Philosophica," (1633,) "Ethica
?eripatetica," (1659,) and other works. Died in 1657.

Isfendiyar, is-fen'dee-ytR', or Asfandiyar, as-fan'-
dee-ylR', one of the most celebrated heroes in Persian
listory, lived between the fifth and sixth centuries B.C.,
and is said to have been the first convert to the religion
of Zoroaster, in which he was followed by his father
ushtasp (Darius Hystaspis) and the whole Persian
empire. This change of religion led to the invasion of
Persia by Arjasp, King of Turan, in which Isfendiyar,
uy his bravery and heroism, not only saved his father's
.ingdom, but conquered India, Arabia, and the West,
He was killed in battle by the celebrated Roostum.

See MALCOLM, "History of Persia;" J. ATKINSON, "Abridg-
ment of the Shah Nameh of Firdousi. "

Ish'mael, [Heb. ^Nl'DK" ; Arabic, ISMAEEL or ISMAIL,
is-mS-eel'; Fr. ISMAEL, es'mf el',] the son of Abraham
and Hagar, born about 1900 B.C., was the ancestor of
the Ishmaelites or Arabians. (See Genesis xvi., xxi.)

Ishwara. See ISWARA.

Isi, ee'see, written also 19! and Ishi, (the consort of
Isa or Siva,) one of the many names of PARVATt, which
see. She is identified by some writers, including Sir W.
Jones, with the Isis of the Egyptians. (See Isis.)

Isiaslaf. See IZIASLAF.

Isl-dore [Gr. 'Ial6apof; Lat. ISIDO'RUS ; Fr. ISIDORE,
e'ze'doR'; It. ISIDORO, e-se-do'ro] OF CHARAX, a Per-
sian, who is supposed to have lived in the first century
of our era, wrote a work called " Parthian Itinerary,"

hich contains a list of the eighteen provinces of Parthia
and of the chief towns, with the distances of the towns
from each other.

Isidore OF Moscow, a Russian prelate, was chosen
Primate of Russia in 1437. He favoured the reunion of
the Greek and Latin Churches at the Council of Florence,
(1437.) Died at Rome in 1463.

Isidore, SAINT, an eminent Spanish scholar and
bishop, born at Carthagena about 570 A.D., was a brother
of Leander, Archbishop of Seville. He understood
Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, and was very influential in
the Spanish Church. About 600 he was appointed
Bishop of Seville. The Council of Toledo, held in 650,
denominated him "the glory of the Catholic Church,
and the most learned man of his age." Among his most
important works are, in Latin, "A Chronicle from the
Origin of the World to 626 A.D.," and "Twenty Books
of Etymologies," which, says Dr. Hoefer, " is one of the
most precious monuments for the history of human
knowledge." Died in 636 A.D.

See SAINT ILDEFONSO, "De Viris illustribus ;" TRITHEIM, " De
Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis ;" ROESLER, " Dissertatio ; Isidori His-
toria Gothorum, Vandalonim," etc., 1803.

Isidore, SAINT, OF ALEXANDRIA, born in Egypt about
318 A.D., was a friend of Athanasius, by whom he was
ordained a priest. Died in 404.

Isidore, SAINT, OF PELUSIUM, is supposed to have
been born between 360 and 390 A.D. He lived as a
hermit in Egypt, and had a high reputation for piety and
wisdom. He wrote, in Greek, a great number of short
letters, of which more than two thousand are now ex
tant. They are said to contain sound doctrine and good
instruction in morals. Died about 450 A.D.

See HERMANN, "Dissertatio de Isidore Pelusiota," 1737 : NIE-
MEVER. "Dissertatio de Isidoro Pelusiota," 1825.

Isl-dore Mer-ca'tor or Fec-ca'tor, the supposed
name of a person who in the eighth or ninth century
fabricated a famous code of canon law or collection of
decretals, often called the " Collection of the Pseudo-Isi-

« as k ; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J^^See Explanations, p. 23 '-

IS ID OR US

1356

ISOURD

dore. Some popes availed themselves of this means
to extend their temporal power.

Isidorus. See ISIDORE.

Is-I-do'rus OF MILETUS, a Greek architect of the
sixth century, who was employed by the emperor Jus-
tinian to build the magnificent church of Saint Sophia
in Constantinople, which is now used as a mosque.

I'ais, [Gr. 'loif,] one of the chief deities of the ancient
Egyptians, was called the wife of Osiris and mother of
Horus. She was worshipped as the goddess of fecun-
dity, and appears to have represented nature or the earth.
The cow was sacred to Isis. She had many worshippers
in Greece and Rome. There were famous temples of
Isis at Memphis and Denderah. She has been identified
with the Hindoo Isi, (which see.)

Isla, es'li, (JosE FRANCISCO,) a witty and popular
Spanish author, born at Segovia in 1703. He became a
Jesuit and an eminent preacher. He effected a reform
m the vicious style and bad taste that prevailed among
the Spanish priests, which he ridiculed in his famous
satirical romance "The Life of the Popular Preacher
Fray Gerundio de Campazas," (3 vols., 1758,) which
is called the best picture of Spanish manners of the
eighteenth century. This work was condemned by the
Inquisition. He made a Spanish version of " Gil Bias,"
under this title : " Adventures of Gil Bias, stolen from
Spain, adopted in France by Le Sage, and restored to
his Native Country and Language," (6 vols., 1787.) The
Jesuits having been expelled from Spain in 17671 he
retired to Bologna, where he died in 1781.

See J. I. DE SALAS, " Vida de Juan de Isla," 1803; TICKNOR.
" History of Spanish Literature ;" EVERETT, " Critical and Miscella-
neous Essays."

Isleif, is'llf, an Icelandic historian, was ordained a
priest in Rome about 1056, and returned home. He
wrote "Annals of Iceland and of Norway." Died about
1080.

Ismaeei or Ismail, is-mS-eel', a Moslem priest, was
Imam of the Sheeites in the second century of the Hejrah.
At his death a division occurred among the Sheeites in
respect to the succession. Those who adhered to the
son of Ismaeei were called Ismaeelites or Ismaeelians,
wid became a powerful sect in Egypt and Persia.

Ismaeei, Ismail, or Ismail Shah, is-mi-eel' shlh,
founder of the dynasty of Sofees of Persia, was born in
1487, and assumed royal power about the age of four-
teen. He acquired several provinces of Persia by con-
quest, and died in 1524, leaving the throne to his son,
Aboo-Modhaffer. Ismaeel is venerated by the Persians,
who call him King of the Sheeites, (a religious sect.)

See MALCOLM, " History of Persia ;" VON HAMMER-PURGSTALL,
44 Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs."

Ismaeei (Ismail) II., King of Persia, the son of Aboo-
Modhaffer, began to reign in 1576, and made himself de-
tested by his sanguinary temper. After executing many
innocent persons, he died in 1577, and was succeeded by
his brother, Mohammed Meerza, (Mirza.)

See MALCOLM, 4t History of Persia."

Ismael, the French for ISHMAEL, which see.

Ismail Pasha, is-mJ-eel' pa'sha, former Khedive of
Egypt, was born in Cairo in 1830. His uncle Said, the
viceroy, in 1862 made him commandant of the army,
and in 1863 he succeeded as viceroy. His lavish ex
penditures not only greatly encumbered his private es
tales, but embarrassed all the people of Egypt. In 1867
he acquired from the Porte the title of Khedive. He
carried on extensive wars of conquest in the Soudan.
In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened. In 1879 the press-
ure of the foreign creditors became so great that the
Sultan, urged by the representatives of the European
powers, directed Ismail to abdicate. The abdication
took effect June 26, 1879 ; his son TEWFIK succeeded
as khedive. Died at Constantinople, March 2, 1895.

Isnard, is'niR', (ACHILLE NICOLAS,) a French politi-
cal economist and writer, born in Paris ; died about 1803.

Isnard, (MAXIMIN,) a French Girondist, republican,
and orator, born at Grasse, in Provence, in 1751, was
chosen a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1701.
He was one of the most able and enthusiastic partisans
of the Revolution, to which he often gave a new impulse
by his brilliant, impetuous, and inflammatory eloquence.

He was one of the first members of the committee of
public safety, the formation of which he first proposed
and was president of the Convention a few days in May,
1793, during the struggle between his party and the Ja-
cobins. He was involved in the fatal proscription of the
Girondists, but escaped death by concealment. In 1795
he was chosen a member of the Council of Five Hun-
dred. He retired from political life when Napoleon be-
came consul, and published an essay on the " Immortality
of the Soul," (1801,) in which he professes himself aeon-
vert to revealed religion. He maintained a fair reputation
for honour and probity, and died about 1830. Lamartine,
who calls him the Danton of the Gironde, says, " His
speeches were magnificent odes, which exalted discussion
into lyric enthusiasm." (" History of the Girondists.")
" Isnard was the man of the Girondist party," says
Charles Nodier, " who possessed in the highest degree
the gift of those vehement inspirations which burst like

thunder in sudden and terrible explosions."

See " Nouvelle I
French Revolution.

See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale

xplosi
;" TH

IERS, "History of tho

Isnardi, es-naR'dee, (GiAMBATTlSTA,) an Italian sa-
vant, born near Nice in 1749, wrote a "Memoir on the
Monuments of India and Egypt" Died in 1830.

Isocrate. See ISOCRATES.

I-soc'ra-tes, [Gr. 'loo/ipanyr ; Fr. ISOCRATE, e'zo'-
kRtt'; It ISOCRATE, e-sok'ri-ti,] one of the ten great
Athenian orators, bom at Athens in 436 B.C., received
lessons from Gorgias, Prodicus, and Theramcnes, and
was an intimate friend of Plato. He soon surpassed
these masters in the rhetorical art ; but his insuperable
constitutional timidity defeated his political aspirations,
and disqualified him for a public debater or an oracle
of the " fierce democracy." He opened a school of elo-
quence, which numbered among its pupils many eminent
men, such as Isaeus, Timotheus, Xenophon, and Hyperi-
des. Cicero compared his school to the wooden horse
of Troy, from which issued the principal Grecian chiefs.
He composed orations and forensic arguments for clients
or others, and discourses on moral and political questions.
His style is extremely polished and harmonious, but
perhaps too artificial and diffuse. His character was
honourable, his political principles were moderate and
sincerely patriotic. He was one of the few who had the
courage to appear in mourning for the death of Socra-
tes. It is said that the disastrous battle of Chaeronea
affected him so deeply that he refused to eat afterwards,
and died at the age of ninety-eight. Twenty-one of his
orations are extant.

See PLUTARCH, "Viue Decem Oratorum ;" BILMARK. "De
Isocrate Oratore Grzco," 1798: PFUND, "De Isocratis Vita et
Scripris," 1833: LICHTENAUER, " De Isocrate," 1843; O. MI'LLHR,
" History of the Literature of Ancient Greece ;" P. EKHRMAN, " Iso-
crates Patre loquentiie," 1743.

Isolani, e-so-11'nee, (IsiDORO,) an Italian theologian,
born at Milan, lived between 1480 and 1550, and wrote
many works against the doctrines of Luther.

Is'olani, e-zo-la'nee, UOHANN LUDWIG HECTOR,)
COUNT, an Austrian general, born in 1586, served in
the Thirty Years' war. For the part he took in the
betrayal of Wallenstein he received the title of count.
Died in 1640.

Isore, e'zo'ra', (JACQUES,) a French politician, born
at Cauvigny in 1758, was a member of the Convention
in 1792, and voted for the death of Louis XVI. Died
in 1839.

Isouard, 6-soo-aRd', or laoard, J-so-aRd', (NlCOLO,)
a Maltese musician and composer, born in 1775. He
is usually known by the name of NICOLO, under which
he gave his compositions to the world. The best-known
of these are his comic operas of "Joconde," (1813,) and
"Jeannot and Colin," (1814;) but he produced with ex-
traordinary facility, and was the author of a large number
of other operas, comic and serious, of masses, cantatas,
psalms, etc.

Isourd, d', de'zooR', ( JOACHIM JEAN XAVIER,) i
French ecclesiastic, born at Aix in 1766. He became a
cardinal in 1827, and in 1829 was made a peer of France,
with the title of duke. After refusing several archbishop-
rics, he accepted that of Lyons in 1839 ; but he died
before the end of, that year.

a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; m?t; ndt; good; moon.

ISRAEL

1357

IVERNOIS

Is'rael, [Heb. ^Nll?'; Gr. 'lapa^A,] a name often given
by the inspired writers to the patriarch Jacob, whose
descendants are called Israelites. (See JACOB.)
Israeli See DISRAELI.

Is'raels, (JosEF,) a Dutch genre painter of eminence,
born at Groningen in 1824. His brother, LEHMAN
ISRAELS, born in Groningen in 1833, became a journalist
of New York, and was for some years one of the editors
of the New York " World."

Is'selt, van, (MICHAEL,) a Dutch historian and Cath-
olic priest, born at Dokkum, adhered to the Spanish
party in the civil war. He wrote " Historia Belli Colo-
niensis," (1584,) and other works. Died in 1597.

Is'ter, [Gr. 'lorpof,] a Greek historian and poet, livec!
about 250 B.C., and was a friend or pupil of Callimachus.
He wrote a history entitled Arroca, and other works,
none of which are extant.

Isthvanfi, Isht'vin-fee, [Lat. ISTHVAN'FIUS,] (NICHO-
LAS,) a Hungarian noble, born about 1535, was rewarded
for his services by the office of Vice-Palatine of Hungary.
He wrote, in Latin, a " History of Hungary from 1490 to
>6o6," (1622.) Died in 1615.
Istria, DUKE OF.- See BESSIERES.
laturiz, de, dits-too-reth', (Don FRANCISCO XAVIER,)
a Spanish politician, born at Cadiz in 1790. He pro-
moted the revolution of January, 1820, was elected to
the Cortes in 1822, and became a leader of the Liberal
or democratic party. He was minister of foreign affairs
for a few months m 1836, and was driven into exile by
an hnevtf. Having returned in 1837, he was chosen
president of the Cortes in 1839. He negotiated the
marriage of the queen Isabel, (1846,) was sent as minister
to England in 1850, and to Russia in 1857. He became
president of the council in February, 1862. Died 1871.
Iswara, ees'wa-ra, or Ishwara, eesh'wa-ra, written
also Igwara, one of the thousand names of Siva, though
sometimes applied to other Hindoo deities. He is by
some writers identified with the Osiris of the Egyptians.
It'a-lus, [Gr. 'IroAoc; Fr. ITALE, e'tfl',] an ancient
king of Italy, from whom that country is supposed to have
derived its name. He married Electra, a daughter of
Latinus. He is considered as fabulous by some authors.
Itard, e'tiR', (JEAN MARIE GASPARD,) a French phy-
sician, born at Oraison in 1775, removed to Paris about
1796, and practised with success. In 1799 he was ap-
pointed physician to the Institution for Deaf-Mutes, which
position he filled for many years. He wrote a "Treatise
on Diseases of the Ear," (2 vols., 1821.) Died in 1838.
Ito, (HiROBUMi,) COUNT, a Japanese statesman,
born in the province of Choshu in 1840. He visited,
\\liile young, Europe and the United States, became
active in efforts to modernize Japan, and held various
offices in the Japanese cabinet, becoming premier in
1886. His sweeping reforms leading to a reaction,
he retired in 1888, but was premier again 1892-95.
He was the father of the Japanese constitution promul-
gated in 1889. In 1894 he took command of the
Japanese naval forces in the war with China, and gained
an important victory over the Chinese fleet on Sep-
tember 7. He subsequently aided in the capture of
Port Arthur, and in January, 1895, Wei-hai-wei and
the Chinese fleet were surrendered to him. In Octo-
ber, 1900, he again accepted the premiership.

Ittenbach, it'ten-baK'. (FRANZ,) a German painter,
born at Konigswinter in 1813. He was one of the best
of the Dusseldorf school, and was chiefly known for his
religious pictures. Died December I, 1879.

Ittig, it'tic, [Lat. ITTIG'IUS,] (THOMAS,) a German
theologian, born in 1643 at Leipsic, where he became
professor of divinity. He wrote numerous works, among
which are one " On the Heresiarchs of the Apostolic
Age," (1690,) and "Bibliotheca Patrum Apostolicorum
Grzco-Latina," (2 vols., 1699.) Died in 1710.

Iturbide, e-tooR'be-Di, (Don AUGUSTIN,) Emperor
of Mexico, born at Valladolid (Mexico) in 1784, (one ac-
count says 1790.) He fought against the insurgents in the
war of independence which began in 1810, and rose to
the rank of general. About the end of 1821 he became
the master-spirit of a successful plot for the liberation
of Mexico from the Spanish rule. He was proclaimed

-mperor in May, 1822 ; but his power was resisted by a
large party in the Congress and by many generals, who
preferred a republic. Finding his position untenable,
ic abdicated, and was banished in May, 1823. In Julv,
1824, he returned almost alone, and, just after he landed,
was arrested and shot as a traitor.

See M. J. QUIN, "Memoirs of Iturbide," and French version of
the same, by J. T. PARISOT, 1824.

lule. See IULUS.

I-u'lus, [Gr. 'lou/loc; Fr. IULE, e'u'l',] a son of ^Eneas.
[See ASCANIUS.)

Ivan or Iwan (e-van') I., a Russian prince, who began
to reign in Moscow at the death of his brother George,
in 1328, and was tributary to the Tartars. His dominions
consisted of Vladimir, Moscow, and Novogorod. His
reign was peaceful, and lasted twenty-two years.

His grandson, Ivan H., son of Simeon, born in 1325,
was recognized by the Tartars as heir to the throne in
1353. The events of his short reign were unimportant.
In his last illness he took, according to usage, the mon-
astic vows, and died in 1358.

See KARAMZIN. " Histoire de Russie."

Ivan III., (Vasilievitch,) son cf Basil IV., ascended
the Russian throne in 1462, and is sometimes styled
IVAN I., CZAR OF MUSCOVY. He liberated his realm
from the tribute which the Tartars had exacted by right
of conquest from his predecessors, and is regarded as
the founder of the empire. About 1475 ne defeated, in
several actions, the Tartar chief Ahmed, (or Akhmet,)
and extended his dominions by the conquest of various
princes. He embellished Moscow, the capital, with fine
edifices, and patronized the industrial arts. In 1486 he
assumed the title of "Sovereign of all the Russias." He
died in 1505, aged sixty-six, and was succeeded by his
son Basil.

See HKBBRSTBIN, " Rerum Moscovitfcarum Corumentarii," 1549.

Ivan IV., or Ivan Vasilievitch H., surnamed THE
TERRIBLE, grandson of the preceding, inherited the
throne at the death of Basil, his father, in 1533, when
he was four years of age. He assumed the titles of Czar
and Autocrat about the age of fifteen. He conquered
Kazan and Astrachan from the Tartars, and waged wai
against Sweden and Poland without decisive results.
Siberia was discovered and partially subdued in his
reign. About 1582 the first printing-press was estab-
lished by him in Russia. He displayed energy and
ability in promoting civilization, but is charged with
excessive cruelty in the exercise of his unrestrained
power. Died in 1584.

See ODERBORN, " Joannis Basilidis Vita," i6co; HEIDENSTEIN,
"De Bello Moscovitico," 1600; S. CIAMPI, " Esame critico con
Document! inediti della Storia di Iran Wasiliewitsch," 1827.

Ivan V., (Alexievitch,) born in 1666, was the heir
of the Russian crown at the death of his brother Feodor
III. in 1682 ; but on account of his imbecility his younger
brother Peter (the Great) was proclaimed in his stead.
Ivan was permitted to retain the title of Czar, but had
no ambition to rule. Died in 1696.

Ivan VI, sometimes styled IVAN III., born in 1740,
was the son of Anthony Ulric of Brunswick and Anne of
Russia, (niece of the empress Anne.) The latter, at her
death in 1740, appointed the infant Ivan her successor;
but Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, obtained
the imperial power. Ivan was confined in prison, where,
it is said, he was killed in 1764, when Mirovitch made
a rash attempt to raise him to the throne.

See E. MAUVILLON, " Histoire de la Vie et du Regne d'Iwan_VI,"
1766: " Geschichte von dem Leben und Regierung Ivans III., Kaiser
von Russland," 1766; " Nouvelle Biographic Generale."

Ivanot e-va'nof, [written in German, IWANOW,]
(FEODOR,) a Russian dramatist, born in 1777, served in
the army, and wrote, besides several successful comedies,
a tragedy called "Martha." Died in 1816.

Ivara. See JUVARA.

Ivernois, d', de'veR'nwa', (FRANgois,) a Swiss politi-
cal writer, born at Geneva in 1757, represented his native
city at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. He wrote a
" History of the Revolutions of Geneva in the Eighteenth
Century," (3 vols., 1791,) and other works. Died in 1843.

See "NouvelJe Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

€ as k; 5 as t; g hard; g as>; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as t; th as in this.

Explanations, p. 23.)

IVERSEN

1358

JABLONOWSKI

Iversen, ee'ver-sen, (CHRISTIAN,) a Danish writer,
born at Copenhagen in 1748, published, among other
works, the " Literary Progress of Denmark," (4 vols.,
1781-89.) Died in 1827.

I'ver-spn, (ALFRED,) a Democratic politician, born
in Burke county, Georgia, in 1798, was elected to Con-
gress in 1847, succeeded \V. C. Dawson as United States
Senator from Georgia in 1855, and was a prominent
advocate of disunion. He became a Confederate briga-
dier in 1862. Died March 4, 1873.

Ives, Ivz, (EDWARD,) an English surgeon, who went
with Admiral Watson to the East Indies in 1754, and
published a valuable account of his voyage and of the
operations of the English army in 1755, 1756, and 1757.
Died about 1780.

Ives, Ivz, (ELI,) an American physician, born at New
Haven, Connecticut, in 1779. He was professor of medi-
cine at Yale College about twenty years. Died in 1861.
Ives, (JOHN,) F.R.S., an English antiquary, born at
Yarmouth in 1751, was educated at Cambridge. He
published " Remarks on the Garianonum of the Romans,"
and other antiquarian treatises. Died in 1776.

Ives, (LEVi SILLIMAN,) a theologian, born in Meriden,
Connecticut, in 1797. He became an Episcopal clergy-
man about 1824, and Bishop of North Carolina in 1831.
In 1852 he joined the Roman Catholic Church. He
wrote, besides other works, "The Trials of a Mind in
its Progress to Catholicism," (1854.) Died Oct. 13, 1867.
Ivea or Yves, [modern Fr. pron. ev,] written also
I'vo, (SAINT,) a French theologian, born in 1035, became
Bishop of Chartres. Died in 1115.
Iveteaux. See DBS YVETEAUX.
Iv'i-mey, (JOSEPH,) an English Baptist minister, born
at Ringwood, Hants, May 22, 1773. He was ordained
in 1805. He published a "Life of Bunyan," and a
valued " History of the English Baptists." Died Feb-
ruary 8, 1834.
Ivo. See IVES, SAINT.

I'vo-ry, (JAMES,) F.R.S., an eminent British mathe
matician, born at Dundee in 1765. After he left college,
he engaged in teaching and other pursuits. In 1804 he
obtained the chair of mathematics in the Royal Military
College, Marlow, which he retained about fifteen years.
He contributed numerous able papers on physical as-
tronomy and mathematics to the " Transactions" of the
Royal Society. He was a corresponding member of the
Institute of France and of other foreign Academies. In
1831 he received the Guelphic order of knighthood and
a pension of ^300. Died in 1842.

S« CHAMBERS, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scots-
men," (Supplement.)

Iwakura, (TOMOMI.) See TOMOMI IWAKURA.

Iwan. See IVAN.

Ix-I'on, [Gr. 'I^uv,] a fabulous king of the Lapithae
The poets feigned that after he had committed a murder
Jupiter purified him and invited him to his table. Ixior
attempted to seduce Juno, but embraced a cloud insteac
of that goddess. To punish him for this crime, he was
chained to a fiery wheel which revolved perpetually
He was the father of the Centaurs.

See VIRGIL, "GeorpicV book iv. 484.

Ixtlilxoohitl, ikst-lel-iio-cheetl', .' (FERNANDO DE
ALVA,) a Mexican historian, born at Tezcuco about 1568

was a descendant of the royal family of Tezcuro. He
wrote "Historia Chichimeca," and other chronicles on
Mexican history. The first-named work has been trans-
ated into French by Ternaux-Compans. Died about
648.

See PRESCOTT, " History of the Conquest of Mexico," ToL i.
iook i.

Izaacke, I'zak, ? (RICHARD,) an English antiquary,
)orn at Exeter in 1624; died in 1700.

Iz'ard, (GEORGE,) a general, born in South Carolina
n 1777. He became a colonel in 1812, served in the
war that ensued, and was raised to the rank of major-
'eneral. Died in 1828.

Izard, (RALPH,) a Senator, born in South Carolina in
1742, settled in London in 1771. Having returned to the
United States in 1780, he was chosen a member of Con-

tion. Died in 1804.

See his " Life and Correspondence," by his daughter, 1844.

Izdubar, iz-doo-bar', a half-mythical, or perhaps en-
tirely mythical, king of Babylonia, the hero of the
"Twelve Legends of Izdubar," translated in 1872 by
Mr. George Smith from the cuneiform records. Mr.
Smith believed Izdubar to be a historical personage;
others think him purely mythical. He appears in the
egends as a giant, a mighty hunter, and a great con-
queror. In later records he is treated as one of the
;ods of the country.

Iziaslaf or Isiaslav (e-ze-as-UP) I, written also
Isiaslaw, (DMITRI or DEMETRIUS,) Grand Duke of
Russia, succeeded his father, Yaroslaf, in 1054. His
reign was disturbed by wars with his brothers and other
princes, among whom Russia was divided. He was killed
in battle in 1078, and left the throne to his son.

Iziaslaf or Isiaslav H, Grand Prince of Russia, was
the son of Mstislaf. He began to reign in 1 146, as suc-
cessor to Igor II., whom he defeated in battle. He was
thrice driven from his throne, but as often recovered it.
He died in 1154.

Iziaslaf or Isiaslav TTT, surnamed DAVIDOVITCH,
son of David, became Grand Prince of Russia in 1157.
He was killed in battle about 1161.

Iziocalt, e-se-o-kalt', King of the Mexicans, ascended
the throne in 1433, and is called the founder of the
Mexican empire. He formed a code of laws, which was
adopted by several adjacent nations. Died in 1445.

Izmaflof, is-ma'e-lof, (ALEXANDER,) a Russian fabu-
list, born at Moscow in 1779. He became a resident of
Saint Petersburg, and edited several reviews or journals.
He published a volume of fables, (1804,) which are highly
commended. Died in 1831.

See GRETCH, " History of Russian Literature," 1819-22.

Izmaflof, (VLADIMIR VASILIEVITCH,) a Russian writer,
born at Moscow in 1773. He wrote "Travels in
Southern Russia," (1802,) and translated some works of
Rousseau and Chateaubriand.

Izquierdo de Ribera, eth-ke-eVdo da re-Ba'ra, (Don
EUGENIO,) a Spanish diplomatist, born at Saragossa,
He was sent to Paris as plenipotentiary in 1806, and
negotiated a treaty for the partition of Portugal. Died
in 1813.

J.

Jaafar, Jafar, Djafar, or Giafar, jl'a-far or jl'far
surnamed SADIK, an eminent Mussulman doctor of
Medina; died in 764 A.D.

Jaafar, Jafar, Jafer, Djafar, or Giafar, a Barmecide,
who became the favourite of Haroun-al-Raschid, and
to whom, it is said, the Caliph gave his own sister Ab-
basa in marriage, on condition that the intercourse of the
married pair should be strictly Platonic. Abbasa having
borne a son to Jaafar, Haroun, in his rage, mercilessly
destroyed both father and son. (See BARMECIDES.)

Jaafar-Ibn-Tofail See ABOO-BEKR-IBN-TOFAIL.

Jabet, zht'b&', (GEORGE,) an English solicitor, ol Bir-
mingham. He wrote under the name of EDEN WAR-
WICK. He published "The Poet's Pleasaunce," (1847,'
" Nosology," (1848,) etc. Died July 13, 1873.

Jablochkoff, (PAUL,) a Russian electrician, who
first solved the problem of producing a practical arc
light. Died in 1894.

Jablonowski, (STANISLAUS,) a Polish general,
born in 1631, commanded the right wing of the army
of Sobieski when he defeated the Turks at Vienna in

a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; i, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 5, u, jf, short; a, ?, j, Q, obscure; fir, fil I, fat; met; n8t; good; moon.

JABLONOWSKI

1359

JACKSON

1683. He afterwards had the chief command during
the illness of the king. Died in 1702.

Jablonowski, von, fon ya-blo-nov'skee, (JOSEPH
ALEXANDER,) a Polish or German prince, born in 1711,
was a patron of science. He founded at Leipsic a sci-
entific association which bears his name, and wrote,
besides other works, "Museum Polonicum," (1752.)
Died in 1777.

Jablonski, yj-blon'skee, (DANIEL ERNST,) an emi-
nent German Protestant theologian, born at Dantzic in
1660. He became pastor at Konigsberg in 1690, and
preacher or chaplain to the king at Berlin in 1693. He
published a Hebrew Bible, with notes and a preface,
(1699,) and wrote several works on theology. He la-
boured to effect a union of various Protestant sects.
Ditd in Berlin in 1741.

Jablonski or Jablonsky, (JOHANN THEODOR,) a
brother of Daniel Ernst, noticed above, was born at
Dantzic about 1654. He published a "French-German
and German-French Dictionary," (1711.) Died in 1731.

Jablonski, (PAUL ERNST,) an eminent Prussian
scholar and divine, a son of Daniel Ernst, noticed above,
was born in Berlin in 1693. He devoted himself par-
ticularly to the study of the Coptic and other Oriental
languages. Among his numerous works are " Pantheon
Egypriorum," (3 vols., 1750-52,) a work relating to the
religion of the Egyptians, and " Of the Memnon of the
Greeks and Egyptians." Died in 1757.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."

Jablonsky, ya-blon'skee, (KARL GUSTAV,) a Prus-
sian entomologist, born in 1756, published a "System
of all the Known Insects, arranged according to the
Method of Linnaeus." Died in 1787.

Jacetius. See CATTANI DA DIACCETO.

Jachaeus. See JACK.

Jack, [Lat. JACH^E'US,] (GILBERT,) a Scottish meta-
physician, born at Aberdeen about 1578. He became
professor of philosophy at Leyden in early life. He
published severa. works, among which is " Institutiones
Physics," (1612.) Died in 1628.

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."

Jack, (THOMAS,) a Scottish minister of Eastwood,
wrote "Onomasticon Poeticum," (1592.) Died in 1596.

Jack, (WILLIAM,) LL.D., a Scottish mathematician,
born at Stewarton in 1834. He was educated at the
Universities of Glasgow and Cambridge, was professor
of natural philosophy in Owens College, Manchester,
1866—70, and in 1879 became professor of mathematics
in the University of Glasgow.

Jack'son, (ANDREW,) a celebrated American general
and statesman, born in the Waxhaw settlement, North
or South Carolina, on the 151(1 of March, 1767. Parton
states that he was born in Union county, North Caro-
lina, but adds that " General Jackson always supposed
himself to be a native of South Carolina," for in his
proclamation to the nullifiers of South Carolina he thus
addresses them : " Fellow-citizens of my native State."
He was a son of Andrew Jackson, an Irishman, who
emigrated to America in 1765 and died poor in 1767.
The name of his mother was Elizabeth Hutchinson. We
have little definite information about the schools that he
attended. According to Parton, " he learned to read, to
write, and cast accounts ; — little more. . . . He was never
a well-informed man." Having taken arms against the
British in 1781, he was captured, and afterwards wounded
by an officer because he refused to clean his boots.
About 1785 he began to study law at Salisbury, North
Carolina. He was addicted in his youth to gambling,
horse-racing, and other sports. He was an excellent
horseman, " a capital shot," was very dignified in man-
ner, and was distinguished for his courage and activity.
His stature was six feet and one inch high.

In 1788 he removed to Nashville, Tennessee, where
he began to practise law. He speedily obtained a large
practice, of which disputed land-claims formed the prin-
cipal subject. About 1792 he married Rachel Robards,
originally Rachel Donelson, whose first husband was
living and had taken preliminary measures to obtain
a divorce, which was legally completed in 1793. The
marriage ceremony was again performed in 1794. Jack-

son, following a custom then extremely common in the
South and West, fought a number of duels in the early
part of his life. He was a member of the Convention
which framed the Constitution of Tennessee in 0796, and
in the autumn of that year was elected representative to
Congress by the people of Tennessee, which was then
entitled to only one member. He supported Thomas
Jefferson in the Presidential election of 1796. In 1797
he became a Senator of the United States for Tennessee.
He resigned his seat in the Senate in 1798, "partly be-
cause he felt himself out of place in so slow and digni-
fied a body, but chiefly for pecuniary reasons." He was
a judge of the supreme court of Tennessee from 1798 to
1804. In 1806 he challenged and killed Charles Dick-
inson in a duel with pistols, receiving himself a severe
wound. This affair impaired for many years his popu-
larity in Tennessee and other parts of the United States.

In 1807, while the trial of Aaron Burr was still unde-
termined, Jackson "harangued the crowd, [at Richmond,]
defending Burr, and angrily denouncing Jefferson as a
persecutor." (Parton's " Life.") After war had been
declared against Great Britain, General Jackson (who
several years before had been appointed major-general
of militia) offered his services, and those of 2500 volun-
teers, in June, 1812. He was ordered to New Orleans,
and led a body of 2070 men in that direction ; but at
Natchez he received an order dated February 6, 1813, by
which his troops were dismissed from public service. In
September, 1813, he had an affray with Colonel Thomas
H. Benton at Nashville, and was severely wounded by his
brother, Jesse Benton. In October next he took the field
against the Creek Indians, whom he defeated at Talla-
dega in November. By his services in this Creek war,
which ended in 1814, he acquired great popularity, and
in May, 1814, he was appointed a major-general in the
regular army. He was soon after ordered to the Gulf
of Mexico, to oppose an expected invasion of the British.
In November he seized Pensacola, which belonged to
Spain but was used by the British as a base of operations.
About the 1st of December he moved his army to New
Orleans, which was then ill prepared for defence. The
British fleet, conveying an army of veterans who had
fought under Wellington, entered Lake Borgne Decem-
ber 13, and captured several gunboats. General Jackson
proclaimed martial law in the city on the i6th. On the
23d the enemy advanced to a point about nine miles be-
low the city, and were attacked in the night by General
Jackson, who had about 2100 men. The result of this
action was favourable to the defenders of the city, who
gained time to fortify their position. On the 25th of
December Sir Edward Pakenham arrived and took com-
mand of the invaders, whose number was about 12,000.
Jackson, who had a much smaller army, composed partly
of the unerring marksmen of Tennessee and Kentucky,
repulsed an attack on the 1st of January, 1815. On the
8th of January the British made a general assault on the
American lines, but were defeated with great loss by
the deadly fire of the riflemen and artillery. Generals
Pakenham and Gibbs were killed. " Seven hundred
killed," says Parton, " fourteen hundred wounded, and
five hundred prisoners, were the dread result of that
twenty-five minutes' work. Jackson's loss was eight
killed and thirteen wounded." The victory of New
Orleans, which was one of the most brilliant and de-
cisive ever gained by an American army, raised Jackson's
reputation as a general to the highest point, and made
him the idol of a large portion of the American people.
This was the last battle of the war, a treaty of peace
having been signed in Europe in December, 1814.

In March, 1815, while that city was still under mar-
tial law, Judge Hall, of New Orleans, granted a writ of
habeas corpus for the release of Mr. Louaillier, who had
been arrested by order of Jackson, for exciting discontent
among the troops. The latter, instead of obeying the
writ, had the judge arrested and kept in custody. Peace
having been formally proclaimed, Hall was set at liberty.
General Jackson was then summoned to answer for con-
tempt of court. He was found guilty, and sentenced to
pay a fine of one thousand dollars. He immediately
paid the fine ; but it was afterwards refunded with the
interest by an act of Congress passed in February, 1844.

eas k: 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J^T'See Explanations, p. 23.)

JACKSON

1360

JACKSON

In 1817-18 he waged a successful war against the
Seminoles in Florida, seized Pensacola, and executed
Arbuthnot and Ambrister, two British subjects, accused
of inciting the savages to hostile acts against the Ameri-
cans. He was appointed Governor of Florida in 1821.
Before this date he had built, near Nashville, a mansion
called the " Hermitage," in which he resided many years.
In 1823 he was elected a Senator of the United States,
and nominated as candidate for the Presidency by the
legislature of Tennessee. His competitors were John
Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford.
Jackson received ninety-nine electoral votes, Adams
eighty-four, Crawford forty-one, and Clay thirty-seven.
As no candidate had a majority, the election devolved
on the House of Representatives, voting by States, each
State having one vote. Through the influence of Mr.
Clay, John Quincy Adams was elected, by the vote of
thirteen States. General Jackson, who received the
vote of seven States, became the implacable enemy of
Mr. Clay, whom he stigmatized as " this Judas of the
West." He habitually attributed the conduct of his
political opponents to mean or improper motives, and,
accordingly, hated Crawford, Clay, Adams, and Calhoun,

In 1828 he was elected President, receiving one hun-
dred and seventy-eight electoral votes, while Mr. Adams
received eighty-three. Calhoun became Vice-PresidenL,
Martin Van Buren was appointed secretary of state.
Jackson was the first President who proscribed public
servants for political opinions. He made more removals
in one year than all the other Presidents in forty years
before. At a banquet in April, 1830, the President gave
thij famous toast: "Our Federal Union: it must be
preserved." In April, 1831, he reorganized his cabinet,
appointing Edward Livingston secretary of state, Louis
McLane secretary of the treasury, Lewis Cass secretary
of war, Levi Woodbury secretary of the navy, and Roger
B. Taney attorney-general.

Among the principal events of his first term was his
veto of the bill which granted anew charter to the Bank
of the United States, (July, 1832.) This subject became
the chief issue between the partisans of Jackson and his
opponents, who supported Henry Clay in the Presiden-
tial election of 1832. General Jackson was re-elected,
receiving two hundred and nineteen electoral votes out
of two hundred and eighty-eight, which was the whole
number, and Martin Van Buren succeeded Calhoun in
the Vice-Presidency. In November, 1832, a Convention
in South Carolina adopted an ordinance of nullification,
by which they ordained that the tariff-law of 1828 " is
null and void." The President electrified the country
by his memorable proclamation against the nullifiers,
December II, 1832, in which he announced his resolu-
tion to crush any disunion movement with the strong
hand. He was censured by the Senate for removing
the public deposits from the Bank of the United States,
September, 1833.

He used his influence to procure the election of Mar-
tin Van Buren to the Presidency in 1836, and retired
finally from public life March 4, 1837. He afterwards
joined the Presbyterian Church. In his last illness Dr.
Edgar asked "what he would have done with Calhoun
and the other nullifiers if they had kept on." " Hung
them, sir, as high as Haman," was his reply. He
died, without issue, at the Hermitage, on the 8th of
June, 1845.

See EATON, " Life of Jackson," 1824; WILLIAM COBBHTT, "Life
of Andrew Jackson," 1834; J. S. JENKINS, "Life of General An-
drew Jackson," 1850; J. T. HEADLBY, "Life of Andrew Jackson,"
1852; AMOS KRNDALL,"Lifeof Andrew Jackson," 1844; ALEXANDER
WALKER, "Jackson and NewOrleans," 1856; JAMES PARTON, " Life
of Andrew Jackson," 3 vols., 1860, (by far the most complete life of
the Hero of New Orleans that has been published ;) " National Por-
trait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. i. ; "New American
Cyclopaedia ;" W. G. SU.MNER, " Life of Jackson."

Jack'son, (ARTHUR,) an English Puritan minister,
born in Suffolk in 1593, preached at Saint Faith's, Lon-
don, until 1662, when he was ejected; He wrote "An-
notations on the Old Testament," (1643-58.) Died in
1666.

Jackson, (CHARLES,) LL.D., an American jurist,
was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1775. He
graduated at Harvard with the highest honours of his
class in 1793, studied law with Theophilus Parsons, and

obtained an extensive practice in his native town. In
1803 he removed to Boston, where he practised law for
many years. In 1813 he was made judge of the supreme
court of Massachusetts, the duties of which he discharged
for ten years. He was placed at the head of the com-
missioners appointed by the State in 1832 to revise her
legislative enactments. Died in Boston in 1855. He
published a "Treatise on the Pleadings and Practice in
Real Actions, with Precedents," etc., (1828.)

Jackson, (CHARLES THOMAS,) M.D., an American
chemist and geologist, born at Plymouth. Massachusetts,
in June, iScj. He took the degree of M.D. at Harvard
in 1829, after which he continued his studies in Palis,
and passed several years in visits to various countries
of Europe. In conjunction with Francis Alger, he pub-
lished a work called " Mineralogy and Geology of Nova
Scotia," (1832.) He became a resident of Boston about
1833, was appointed State geologist of Maine in 1836,
and produced a " Report on the Geology of the State
of Maine," (1837.) His second and third Reports on
the same subject appeared in 1838 and 1839. He was
appointed geologist of the State of New Hampshire in
1 8/0. He claimed to be the original discoverer of anaes-
thetics, and was involved in a long controversy on this
subject Died August 29, 1880.

Jackson, (CYRIL,) DR., a noted English divine, bom
at Stamford in 1742. He was offered the primacy of
Ireland and an English bishopric, both of which he de-
clined. He was tutor to the Prince of Wales, (George
IV.) Died in 1819.

Jackson, (FREDERICK GEORGE,) an English
Arctic explorer, born at Leamington in 1860, and edu-
cated at Edinburgh University. His first field of
travel was in the Australian desert, when he made a
midwinter journey across the Great Tundra. He led
the lackson-Harmsworth expedition to Franz-Josef
Land, and remained there engaged in investigation for
three years. He had the good fortune to rescue the
famous explorer Nansen (</.£'•) He returned in the
summer of 1897.

Jackson, (HELEN HUNT,) an American poet and
author of much merit, was born in Amherst, Massachu-
Setts, in 1831. She was the daughter of Professor N. W.
Fiske. Her first husband was Mr. Hunt, an officer of
the United States engineers, who died in 1863. In 1875
she married a Mr. Jackson. Her works include " Verses
by H. H.," (1871.) "Bits of Travel," (1872,) "Bits of
Talk," " A Century of Dishonour," and several volumes
of tales for children. Died August 12, 1885.

Jackson, (HENRY R.,) was born in Georgia in 1820.
He served as a colonel in the Mexican war, and was
minister to Austria from 1853 to 1858. He published in
1851 "Tallulah, and other Poems." He was a general
in the Confederate service, 1861-65, ?"d won distinction
as a lawyer. He was appointed United States minister
to Mexico in 1885. He was a trustee of the Peabody
Education Fund 1875-88. Died in 1898.

Jackson, QAMES,) a lawyer, born in Devonshire,
England, in 1757, emigrated to America in 1772. He
fought with distinction against the British in Georgia
in 1776-82, was elected to Congress in 1789, and was a
United States Senator for Georgia from 1792 to 1795.
In 1798 he became Governor of Georgia, and in 1801
was again elected a Senator of the United States. Died
in Washington, March 19, 1806.

Jackson, (JOHN, ) a clergyman of the Anglican
Church, born in Yorkshire, England, in 1686. He was a
zealous advocate of the Arian doctrines, which prevented
his advancement in the church. Died in 1763. He wrote
a valuable work entitled "Chronological Antiquities,"
(3 vols., 1752,) and numerous controversial treatises.

Jackson, (JoHN,) an able English engraver on wood,
flourished about 1725-45.

Jackson, (JOHN,) an eminent English portrait-painter,
born at Lastingham, Yorkshire, in 1778, became a resi-
dent of London about 1797, and was elected a member
of the Royal Academy in 1817. Among his best works
are portraits of Canova and Flaxman. Died in 1831.
See CUNNINGHAM, "Lives of British Paiuters."

See CUNNINGHAM, "Lives of British Paiuters."
>, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; nSt; good; moon:

a, e, I, o, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u,

JACKSON

1361

JACOB

Jackson, (JOHN ADAMS,) an American sculptor, born
at Bath, Maine, November 5, 1825. He learned the trade
of a machinist. He afterwards studied portrait-painting
and crayon-work with success under D. C. Johnson, in
Boston, and then practised sculpture in France and Italy.
His portrait-busts and medallions are often excellent.
Among his other works are " Eve lifting the Dead Abel,"
(1862,) "Peasant-Boy and Goat," "Culprit Fay," "Read-
ing-Girl," the soldiers' monument at Lynn, Massachu-
setts, and " Hylas," (1879.) Died at Pracchia, in Tuscany,
August 30, 1879.

Jackson, (PATRICK TRACY,) a merchant and manu-
facturer, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1780.
He organized in 1821 the Merrimac Manufacturing
Company, and founded Lowell. Died in 1847.

Jackson, (ROBERT,) an English physician, born in
1751. He served as surgeon in the army, and wrote,
besides other works, a "Treatise on the Fevers of
Jamaica," (1791.) Died in 1827.

Jackson, (SAMUEL,) a distinguished physician and
physiologist, born in Philadelphia March 22, 1787. He
was elected in 1835 to the chair of the institutes of medi-
cine in the University of Pennsylvania, which he filled
with great credit to himself and the institution for
twenty-eight years. He resigned in 1863. He wrote,
besides other works, "Principles of Medicine," (1832,)
and an " Introduction to Lehman's Chemical Physi-
ology," (1856.) Died April 5, 1872.

Jackson, (THOMAS,) a learned English divine, born
in Durham in 1579. He was the author of a "Com-
mentary on the Apostles' Creed," and of several devo-
tional treatises. He became Dean of Peterborough in
1638. His works are highly praised by Southey. Died
in 1640.

See E. VAUOHAN, " Life of Thomas Jackson," 1673.

Jackson, (THOMAS,) an eminent English Methodist
preacher, born at Sancton, Yorkshire, December 12,
1783. He was the author of a large number of religious
and biographical works. Died at Richmond in 1873.

Jackson, (THOMAS GRAHAM,) an English archi-
tect and author, born at Hampstead in 1835. He
published "Modern Gothic," (1873,) "Dalraatia,"
(1887,) "W.-idham College," (1893,) "St. Mary's,
Oxford," (1897,) etc. He was elected to the Royal
Academy in 1896.

Jackaon, (THOMAS JONATHAN,) commonly known bj
the name of STONEWALL JACKSON, a distinguished Amer-
ican general, born in Lewis county, Virginia, January 21,
1824, graduated at West Point in 1846, standing seven-
teenth in a class of fifty-nine. He was considered at
West Point to be rather a dull and slow student. In the
Mexican war (1846-47) he served as first lieutenant with
distinction. Having resigned his commission in 1852,
he became a professor in the Military Institute at Lex-
ington, Virginia. About 1853 he married Miss Junkin,
a daughter of Dr. Junkin, of Lexington. He was ap-
pointed a colonel of the Virginian troops in April, 1861,
and commanded the force that was attacked by the Union
army at Martinsburg, July 2. He served as brigadier-
general at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, and was
promoted to the rank of major-general in the following
September. It has been currently stated that he received
his surname from the fact that he and his men " stood like
a stone wall" at the battle of Bull Run ; but, according to
one of his biographers, the name " Stonewall" was first
applied to his brigade because it was recruited in a stone-
wall country, — the counties of Jefferson, Page, Frederick,
etc. He was defeated by General Shields near Win-
chester, March 23, 1862, and retreated up the valley to
Harrisonburg, pursued by General Banks. Having been
reinforced, he resumed the offensive with about twenty
thousand men, attacked General Banks near Strasburg,
May 23, and drove him back to the Potomac. On the
approach of General Fremont from the west, General
Jackson moved hastily up the valley to Harrisonburg.
His army was overtaken by General Fremont at Cross
Keys, where an indecisive battle was fought on the 8th
of June. Before the end of June he moved his army
to Richmond and joined that of General Lee. He
commanded a corps at the battle of Gaines's Mill, June

'\ 27, and at that of Malvern Hill, July i, 1862. On the
1 9th of August he defeated a small army under General
Banks at Cedar Mountain, Virginia. He captured
Harper's Ferry, with eleven thousand Union prisoners,
on the I5th of September, and joined General Lee in
time to take part in the battle of Antietam, September
17. He contributed to the victory at Fredericksburg,
December 13, 1862, for which service he was promoted
to the rank of lieutenant-general. He remained inactive
for several months, (January-April, 1863,) employed
partly in preparing official reports. On the 1st of May
he was ordered by General Lee to execute a flank move-
ment on the right wing of General Hooker's army. He
surprised and routed the eleventh corps, near Cnancel-
lorsville, on the evening of the 2d of May. As he was
riding with his staff from the front towards the rear
during that battle, he received a volley from his own
men, who in the darkness mistook the staff for a party
of Federal cavalry. General Jackson received three
wounds, of which he died at Guinea's Station on the
loth of May, 1863. " His loss," says Mr. Greeley, " was
the greatest yet sustained by either party in the fall of a
single man ; though Sidney Johnston had probably mili-
tary talents of a higher order. But Jackson's power over
his men was unequalled ; and it was justified by the
soundness of his judgment, as well as the intrepidity of
his character. Contrary to the vulgar notion, his attacks
were all well considered, and based on a careful cal-
culation of forces ; and he showed as high qualities in
refusing to squander his men at Antietam, and again at
Fredericksburg, as he did in his most brilliant charges.
... It is doubtful if all the advantages, including pres-
tige, which the rebels gained around Chancellorsville,
were not dearly purchased by the loss of Thomas J.
Jackson." ("American Conflict," vol. ii. pp. 359-60.)
Stonewall Jackson was a man of deep and earnest re-
ligious convictions ; and in his general character, as well
as in his serene, indomitable courage and the extraoi-
dinary influence which he exerted over the minds of his
soldiers, he reminds us of the great Puritan leaders who
fought under Cromwell.

See DABNHY, " Life of General T. J. Jackson," and a " Life ot
General T. J. Jackson," in " Southern Generals," 1865.

Jackson, (THOMAS K.,) born in South Carolina about
1829, was made a brigadier-general in the Confederate
army in 1861.

Jackson, (WILLIAM,) a clergyman of the Anglican
Church, born in Ireland about 1737. In 1794 he was
detected in a treasonable correspondence with France,
in which he recommended the invasion of Ireland. He
was tried and found guilty of high treason, but died
from the effects of poison, before sentence was passed
upon him, in 1795.

Jackson, (WILLIAM,) an eminent English musician
and landscape-painter, was born at Exeter in 1730.
Among his musical compositions are " Twelve Popular
Songs," " Six Sonatas for the Harpsichord," and " Twelve
Canzonets for Two Voices." He published "Thirty
Letters upon Various Subjects," (1782,) and "The Four
Ages," (1798.) Died in 1803.

Jackson, (WILLIAM,) known as JACKSON OF MASHAM,
from his native place, an English musician and composer,
born January 9, 1816. He composed oratorios, cantatas,
anthems, glees, etc. Died April 15, 1866.

Jackson, (Dr. WILLIAM,) Bishop of Oxford, and
brother to Dr. Cyril Jackson, noticed above, was born
at Stamford in 1750. He published several sermons.
Died in 1815.

Jacme, or En Jacme, King of Aragon. See JAMES I.

Ja'cpb, [Heb. 3p>'"; Gr. 'laxufi,] a celebrated Hebrew
patriarch, a son of Isaac, and the great progenitor of the
Israelitish nation. He was also called ISRAEL.

See Genesis xxv., xxvii., xxviii., xxix.. TTT

Ja'cob, a Hungarian adventurer, and chief of the
Pastoureaux. About 1250 he incited the common people
to enlist in a crusade for the liberation of Saint Louis,
who was then a captive. He mustered a vast multitude
of French peasants, who massacred priests and com-
mitted other outrages in France. Jacob was killed, and
his dupes were dispersed.

€as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/',- G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilltd; § as z; th as in this.

86

Explanations, p. 23.)

JACOB

1362

JACOB I

Ja'cob, (EDWARD,) a topographical and antiquarian
writer of Kent, England. Died in 1788.

Jacob, (GiLES,) an English author, born in Hamp-
shire in 1686. Among his works are "The Poetical
Register," (1723,) composed of memoirs of the English
dramatic poets, and a "Law Dictionary," (1729,) which
has passed through many editions. Died in 1744.

Jacob, (HENRY,) an English Puritan and Independ-
ent minister, born in Kent about 1562. He founded in
London the first Independent Congregational church
that existed in England, and published several works.
In 1624 he removed to Virginia, where he died about
1626.

Jacob, (HENRY,) a philologist and Orientalist, born
in 1606 or 1607, was a son of the preceding. He became
a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and published
"Graeca et Latina Poemata." Died in 1652.

Ja'cpb, (JEHODAH LEON,) a Jew of the seventeenth
century, born in Spain, resided in Holland. He wrote
a " Description of the Temple of Solomon," also a
description of the Tabernacle, and an "Exposition of
the Psalms."

Jacob, (JOHN,) a British general, born in 1812 or
1813. He distinguished himself in India in 1843 as
commander of the Sinde Horse. Died in India in 1858.

Jacob, (JOHN,) an Armenian carpenter, lived about
1650. He is distinguished for having introduced the art
of printing into Persia.

Jacob OF EDESSA. See BARAD^EUS.

Jacob or James [Gr. 'laxuSof ; Lat JACO'BUS] OP
NISIBIS, surnamed THE GREAT, a Christian bishop, who
was regarded as a prophet and was distinguished for his
ascetic life. He became Bishop of Nisibis, and attended,
in 325 A.D., the Council of Nice, where he advocated the
orthodox creed. He is said to have delivered Nisibis
from the besieging Persians by his prayers. His death
is variously dated from about 340 to 350 A.D.

See SAINT JEROME, "De Viris illustribm ;" FABRICIUS, " Bibli-
•theca Grajca;" CAVK. " Historia Literaria."

Jacob (or James) OF VITRY, a French priest, who
in 1217 became Bishop of Acre in Syria, where he con-
yerted many Saracens. In 1229 he was made Bishop of
Tusculum and a cardinal. He left a valuable " History
of Jerusalem," or " Historia Orientals, " as well as " His-
toria Occidentalis," and many letters. Died at Rome in
1230.

Ja'cpb Ben Ash'er, a learned Jew, born in Ger-
many, wrote a work called "Arba Thourim." Died at
Toledo about 1340.

Ja'cpb Ben Haj'im or Chajim, a Jewish rabbi
of the sixteenth century, distinguished for his learning,
was born at Tunis. He edited the Masora and Hebrew
Bible, with commentaries, and a Chaldean paraphrase,
" Biblia Rabbinica Bombergiana," (4 vols., 1525.)

Ja'cob Ben Naph'ta-U, a learned Jewish rabbi of
the fifth century, educated at Tiberias. To him is chiefly
attributed the invention of the Masoretic points used in
distinguishing the Hebrew vowels.

Jacob de Saint-Charles, zhiTcob' deh sin shin],
(Louis,) a French author and bibliographer, born at
Chalons-sur-Sa6ne in 1608. He became a monk of the
order of Carmelites. Among his works are a "Treatise
upon the Finest Libraries of the World," (1644,) "The
Parisian Library," and "The French Universal Library,"
(1646.) Died in 1670.

Jacob-Kolb, zhjfkob' kolb, (G4RARD,) a French
antiquary, born at Rheims in 1775. He made valuable
collections of Greek and Roman medals, autographs,
and books. He wrote " Historical Researches on the
Crusades and the Templars." Died in 1830.

Jacob le Bibliophile. See LACROIX, (PAUL.)

Jacobaa or Jacobaea. See JACQUELINE.

Jacobaeus, ya-ko-ba'us, or Jacobi, yl-ko'bee, (OLI-
OER,) a distinguished physician and philosopher, born
at Aarhuus, in Jutland, in 1650, became professor of
medicine and natural philosophy in the University of
Copenhagen. He wrote several works on natural
history, and elegant Latin poems. Died in 1701.

See NICERON, "Mimoires;" KRAFT og NVKRUP, " Litteratur-
lexicon."

Jacobazzi, yi-ko-bit'see, (DOMENICO,) an Italian

cardinal, born at Rome about 1443, wrote a " Treatise
on Councils," (1538.) Died in 1527.

Jacob! See JACOBAEUS.

Ja-co'bi, [Ger. prpn. ya-ko'bee,] (ABRAHAM,) M.D.,
a distinguished physician, born, of a Hebrew family, at
Hartum, in Westphalia, May 6, 1830. He studied at
Greifswalde and Gottingen, and graduated at Bonn in
1851. In 1853 he removed to New York, where he
ga%-e attention chiefly to gynaecology and diseases of
children, and held several professorships. His principal
works are " Dentition and its Derangements" (1862)
and a " Treatise on Diphtheria," (1880.)

Jacobi, ya-ko'bee, (HEINRICH FRIEDRICH,) an emi-
nent German writer and thinker, born at Dusseldorf in
1743. His father was a merchant, and young Jacobi
was destined to the same calling, although his tastes led
him to other pursuits. At the age of sixteen he was
sent to school at Frankfort. He afterwards went to
Geneva, where he remained three years, applying him-
self to literary studies. During this period he acquired
such a mastery of the French language as has rarely
been equalled by any of his countrymen. On returning
to Dusseldorf, he conducted his father's business for
several years, without, however, abandoning his favourite
pursuits. Afterwards, through the influence of his friend
and patron the Count of Goltstein, he received an ap-
pointment under the government, and was thus enabled
to devote his principal attention to philosophy and lite-
rature. About this time he married Betty von Clermont,
of Aix-la-Chapelle, a lady of considerable wealth as well
as of great accomplishments and personal attractions.
In 1779 Jacobi was invited to Munich, where he became
privy councillor. But, having exposed the abuses of the
Bavarian system of customs, he fell into disfavour with
the government, and withdrew to his estate near Dus-
seldorf. In 1804 he was again called to Munich, to aid
in the establishment of the new Academy of Sciences
in that city, of which institution he became president
in 1807. He resigned this position in 1813, and died
in 1819.

Among the works of Jacobi may be named " Edward
Allwill's Correspondence," ("Eduard Allwill's Brief-
sammlung," 1781,) " On the Doctrine of Spinoza,"
(" Ueber die Lehre des Spinoza," 1785,) in a series of
letters to Mendelssohn, " David Hume on Faith, or
Idealism and Realism," (" David Hume iiber den Glau-
ben, oder Idealismus und Realismus," 1787,) "Wolde-
mar," (2 vols., J799,) and "Of Divine Things and their
Revelation," (" Von gottlichen Dingen und ihrer Offen-
barung," 1811.)

"As a writer of fiction," observes Mrs. Austin, "Ja-
cobi is distinguished for vigorous painting, admirable
delineation of nature and the human heart, warmth and
depth of feeling, and a' lively, bold, yet correct turn of
expression. As a philosopher, he is admired for his
rare depth of thought, for the fervour of his religious
feelings, and for the originality and beauty of his style."
Again she says, " His character is rich in all that can
attract the wise and good." "Jacobi is ranked, and
justly," says Dr. Hedge, " among the philosophers of
modern Germany, although his philosophy, far from
shaping itself into a system, denies, — and that denial
may be regarded as one of its leading characteristics,—
on philosophical grounds, the possibility of a system,
and maintains that any system of philosophy, carried to
Its legitimate results, must lead to fanaticism. He vin-
dicated the ' affective' part of man's nature, which the
Kantian exaltation of pure reason had seemed to dis-
parage, at least to neglect, and gave to feeling its due
place and authority as a medium and interpreter of truth.
. . . He differed from contemporary philosophers in being
a devout believer in revelation, — in the Christian revela-
tion. The gospel was to him the test and criterion of all
truth. For the rest, he was an eclectic, and welcomed light
from whatever quarter it came. In philosophical insight
he is surpassed by none ; and, though his fixed idea of
the impossibility of a systematic philosophy may have
somewhat vitiated his view of existing philosophies, his
criticisms on some of them are among the best that
have been essayed."

See J. KUHN, "Jacobi und die Philosophic seiner Zeit," 1834:

a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I. o. u. y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mf t; n6t; good; moon;

JACOB1

1.363

JACQUARD

rale."

Jacob!, (JoHANN GEORG,) brother of the preceding,
was born at Dusseldorf in 1740. He became professor
of philosophy and eloquence at Halle, and in 1784
professor of belles-lettres at Freiburg. He published
a collection of poems. Died in 1814.

See ROTTECK, " Gedachtnissrede auf Jacobi," 1814; ERSCH und
GRUBER, "AUgemeine Encyklopaedie."

Jacobi, (KARL GUSTAV JAKOB,) an eminent German
n»athematician, born at Potsdam in 1804, became in 1829
professor of mathematics at Konigsberg. He wrote
" Foundations of the New Theory of Elliptical Func-
ti .ns," (1829,) and "Canon Arithmeticus," and contrib-
uted a number of able treatises to the Academy of
Sciences, of which he was a member. Died in Berlin
in 1851.

Jacobi, (MARY PUTNAM,) an American physician, a
daughter of G. P. Putnam, of New York, was born in
London, England, in 1842. She was educated in the
Philadelphia Woman's Medical College, in the New
York College of Pharmacy, and in the Ecole de Mede-
cine, Paris, where she graduated in 1871. In 1873 she
married Dr. A. Jacobi. She became professor of ma-
teria medica in a woman's medical college in New York,
and published many professional papers of high value.

Jacobi, (MAXIMILIAN,) a German alienist, a son of H.
F. Jacobi, already noticed, was born at Dusseldorf, April
10, 1775. He studied at Jena, Edinburgh, Gb'ttingen.
Erfurt, and London, taking the degree of M.D. in 1807.
He afterwards had charge of insane asylums at Salzburg
and at Siegburg. His writings on insanity are of high
importance. Died at Siegburg, May 18, 1858.

jacobi, (MORITZ HERMANN,) brother of K. G. J. Jaco-
bi, was born in 1801. He was the inventor of Galvano-
plastic, (1840,) on which he published a treatise, and of
the application of electro-magnetism to the moving of
machinery. Died at St. Petersburg, March 10, 1874.

Jacobini, ya-ko-bee'nee, (LuDOVico,) an Italian car-
dinal, born at Genzano, January 6, 1830. He became a
domestic prelate of the pope in 1862, and held various
offices, chiefly connected with the Propaganda. In 1874
he was made Archbishop of Thessalonica and nuncio at
Vienna. In 1879 he was created a cardinal-priest, and in
1880 was appointed papal secretary of state, administrator
of the property of the Holy See, and prefect of the
Lauretan congregation. Died Feb. 28, 1887. His rela-
tive, ANGELO JACOBINI, born in Genzano, April 25, 1825,
was in 1882 created a cardinal-deacon, and died in 1886.
Ja'cpbs, [Ger. pron. ya'kops,] (FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN
WILHELM,) an eminent German scholar and writer, born
at Gotha in 1764. He studied at Gottingen under Heyne
in 1784, and in 1807 became a teacher of ancient literature
in the Lyceum at Munich, and member of the Academy
of Sciences of that city. In 1810 he was appointed
chief librarian and director of the cabinet of coins at
Gotha. Among his numerous critical writings, which
are distinguished for profound learning and elegance of
style, are " Animadversions on Euripides," (" Animad-
versiones in Euripidem," 1790,) "Critical Emendations
on Ancient Writers," (" Emendationes criticae in Scrip-
tores veteres," 1796,) and "Emendations on Greek
Anthology," ("Emendationes in Anthologiam Graecam.")
He also prepared editions of Achilles Tatius, Bion and
Moschus, and other classics. He made translations from
the Orations of Demosthenes, the Greek Anthology, and
Velleius, and contributed a number of excellent treatises
to Wieland's " Attic Museum" and to the " Library of
Ancient Literature and Art" He also wrote "Glean-
ings from the Journal of the Pastor of Mainau," (1823.
Died in 1847.

Jacobs, (JACOBS,) a Belgian painter, whose true
name was JACQUES ALBERT MICHEL JACOBS. He
was born at Antwerp in 1812, and was noted for his
landscapes, sea-views, and town-pictures. Died in
1879.

Jacobs, (JOSEPH,) a British folk-lorist, born at
Sydney, Xew South Wales, in 1854. He is an

authority in England on fairy tales, of which he has
>ublished numerous collections, also works on the
listory of the Jews and other subjects.

Jacobs, ya'kops, (JURIEN,) a distinguished Swiss
jainter of animals and hunting-scenes, born in 1610 ; died
n 1664.
Jacobs, (LUCAS.) See LUCAS VAN LEYDF.N.

Jacobs, ya'kops, (SlMON,) a Dutch painter, born ai
Gouda, was killed at the siege of Haarlem in 1572.

Jacobsen, ya'kop-sen, (LEVIN,) a Danish surgeon,
Dorn at Copenhagen in 1783. He invented an instru-
ment called the "lithoclaste," and wrote several works.
Died in 1843.

See H. C. OERSTED, "Tale ved Jacobsens Liigfard."

Jacobsen or Jacopsen, ya'kop-sen, (MICHAEL,) a
naval commander, born at Dunkirk. He served in the
famous Spanish Armada sent against England in" 1 588,
and, by his skilful management, saved several vessels.
Died in 1633.

Jacobson, ya'kop-son, (JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED,)
a Prussian technologist, born at Elbingen in 1726, pub-
lished a "Technological Dictionary of Useful Trades,
Arts," etc. Died in 1789.

Ja-co'bus, (MELANCTHON WILLIAMS,) D.D., LL.D.,
an American Presbyterian clergyman, born at Newark,
Mew Jersey, September 19, 1816. He graduated at
Princeton College in 1834, and at the theological school
n Princeton in 1838. In 1851 he became professor of
Oriental and Biblical literature in a theological seminary
at Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. He published " Notes '
on the Gospels, Acts, and Genesis, in six volumes, (1848
-65.) Died October 28, 1876.

Jacoby, ya-ko'bee, JOHANN,) a German democrat,
born at Konigsberg, May I, 1805. He was a physician,
when in 1841 a political pamphlet ascribed to him caused
his imprisonment. In 1848 he was a republican leader
and a member of the Frankfort Parliament and of the
National Assembly. He was later tried for high treason,
but got clear after a seven weeks' examination. He was
in later years often imprisoned as a socialist agitator,
Died March 6, 1877.

Jacometti, ya-ko-met'tee, (PIETRO PAULO,) a sculp-
tor, founder, and painter of the Roman school, born at
Ricanati in 1580; died in 1655.

Jacomb, jak'om, ? (THOMAS,) an English dissentirg
minister, born in Leicestershire in 1622. He wrote a
"Commentary on the Eighth Chapter of Romans," a
" Treatise of Holy Dedication," and other works. Died
in 1687.

Jacopo di Pietro, ya'ko-po de pe-a'tKO, an Italian
sculptor, born in Tuscany, was a pupil of Andrea Or-
cagna. He died after 1368.

Jacopo Tedesco, (architect.) See LAPO.

Jacopone da Todi, ya-ko-po'na da to'dee, or Ja-
copo, ya'ko-po, sometimes called Benedetto, an Italian
monk and poet, born at Todi. He wrote poems which
were approved by the Academy della Crusca. The
" Stabat Mater Dolorosa" is ascribed to him by some
writers. Died in 1306.

See G. Mopio, "Vita di Jacopone," 1558; GINGOKN*, "Histoire
litte'raire d'ltalie."

Jacopsen. See JACOBSEN.

Jacotin, zhi'ko'taN', (PIERRE,) a French officer of
engineers, bom near Langres in 1765, was distinguished
for his knowledge of topography. He drew a map of
Egypt and Syria which was taken from actual survey.
Died in 1827.

Jacotot, zhfko'to', (JOSEPH,) a French teacher, born
at Dijon in 1770. Under Napoleon I. he was a member
of the Chamber during the Hundred Days. He gained
distinction by his earnest efforts in the cause of national
education, for which he advocated a new and improved
system and on which subject he wrote several works.
Died in 1840.

See A. GUYARD, "Jacotot et sa Me'thode," 1840; C. F. WURW,
" Hamilton und Jacotot," 1831 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Jacquand, zhrkdN', (CLAUDIUS,) a French historical
painter, born at Lyons in 1805, settled in Paris in 1833,
and obtained a medal of the first class. Died in 1878.

Jacquard, zhS'kSR', (JOSEPH MARIE,) a Frenchman,
celebrated for his inventions in the art of weaving, was

€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g asj; G, H, n,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as i; th as in this.

Explanations, p. 23.)

JACQUELIN

JAGELLON

born in Lyons, July 7, 1752. At an early age, being
employed as a type-founder, and afterwards as a cutler,
he exhibited an uncommon mechanical genius. In 1793
he assisted in the defence of his native city against the
army of the Convention. He subsequently served for a
short period in the army of the Rhine. In 1801 he com-
pleted his great invention for weaving the finest and
richest kinds of figured doth. This apparatus, which
bears his name, — the Jacquard loom, — though at first
strongly opposed by the weavers of France, has been
brought into general use both in Europe and in America,
and, instead of destroying the occupation of labourers, it
has greatly increased the number of operatives employed
in the manufacture of figured stuffs. Jacquard also in-
vented a machine for wearing nets. For this invention
he received a gold medal in 1804 from the inspectors of
Paris.' While in that city, he was introduced to Napo-
leon I. Died in 1834. In 1840 a public statue was
raised to his memory by the citizens of Lyons.

See DE FORTIS, "E~loge historique de Jacquard," 1838; "Nou-
velle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" LAMAKTINK, ''Memoirs of Celebrated
Characters, 1856.

Jacquelin, zhJk'laN', (JACQUES ANDRE,) a French
dramatist, born in Paris in 1776; died in 1827.

Jacqueline, zhtk'len', Jac-o-bae'a or Jac-o-ba'a,
[Ger. pron. ya-ko-ba'a,] of Bavaria, Countess of Holland,
and heiress of William VI. of Bavaria, was born in 1400.
She was married successively to John the Dauphin of
France and son of Charles VI., to her cousin John of
Brabant, and to Humphrey Duke of Gloucester and
brother of Henry V. After a long contest with her
cousin Philip the Good of Burgundy, she was compelled
to give up to him her possessions. Died in 1436.

See PETIT, "Chronique ancienne et modeme de la Holiande;"
A. VAN OVERSTRATKN, " Jacoba van Beijeren, in V. Boeken," 1790;
MORBRI, " Dictionnaire Historique."

Jacquelot or Jaquelot, zhSklo', (ISAAC,) a learned
Protestant theologian, born in Champagne, France, in
1647. He wrote "On the Existence of God," (1697,)
a "Dissertation on the Messiah," (1699,) and on "The
Inspiration of the Old and New Testaments," (1715.)
Died in Berlin in 1708.

See DAVID DURAND, "La Vie de Jaquelot," 1785; NirfzoN,
" Memoires."

Jacquemard, zhtk'mf R', (fixiENNE,) a grammarian,
born in Paris in 1772, wrote a valuable "Elements of
French Grammar." Died in 1830.

Jacquemart, zhik'mSR', (ALBERT,) a French author,
born in Paris in 1808. His most important works are
those devoted to the history and description of the ceramic
art. Died in Paris, October 14, 1875. His son, JULES
FERDINAND JACQUEMART, born at Paris in 1837, won a
reputation as an engineer, and also as a designer, but
especially as an engraver and etcher. Died in 1880.

Jacquemont, zhlk'moN', (VICTOR,) a distinguished
naturalist, born in Paris in 1801. After making scientific
excursions through France and Switzerland, he sailed
in 1826 for America, and visited Canada, the United
States, and Hayti. He returned to France in 1827, with
a choice collection of plants and minerals. In 1828 he
went to the East Indies, and explored the greater part of
Hindpstan and Thibet. He was author of a " Geological
Treatise on the Alps," " Correspondence of Victor Jacque-
mont with his Family and many of his Friends during his
Journey in India," and "Travels in India from the Year
1828 to the Year 1832." Died at Bombay in 1832.

See E"DOUARD DB WARREN, " La Vie et les CEuvres de Jacque-
mont," 1852; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale :" "Foreign Quar-
terly Review" for February, 1834.

Jacques, zhik, (AM^DEE,) bom in Paris in 1813,
wrote several works on philosophy, and edited the
works of Leibnitz. Died in Buenos Ayres in 1865.

Jacques, FRERE. See BAULOT.

Jacques, (MATHIEU JOSEPH,) a French ecclesiastic,
and professor of theology at Lyons, was born in 1736.
He wrote " Convincing Proofs of the Christian Religion,"
and other theological works. Died in 1821.

Jacques, (NICOLAS,) a French miniature-painter, born
near Nancy in 1780 ; died in 1844.

Jacques de Chison, zhik deh she'zoN', a French
poet, who lived about 1250, was highly esteemed by his
contemporaries.

Jacquet, zhjPk^', (EUGENE VINCENT STANISLAS,) a
distinguished Orientalist, born at Brussels in 1811, was
particularly skilled in the Sanscrit. In 1829 he was
admitted a member of the Asiatic Society of Paris, and
soon became known by his writings. Died in 1838.

See FELIX NEVE, "Me'nvnre sui la Vied'Eugeae Jacquet," 1856;
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne.-ale."

Jacquet, (Louis,) a French ecclesiastic, born at Lyons
in 1 732, wrote a " Parallel between the Greek and French
Tragic Writers," and a prize essay upon the Discovery
of America. Died in 1794.

Jacquier, zhj'ke-i', ( FRANC.OIS, ) a distinguished
French mathematician', born at Vitry-le-Fran9ais in 171 1,
was appointed professor of philosophy at the Roman
College by Pope Benedict XIV. He edited the " Prin-
cipia" of Newton, and wrote, with Le Sueur, a " Treatise
on Algebra," and other scientific works. Died in 1788.

Jacquin, zhi'kiN', (ARMAND PIERRE,) a French
writer, bom at Amiens in 1721 ; died about 1780.

Jacquin, zhi'kaN',?( JOSEPH FRANZ,) a German bota-
nist and chemist, son of Nikolaas Joseph, noticed below,
was born about 1766. He was professor in the University
of Vienna, and wrote on natural history. Died in 1839.

Jacquin, (NIKOLAAS JOSEPH,) a celebrated botanist,
born at Leyden in 1727. Having removed to Vienna,
he was sent by Francis I. to the West Indies, whence he
returned at the end of six years, with a choice collection
of plants. He was subsequently appointed professor
of chemistry and botany in the University of Vienna,
and created baron and councillor of mines and coinage.
He wrote numerous works on botany, among which may
be mentioned his magnificent " Florae Austriacje," whicn
contained five hundred coloured engravings, (1773-77.)
Died in Vienna in 1817.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgememe Encyklopaedie ;" MEUSEL,
"Gelehrtes Deutschland ;" "Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale;" KAI-
MANN, "Rede zur Gedachtnissfeier des N. J. Jacquin," 1818.

Jacquinot, zhfke'no', (CHARLES CLAUDE,) a French
general, born at Melun in 1 772, commanded two divisions
of cavalry at Waterloo. Died in 1848.

Jacquinot - Pampelune, zhi'ke'no' poMp'lnn',
(CLAUDE FRANC.OIS JOSEPH,) a French advocate and
politician, born at Dijon in 1771 ; died in 1835.

Jacquot, zhi'ko', (GEORGES,) a French statuary, bom
at Nancy in 1794, gained the grand prize in 1820, and
went to Rome with a pension. Died Nov. 23, 1874.

Jadassohn, ya'di-son, (SALOMON,) a German (Jew-
ish) musical composer, born at Breslau, August 13, i8jl.
He acquired distinction as a pianist, composer, and in-
structor, and especially by his " Science of Pure Compo-
sition," ("Lehre vom reinen Satze," 3 vols., 1883.)

Jadelot, zhid'lo', (NICOLAS,) a learned French phy-
sician, born at Pont-a-Mousson in 1738, became professor
of anatomy and physiology at Nancy. He wrote nume-
rous professional works, among which are a " Treatise
upon the Causes of the Pulsation of the Arteries," and
a "Complete Course of Anatomy." Died in 1793.

Jadin, zhi'daN', (Louis EMMANUEL,) a French com-
poser of dramatic music, born at Versailles in 1768 ; died
in 1853.

Jadin, (Louis GODEFROY,) a French landscape-painter,
son of the preceding, born in Paris in 1805 ; died in 1882.

Jadwiga. See HEDWIG.

Jaeger. See JAGER.

Jaerta, QOHAN or HANS.) See JARTA.

Jaffe, yif-fa', (PHILIPP,) a German (Jewish) historian,
born near Posen, February II, 1819. He was educated
at Berlin. His " History of Germany under Lothair the
Saxon," (1843,) and " History of Germany under Conrad
III.," (1845,) were followed by the important " Regesta
Pontificum Romanorum," (1851,) a standard work. He
then studied medicine, but in 1862 he was appointed a
professor of history in the University of Berlin. His
"Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum" (6 vols., 1864-73)
is highly esteemed. Died by suicide, April 3, 1870.

Jagellon, ya-gellon, Duke of Lithuania, born about
1354. He embraced Christianity, and married Hedwig,
Queen of Poland, thus uniting the two territories under
one government He also caused Christianity to be
established in Lithuania. Died in 1434.

a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, J?, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; nflt; good; moon;

JAG EM ANN

1365

JAMES

Jagemann, ya'geh-man', (CHRISTIAN JOSEPH,) a Ger-
man littlratntr, born at Dingelstadt in 1735, spent many
years in Italy. He translated several Italian works into
German. Died in 1804.

JSger or Jaeger, ya'ger, (GusTAV,) a German histor-
ical painter, born at Leipsic in 1808, painted some frescos
in the royal palace of Munich, and various oil-paintings,
which are highly commended. Died April 29, 1871.

JSger or Jaeger, (JOHANN WOLFGANG,) a German
Lutheran divine and theological writer, born at Stuttgart
in 1647 ; died in 1720.

Jag'gar, (THOMAS AUGUSTUS,) D.D., an American
bishop, born in the city of New York, June 2, 1839. He
took orders in the Episcopal Church, held rectorships in
New York and Philadelphia, and in 1875 was consecrated
Bishop of Southern Ohio.

Jagic, ya'gitch, (VATROSLAV, also written in Latin
IGNATIUS, and in Russian IGNATIE VIKENTIEVITCH,) an
eminent Croatian philologist, born at Warasdin, July 6,
1838. He was educated at Agram and Vienna. In 1871
he was called to the University of Odessa as professor
of comparative philology. In 1874 he was made pro-
fessor of Slavic languages at Berlin, and in 1880 took a
similar position at Saint Petersburg. Among his works
are a " History of Croatian and Servian Literature,"
(vol. i., 1867,) "Critical and Palxographical Essays,"
(1884,) etc. He has edited many Old Croatian, Glago-
litic, and Old Slovenian writings.

Ja'go, (RICHARD,) an English clergyman and poet,
born in Warwickshire in 1715. Among his poems may
be mentioned an " Elegy on the Death of a Blackbird,"
"Edgehill," and "Labour and Genius." Died in 1781.

Jalian-Geer or Jahanguire. See JEHAN-GEER.

Jalin, ySn, (FERDINAND HENDRIK,) a Danish histo-
rian, born at Neumiinster in 1789. He wrote on Danish
history. Died in 1828.

Jalin, ySn, (FRIEDRICH,) a German medical writer,
born at Meiningen in 1766; died in 1813.

Jahn, (FRIEDRICH LUDWIG,) a German writer, born
at Lanz in 1778, published several treatises on gym-
nastics, an essay "On German Nationality," (1810,) and
other works. Died in 1852.

Jahn, (JoHANN,) a German Orientalist and Roman
Catholic priest, born in Moravia in 1750. He was
professor of Oriental languages at Vienna from 1789 to
1806. He wrote, besides other works, an " Introduction
to the Old Testament," (1793,) and " Biblical Antiquities,"
(1805,) both of which were censured as unsound and put
in the " Index" by the court of Rome. Died in 1816.

Jahn, (OTTO,) a German archaeologist, born at Kiel
in 1813. He became professor of philology at Leipsic
in 1847, and published a "Life of Mozart," (1856,) and
other works. Died September 9, 1869.

Jahns, yans, (FREDERICK WILHELM,) a Prussian
musician, writer, and composer, born at Berlin in 1809.
In 1871 he published an excellent "Catalogue of Weber's
Works." Died August 8, iSSS.

Jahr, y3R, (GEORG HEINRICH GOTTLIEB,) a distin-
guished homceopathist, born at Gotha, in Germany,
January 30, 1801. He studied under Hahnemann, grad-
uated as doctor of philosophy in Germany, and as doctor
of medicine in Paris, (1840,) in which city he thenceforth
lived. Most of his numerous books (in German and
French) have been translated into English. Died at
Brussels in July, 1875.

Jaillot, zhfyo', (CHARLES HUBERT,) a French geog-
rapher and engraver, published some accurate maps of
France. Died in 1712.

Jaillot, (JEAN BAPTISTE RENOU,) a French geogra
pher, published " Researches in the City of Paris," (5
vols., 1772.) Died in 1780.

Jaime. See JAMES I. OF ARAGON.

Jaina and Jains. See JINA.

Jakob, von, fon yJ'kop, (LuowiG HEINRICH,) a
learned German writer, born at Wettin in 1759, became
professor of political economy at Halle in 1816. He
published a "Manual of National Economy," (1805,)
and other esteemed works. Died in 1827.

See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Jal, zhil, (AUGUSTE,) a French littfrateur and archae-
ologist, was born at Lyons about 1795. He published,

besides criticisms on art, " De Paris i Naples ; Etudes
de Mceurs, de Marine et d'Art," (2 vols., 1835,) and
" Arche'ologie navale," (2 vols., 1839.) His chief work
is the valuable " Dictionnaire critique de Biographic,"
often reprinted. Died April 5, 1873.

See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Jalabert.zhi'lS'baiR', (CHARLES FRANC.OIS,) a French
historical painter, born at Nimes about 1815, obtained a
iredal of the first class in 1855.

Jalal-ed-Deen, (or -eddin.) See JELAL-ED-DEEN.

Jaley, zhS'li', (JEAN Louis NICOLAS,) a skilful French
statuary, born in Paris in 1802. Among his works are
statues of " La Pudeur" and " La Priere." Died 1866.

Jallabert, zhS'U'baiR', (£TIENNE,) a French natural
philosopher and writer, born in 1658 ; died in 1724,

Jallabert, (JEAN,) a son of the preceding, born in
Geneva in 1712, filled the office of syndic of the repub-
lic. He wrote " Experiments upon Electricity," (1748,)
and several other scientific works. Died in 1768.

See DESGENETTES, notice in the " Biographic Me"dicale ;" " Nou-
velle Biographic Ge"ne"raJe."

Jam'bll-ehus, a native of Syria, who was enslaved
by the Romans under Trajan, flourished in the second
century. He subsequently obtained his liberty, and
wrote a romance, in Greek, entitled "Babylonics, or
the Loves of Sinonis and Rhodanes."

Jamblichus or Jamblicus, a Platonic philosopher,
and native of Syria. He flourished under the reign of the
emperor Julian, who dedicated numerous epistles to him.

Jam'bll-ehus or I-amTjlI-chus -ehal-ci-de'nus,
[Gr. 'la^Xifof / Fr. JAMBLIQUE, zhoNTMek',] an eminent
heathen philosopher, born at Chalcis, in Syria, flourished
in the reign of Constantino the Great, (306-37 A.D.) He
was a pupil of Porphyry, and was attached to the Neo-
Platonic school. Many of the Neo-Platonists encouraged
a life of ascetic meditation and a belief in magic and
divination. Their system was built on the doctrine
of emanation, — that the souls of all beings, after the
requisite purification, return to the Source from which
they emanated. Jamblichus wrote a " Life of Pythago-
ras," a treatise on the " Mysteries cf the Egyptians,"
and several other works. To his influence is ascribed
the prevalence of magic, sacrifices, and superstition in
the Neo- Platonic philosophy.

See EUNAPIUS, " Vitae Sophistarum ;" RITTER, " History of Phi-
losophy;" FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Grseca;" HEBKNSTRHIT, " Dis-
sertatio de Jamblichi Doctrina," 1764.

Jamblicus. See JAMBLICHUS.

Jamblique. See JAMBLICHUS.

Jamee, JamJ, or Djami, ji'mee, (Moolla-Nooi
ed-Deen- (Nour-ed-Din-) Abd-er-Rahman, mool'l J
nooR-ed-deen' Jbd eR-raH'man,) written also Djamy
and Dschami, a celebrated Persian poet, born at Jam, (or
Djam,) in Khorassan, in 1414, lived at Herat, where he
enjoyed the bounty of the Sultan Aboo-Saeed, (Abou-
Said.) Among his principal works are "The Chain
of Gold," (Sil'silet-zah'ab or -zeh'eb,) a collection of
satires, and " The Loves of Joseph and Zuleika, and Mej-
noon and Leila." He also wrote " Beharistan," (" Abode
of Spring,") a treatise on morality, in prose and verse,
which is admired for its graceful style as well as for its
sentiments. Jamee has sometimes been called " the Per-
sian Petrarch." He was devoted to the doctrine of the
Soofees ; and many of his poems are characterized by
the spiritual or mystical ideas of that sect Died in 1492.

See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale," article " Djami ;" OUSRLEY,
" Biographical Notices of Persian Poets ;" " Eraser's Magazh.e" for
November, 1856.

Jameray-DuvaL See DUVAL.

James [Sp. JAIME, Hi'mi] I, King of Aragon, sur-
named THE CONQUEROR, succeeded to the throne in
1213. He quelled an insurrection formed against him
by his nobles, and checked the encroachments of papal
power. Died in 1276. He was succeeded by his son,
Pedro III.

See T. DE SOTO, " Vida del Rey Don Jaime I. de Aragon," i6sz.

James IX, King of Aragon, surnamed THE JUST,
son of Peter III., was born in 1261. He ascended the
throne in 1291. He annexed Catalonia and Valencia to
his territory, and carried on long wars against Navarre
and the Moors. He was a brave, magnanimous, and
benevolent prince. Died in 1327.

c as k; 9 as s; g harJ; g as/; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (

ee Explanations, p. 23.)

JAMES

1366

JAMES

James 1 of England and VI. of Scotland was born in
the Castle of Edinburgh in June, 1566. He was the only
child of Mary Queen of Scots and her husband Henry
Lord Darnley, (called, after his marriage, King Henry.)
Both Queen Mary and Lord Darnley were grandchildren
of Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII. of England.
It was through this princess that James claimed the
throne of England. In 1567 Lord Darnley was mur-
dered, James was placed under the care of the Earl of
Mar, and Queen Mary married Bothwell, and was soon
after made prisoner by the insurgent lords. Mary was
forced to abdicate in favour of her son, who was crowned,
as James VI., on the 2gth of July, 1567. During his
minority Scotland was fearfully rent by contending
factions and the violent disputes of the Protestants and
Catholics. The regent Morton having rendered himself
odious by his tyrannical acts, a successful conspiracy
was formed against him by a majority of the Scottish
nobles. Morton, however, on account of his Protestant
proclivities, soon regained his former influence. James
from the commencement of his reign exhibited a weak
and frivolous passion for favourites. His cousin Esme
Stuart, Lord D'Aubigny, a native of France, obtained
the principal ascendency over his onthful mind. Cap-
tain James Stuart held the second place in the king's
esteem. Lord D'Aubigny was created Duke of Lennox,
and Captain Stuart Earl of Arran. Both eagerly plotted
the destruction of Morton, who was put to death in
1581. In 1582 a company of nobles seized King James,
confined him in the castle of Ruthven, in Perthshire, im-
prisoned Arran, and forced Lennox to retire to France.
This revolt is known in history as the Raid of Ruthven.
At the expiration of ten months, James recovered his
liberty and reinstated Arran in his former power. In
1585 a treaty was concluded between the English and
Scottish sovereigns. Elizabeth conferred upon James
an annual pension of five thousand pounds, and through
her influence deprived the Earl of Arran of all emolu-
ments. In 1586 James formed another treaty with Eng-
land, offensive and defensive, for the protection of the
Protestant religion. In 1587 Mary Queen of Scots was
executed. James at first appeared insulted and enraged ;
he threatened to invade the dominions of Elizabeth;
but, feeling more interested for the inheritance of the
crown of England than for his honour or for filial duty,
he was soon pacified. In 1589 he married Anne, daugh-
ter of the King of Denmark. In 1594 he quelled a
rebellion of the Catholic lords. Bothwell also, having
taken part in this revolt, was obliged to fly from the
country, to which he never returned. James was an
earnest advocate of Episcopacy, and made strenuous
efforts to establish it in his dominions, in opposition to
the wishes of the people. On this account a tumult
was raised in Edinburgh in 1596, from which his life
appeared to be in imminent danger. But James, ex-
hibiting for him an unusual share of spirit and energy,
dexterously turned this to his own advantage. In 1600
he was decoyed to the castle of the Earl of Cowrie,
where Ruthven, brother of the earl, made an attempt
on the king's life, on which occasion both the noblemen
were slain. The Gowrie Conspiracy has always been
veiled in mystery, — no historian having yet unravelled it.
On the death of Elizabeth, in 1603, James became
King of England. He displeased his new subjects by
the prodigality of his gifts to his Scottish favourites. He
continued the foreign policy of Elizabeth by concluding
a treaty with Henry IV. of France for assisting Holland
against Spain. In 1605, chiefly through King James's
penetration, the Gunpowder Plot was discovered. (See
FAWKES, GUY.) The year 1612 was marked by the death
of Henry, Prince of Wales, who by his manly and noble
qualities had been far more successful than his father in
winning the affections of the English people. In 1613,
James's daughter, the princess Elizabeth, was married
to Frederick, the Elector-Palatine. Among the king's
favourites were successively Sir George Hume, Philip
Herbert, Earl of Montgomery, and Robert Carr or
Ker, a young Scotchman who by his handsome person
monopolized the royal favour. He was created Earl
of Somerset In 1615 Carr was ried and convicted on
a charge of poisoning his friend Sir Thomas Overbury.

This made room for a new favourite, named Villiers, who
was created Duke of Buckingham, and who retained
his influence over the king during the remainder of the
reign. In 1617 James visited Scotland, where he was
very zealous in introducing episcopal forms into the
Established Church. In 1618 Sir Walter Raleigh was
executed on the pretended charge of conspiracy, but in
act to conciliate the court of Spain. The public con-
empt which this excited against James was increased
>y his behaviour towards the Elector-Palatine, whom
the Bohemians had chosen as their king, and who was
attacked by the united forces of Austria and Spain,
[ames pusillanimously refused to give his son-in-law
any assistance or encouragement Frederick had been
he Protestant champion of Europe, and the people of
Britain hesitated not to express their grief and rage.
During a long period James had wished to form a Span-
sh alliance for Prince Charles ; and he now hastened
the negotiations. This alliance was, however, broken
off through the rashness and insolence of Buckingham.
Finally, in 1624, war was declared against Spain, and
an army was fitted out to assist the Elector. Owing to
jestilence and mismanagement, this army never entered
:he Palatinate, which remained in the possession of th»
Duke of Bavaria. James died in March, 1625, after a
reign of nearly fifty-eight years, during twenty-two of
which he sat on the throne of England. He had seven
children by his queen, Anne of Denmark, of whom only
Prince Charles and the Princess Elizabeth survived him.
" No prince," says Hume, "so little enterprising and
so inoffensive, was ever so much exposed to the opposite
extremes of calumny and flattery, of satire and panegyric.
. . . Many virtues, it must be owned, he was possessed
of; but scarce any of them pure or free from the conta-
gion of the neighbouring vices. His generosity bordered
on profusion, his learning on pedantry, his pacific dis-
position on pusillanimity, his wisdom on cunning, hi*
friendship on light fancy and boyish fondness." (Hume's
" History of England," chapter xlix. Respecting the
character of James, see, also, Gardiner's " History,"
referred to below, vol. i. chap. ii. pp. 55-57.) James was
the author of numerous works, which displayed con-
siderable learning and no little pedantry ; but the most
important of his labours was the supervision of the
present translation of the Bible, which will remain as a
lasting monument of his industry and munificence. The
translation was not only made under his immediate
superintendence, but the excellent rules by which the
translators were governed were drawn up by James him-
self. Among his works we may cite "Basilicon Doron,
or his Majesties Instructions to his Dearest Son, Henry
the Prince," "The Essays of a Prentice in the Divine
Art of Poesy," " The True Law of Free Monarchies,"
" Daemonology," and "A Counterblast to Tobacco."

WKLDON, and Sin E. PEYTON, with notes by SIR WALTER SCOTT, a
vols.,iSn; GARDINER, " History of England from the Accession of
James I. to the Disgrace of Chief- Justice Coke," London, 1863.

James LL of England and VTL of Scotland, son of
Charles I., and younger brother of Charles II., was born
at Saint James s, London, in 1633, and soon after was
created Duke of York. He was taken prisoner by the
Parliamentarians in 1646. In 1648 he escaped to Hol-
land, and went to Paris, where he remained nearly four
years. Having received a commission in the French
army, he served under Marshal Turenne until the peace
concluded between Cromwell and the French obliged
him to leave the kingdom. At the restoration, in 1660,
James accompanied his brother to England, where he
received the appointments of lord high admiral and lord
warden of the Cinque Ports. The same year he married
Anne, daughter of*Chancellor Hyde. In 1664 the Duke
of York was an earnest advocate of the war with Hol-
land. He took command of the fleet, and in June, 1665,
gained an important victory over the Dutch. In 1671
the Duchess of York died, and James avowed himself a
Roman Catholic. In 1672 war was renewed against Hol-
land, and James, as lord admiral, assumed the command
of the navy. In 1673 the Test Act was passed against
Catholics and dissenters. By it the Duke of York was

a, e, 1, 5, u, y, lonr; i. e. A same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 8, u, y\ short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;

JAMES 13

compelled to resign the command of the navy, and all
other offices which he held under government. The same
year he married Maria Beatrice Eleonora, daughter of
the Duke of M6dena. In 1677, greatly to the satisfaction
of the English nation, Mary, daughter of the Duke of
York, was married to her cousin William, Prince of
Orange, who was a Protestant.

In 1679, during the commotions of the Gates Popish
Plot, James retired to the continent. In his absence
a bill for excluding him from the throne was brought
before the Parliament. It was passed by the Commons,
but was rejected by the Lords. Upon the death of King
Charles, in 1685, James ascended the throne unopposed,
and promised to maintain and defend the Established
Church. He summoned a Parliament, which voted him
all the revenues his brother had enjoyed. Having de-
clared his intention of continuing the alliance formed
by Charles with France, he received from Louis XIV.
500,000 livres. Strong suspicions were soon excited
against the king by his arbitrary measures. It became too
manifest that he only intended to keep his promises until
he could break them with safety. He sent an agent to
Rome to promote the restoration of Roman Catholicism
in England ; he publicly attended the illegal celebration
of the mass, and laboured earnestly for the repeal of
the Test Act. The blindness of his zeal was so apparent
that even the pope advised him to exercise more caution.
In June, 1685, England was invaded by the Duke of
Monmouth, a natural son of Charles II. Monmouth
was totally defeated at Sedgemoor on the 5th of July,
was captured two days after, and executed. James now
exhibited his true character. Colonel Kirke and the in-
famous Judge Jeffreys were sent to the western counties,
which had been the principal scene of Monmouth's insur-
rection, and, by the king's express authority, perpetrated
a series of butcheries. Men were shot and hung with-
out the form of trial, and women were burned at the
stake for sheltering fugitives. In opposition to law, he
admitted Catholics to the highest rank in the army and
the navy. Protestants holding high offices of state were
discharged, and a court resembling that of the high com-
mission under Charles I. was established. Episcopal
dioceses were given to professed Catholics, and the Prot-
estant clergy were driven from the colleges of Oxford and
Cambridge to make room for foreign priests. In June,
1688, the queen gave birth to a son, who was suspected
to be spurious. Previous to this period, Mary, Princess
of Orange, had been regarded as the heir-apparent to
the crown, and the English people had hoped that at
length they would again be governed by a Protestant
sovereign. These hopes being now blighted, they ap-
plied to the Prince of Orange for assistance in an effort
to depose the king. He was prepared to accept the in-
vitation which they sent him ; and in November, 1688,
he landed in Devonshire, with about fourteen thousand
men. The king, deserted by the nobility, the gentry,
the army, his friends, and his servants, quitted the island
in December, and fled to France, where he was kindly
received by Louis XIV. Soon after, the Prince and
Princess of Orange were crowned, as King William III.
and Queen Mary. In 1689 James landed in Ireland with
a small force given him by Louis. He besieged London-
derry, which he was unable to take. On the 1st of July,
1690, King William, who commanded in person, totally
defeated James's army at the battle of the Boyne, and
firmly established his own power. James soon returned
to France, and resided at Saint Germain's until his death,
which occurred in September, 1701. As a king, he was
brave, determined, energetic. He did much for the im-
provement of the British navy ; he was industrious, and
frugal of the public money. But he was implacable in
revenge, and his blind bigotry cost him three kingdoms.
James had by his first wife, Anne Hyde, eight children,
of whom only Queen Mary and the Princess Anne sur-
vived him. By his second wife, Mary of Modena, he
had six children, two of whom outlived him. He also
had four children by Arabella Churchill, a sister of the
Duke of Marlborough, and one by Catherine Sedley.

See DAVID JONBS, "Life of James II.," 1702; J. S. CLARKB,
"Life of James II., King of England," a vols., 1816; BURNET, "His-
tory of his Own Times;" MACAULAY, • History of England;" C
J. Fox, " History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II.,' 1808

JAMES

James I., King of Scotland, of the house of Stuart,
and son of Robert III., was born about 1394. In I4OJ
his father sent him to France, in order that he might
escape the intrigues of the Duke of Albany ; but he was
seized by a British fleet, carried as prisoner to Lon-
don, and thrown into the Tower, whence, after remaining
there more than two years, he was taken to Windsor.
In 141 7, when King Henry V. invaded France, James was
obliged to accompany him. In 1424, after a captivity of
nineteen years, he was released and restored to his king-
dom. While the young king was in England, Henry V.
had given him a good education ; and, upon his acces-
sion to power, James commenced with energy and firm-
ness to reform the laws and customs of Scotland. During
his captivity Scotland had been governed successively by
the two Dukes of Albany as regents, who had increased
their own power and that of the feudal lords, to the
detriment of the royal authority. On the recovery of his
kingdom he resolved to check with a strong hand the
arrogance and lawlessness of the nobles. He seized his
cousin Murdo, Duke of Albany, his sons, the Earls of
Douglas, Lennox, Angus, and many other peers and
barons. All were reconciled to the king except the Duke
of Albany, his sons, and the Earl of Lennox, who were
tried and executed. This blow struck terror into the order
of nobles. The king continued to conduct his reforms
with ability and prudence. One part of his policy was
to raise the ecclesiastical power in order to balance that
of the barons. James had married Joanna Beaufort, a
lady of the blood-royal of England. Although the earls
at first received the innovations of the king in a spirit
of submission, they at length, perceiving the rapid decline
of their authority, formed a conspiracy against him, and
assassinated him in 1437. James had the reputation of
being one of the most accomplished princes of his day.
He produced several poetical pieces and songs, which
were greatly admired, and in which much literary taste
was displayed. There yet remains his " Kings Quhair."
Robertson justly remarks that " it was the misfortune of
James that his maxims and manners were too refined for
the age in which he lived. Happy had he reigned in a
kingdom more civilized. His love of peace, of justice,
and of elegance would have rendered his schemes suc-
cessful ; and, instead of perishing because he attempted
too much, a grateful people would have applauded and
seconded his efforts to reform and improve them."

See BUCHANAN, " Rerum Scoticarum Historia;" BURTON, "His-
tory of Scotland," vol. iii. chap. xxviL ; ROBERTSON, " History of
Scotland."

James II, son and successor of the preceding, was
born in 1430. He had for his adviser an able man,
named Crichton, who during his minority obtained chief
control of the government Crichton impressed on the
mind of the young monarch the necessity of further hum-
bling the nobility. But what James I. had attempted
to do slowly and by legal means, his son and Crichton
pursued with an impetuosity as unscrupulous as it was
unwise. William, sixth Earl of Douglas, having defied
the royal authority, was decoyed by Crichton to an in-
terview in the Castle of Edinburgh, where both he and
his brother were murdered. James stabbed with his
own hand William, eighth Earl of Douglas. This led
to a revolt, and the house of Stuart appeared to be in
imminent peril. The Earl of Douglas commanded the
greater number and more warlike followers ; but, owing
to his want of energy, nearly all his retainers deserted
him before a battle was fought, and he was obliged to
fly to England. James would in all probability have
succeeded in his plans, had he not been killed in 1460
by the bursting of a cannon.

See BURTON, "History of Scotland," vol. iii. chap. xxviiL
ROBERTSON, " History of Scotland."

James HL, the son and successor of James II., was
born in 1453. During his minority the kingdom was
governed successively by Bishop Kennedy and Lord
Boyd. James married Margaret of Denmark about
1470. He had respectable abilities, and was a lover of
the fine arts and literature. The nobles were offended
because he neglected them and chose for his associates
artists, musicians, and other persons of inferior rank.
The king's brothers, the Duke of Albany, and the Earl

« as k; 5 as s; % hard; g as /; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2^=See Explanations, p. 23.)

JAMES

1368

JAMES

of Mar, conspired with the malcontent nobles against
James, who was defeated by them in battle near Ban-
nockburn in 1488, and was murdered as he fled from
the field.

James IV., King of Scotland, succeeded his father,
James III., in 1488, at the age of fifteen. He was gen-
erous and brave, loved magnificence, delighted in war,
and was eager to obtain fame. During his reign the
ancient and hereditary enmity between the king and the
nobles appears almost entirely to have ceased. During
the revolt which had cost James III. his life, his son
had been compelled or persuaded to set himself at the
head of it, and was openly declared king. He was sub-
sequently troubled by remorse for this deed, and, not
being free from superstition, he received from the pope,
as penance, an iron belt to be worn without cessation for
the remainder of his life. He also performed several pil-
grimages on foot. James founded (1497) the University
of Aberdeen, and he also created the order of Knights
of the Thistle, (or of Saint Andrew.) In 1513, in oppo-
sition to the advice of his sagest counsellors, he rashly
invaded England with one of the most loyal and gallant
armies that ever a Scottish king had commanded, and
was defeated at the famous battle of Flodden, where
the flower of the Scottish chivalry perished. The king,
with twelve earls, thirteen lords, and a great number of
barons, died upon the field, in September, 1513.

James V., a son of James IV., was born in 1512, and
succeeded his father in 1513. The regency was conferred
upon his cousin, the Duke of Albany, a man of enter-
prise and ability, who was desirous to extend the royal
authority; but, in spite of all his exertions, the aris-
tocracy retained their power, and the duke resigned his
authority about 1525. The king was then in his thir-
teenth year, and the nobles agreed that he should assume
the government. The Earl of Angus, however, by hii
intrigues, obtained the chief control of affairs, and kept
the young king as a prisoner in his own palace. James,
after suffering this for some time, escaped, and Angus was
obliged to fly from the country. Firmly seated upon the
throne, James continued the policy of his predecessors |
in humbling the nobility. Commencing very cautiously,
he found loyal supporters among the clergy, the prin-
cipal of whom was Cardinal Beaton. The nobles had
received too severe a blow at Flodden to resist, and
James pushed forward his plans in an unscrupulous
and arbitrary manner. He married Mary of Guise in
1538. Henry VIII. of England declared war against
turn in 1542, and he was obliged to seek the assistance
of those nobles whom he had oppressed. They took
up arms at his command, were led by him against the
English, and were at first successful ; but, owing to the
lateness of the season, and to other causes of discontent,
they refused to follow up their good fortune. A second
expedition across the border was still less successful :
nearly ten thousand Scots were taken prisoners, or, as
some say, went deliberately over to the English. This
proved too great a blow to the proud and ambitious
monarch, who died of a broken heart in December,
1542, in the thirty-first year of his age, leaving the
crown to his only legitimate child, the unfortunate Mary
Queen of Scots. He had several natural children, one
of whom was the famous Regent Murray.

F
R

James VL OF SCOTLAND. See JAMES I. OF ENG-
LAND.

James, [Gr. 'laxuSof ; Lat. JACO'BUS ; Ger. JAKOB,
yl'kob; Fr. JACQUES, zhtk; Sp. SANTIAGO, sin-te-d'go;
It GIACOMO, ja'ko-mo,] one of the twelve apostles,
commonly called SAINT JAMES, son of Zebeclee, and
brother of Saint John. He was one of the three apostles
who appeared to be the most intimately associated with
our Saviour. He suffered martyrdom about 44 A. D., by
the order of Herod Agrippa.

James, called THE LESS, was one of the twelve apos-
tles, and is generally supposed to have been the brother
jf our Saviour, and the author of the Epistle bearing
that name. Josephus states that he was put to death
by the high-priest Ananias about 62 or 63 A.D.

James, (CHARLES T. C.,) an English novelist and
dramatist, born at London in 1858. He wrote "The
New Faith," (1890,) "One Virtue," (1893,)
"Where Thames is Wide," (1896,) etc.

James, (CONSTANTIN,) a French medical writer,
born at Bayeux in 1813. He edited Magendie's
" Lectures on Physiology," (1837-39.) Died in 1888.

James, (EDWIN JANES,) an American educator,
born at Jacksonville, Illinois, in 1855. He was edu-
cated at Harvard, held professorships in the University
of Pennsylvania 1883-95, and became connected with
the University of Chicago in 1895. He became presi-
dent of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science in 1889, and was president of the
University Extension Society 1891-96. He published
several works and numerous papers on economics.

James, (FLORENCE,) pen-name of Florence War-
den, a British novelist, born at Hanworth in 1857.
She was a governess 1875-80, and an actress 1880-85.
Her novels are numerous, some of the later being
"A Lady in Black," (1897,) "Joan, the Curate,"
(1898,) etc.

James, (GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFORD,) a very volu-
minous novelist and historian, born in London in 1801.
Before attaining the age of seventeen he had written a
series of Eastern tales, entitled "The String of Pearls."
In 1825 he published "Richelieu," which had previously
received the commendation of Sir Walter Scott and
Washington Irving. This is thought to be his best pro-
duction. In 1852 Mr. James was chosen British consul
at Norfolk, in Virginia, and in 1858 received the same
appointment for Venice. His very numerous works
are mainly novels, but include biographies and poems.
Died in 1860.

James, (Sir HENRY,) an English general, born near
Saint Agnes, Cornwall, in 1803. He was educated at
Woolwich, and in 1825 entered the royal engineers. He
invented photozincography, and executed valuable fac-
simile plates by that process. He published accounts
of the ordnance surveys of the three kingdoms, besides
other works of permanent value. Died June 14, 1877.

James, (HENRY,) an able and original writer on the-
ology, born at Albany in 1811. About 1843 he became
acquainted with the writings of Swedenborg, whose
leading doctrines he appears to have fully embraced,
without, however, joining himself to the ecclesiastical
organization of Swedenborgians. He published, be-
sides other works, "Moralism and Christianity," (1852,)
"Christianity the Logic of Creation," (1857,) " Substance
and Shadow, etc.," (1863,) and "The Secret of Sweden-
borg, being an Elucidation of his Doctrine of the Divine
Natural Humanity," (1869.) Died December 18, 1882.

James, (HENRY,) LORD, an English lawyer, bom
at Hereford, October 30, 1828. He studied at Chel-
tenham College and at the Middle Temple, was called
to the bar in 1852, was made a Queen's counsel in
1869, and a bencher in 1870. He entered Parliament
in 1869, became solicitor-general in 1873, and attor-
ney-general in the same year. In 1895 [he became
chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and was raised
to the peerage as Lord James of Hereford.

James, (HENRY,) an American novelist and critic,
ason of Henry James, (1811-1882,) was born at New
York city, April 15, 1843. He was educated in Paris,
Geneva, and Bonn, and early became known as a
contributor to American journals. Among his works
are "Roderick Hudson," (1875,) "The Portrrr
a Lady," (iSSi,) "Tales of Three Cities," (iS>
"The Tragic Muse," (1890,) " The Other House,"
(1896,) etc., with works of travel, criticism, etc.

James, (JOHN ANGEI.L,) an eloquent English
dissenting minister and popular writer, born at
Blandford, Dorset, in 1785. He was for many years
an Independent minister of Birmingham, and acquired
great influence by his oral ministry and his numerous
writings, which have had an immense circulation.
Died in 1859.

a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; ndt; good; moon;

JAMES

1369

JAMESONS

James, (JOHN THOMAS,) Bishop of Calcutta, born at
Rugby in 1786. Upon the death of Bishop Heber he
was appointed to the diocese of Calcutta, and sailed for
India in 1827. He was the author of a "Tour through
Germany, Sweden, Russia, and Poland," (1816,) " Treat-
ise on the Italian, French, Dutch, and German Schools
of Painting," (1822,) and "The Semi-Sceptic, or the
Common Sense of Religion considered." Died in 1828.

James, (PAUL MOON,) an English poet, born in 1780.
His short lyric " The Beacon," often attributed to Moore,
is all that rescues him from oblivion. He was a banker
in Birmingham, where he died in 1854.

James, (RICHARD,) an English divine, linguist, and
traveller, and nephew of Thomas James, (1571-1629,)
was born at Newport, in the Isle of Wight, in 1592.
Among his works are manuscripts upon Russia, and a
" Poem upon the Death of Sir Robert Cotton." Died
in 1638.

James, (ROBERT,) an English physician, born in Staf-
fordshire in 1703. He was the inventor of a celebrated
fever-powder which bore his name, and the author of a
"Medicinal Dictionary," (1743-45,) (in which he was
assisted by Dr. Samuel Johnson,) treatises on the "Prac-
tice of Physic" and " On Canine Madness," and a "Dis-
sertation on Fevers," (1778.) Died in 1776.

James, (THOMAS,) a learned divine, born at Newport,
in the Isle of Wight, in 1571. He was distinguished as
an able and industrious writer against the Catholics.
Among the most important of his works are " A Treat-
ise of the Corruptions of the Scriptures, Councils, and
Fathers by the Church of Rome," (1612,) and "The
Jesuits' Downfall." Died in 1629.

See WOOD. "Athenae Oxonienses."

James, (THOMAS,) an English navigator, who sailed
in 1631 in search of a northwest passage. He made
some discoveries on the shores of Hudson's Bay, and to
the country lying west of it he gave the name of New
Wales. On his return to England he published "The
Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captain Thomas
James for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage tc the
South Sea."

James, (THOMAS C.,) M.D., an American physician
and scholar, born in Philadelphia in 1766. He graduated
at the University of Pennsylvania in 1788, and followed
his profession with eminent success in his native city.
In :8li he was appointed professor of midwifery in the
above institution. Died in Philadelphia in 1835. He
is said to have been versed in the Greek, Latin, French,
and German languages, and to have possessed some
acquaintance with the Hebrew. He contributed several
short but beautiful poems to Dennie's "Portfolio."

James, (THOMAS LEMUEL,) LL.D., an American
statesman, born in Utica, New York, March 29, 1831.
He learned the trade of a printer, was engaged in jour-
nalism, 1851-60, held positions in the New York custom-
house, 1860-73, was postmaster of New York, 1873-81,
postmaster-general of the United States, 1881-82, and
afterwards was a bank-president in New York city.

James, (WILLIAM,) an English land-agent and sur-
veyor, born in Warwickshire in 1771. He was the first
to project the Manchester and Liverpool Railway, and is
generally regarded as "the father" of the railway-system
in England. Died in 1837.

James, (WILLIAM,) an Englishman, known as the
author of "The Naval History of Great Britain from
the Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Ac-
cession of George IV. in 1820," (5 vols., 1822,) a work
evincing great research. Died in 1827.

James, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English naval officer of
high rank, born at Milford Haven about 1721. He dis-
tinguished himself in the East India service and in the
American war. Died in 1785.

James, (WILLIAM,) an American psychologist,
bora at New York in 1842. He was educated at
Lawrence Scientific School, and became professor of
philosophy at Harvard in 1872. He has published
"Principles of Psychology," "The Will to Believe,
and Other Essays," etc. Was appointed Gifford
lecturer on natural religion, University of Edinburgh,
1889-1901.

James (or Jacques, zhtk) de Vitri, (deh ve'tRe',) a
distinguished cardinal and historical writer, born at Vitri,
near Paris, in the twelfth century. He preached against
the Albigenses, and about 1218 joined the crusade against
the Saracens. He wrote, besides other works, a " His-
tory of the East and West." Died in 1240.

James (or Giacomo, ji'ko-mo) de Voragine, (dl
vo-ra'je-ni,) a Romish prelate, born at Voraggio, near
Genoa, about 1230. In 1292 he was ordained Archbishop
of Genoa. Died in 1298. He wrote various ecclesias-
tical works, and a famous collection of the lives of the
saints, entitled the " Golden Legend."

James Francis Ed-ward, called the first Pretender,
and Chevalier de Saint George, born in 1688, was the
son and heir of James II. of England. He was educated
in France, and was a Roman Catholic. At the death
of his father he was recognized as King of England by
Louis XIV. He entered the French army, and charged
at the head of the cavalry at Malplaquet in 1709. Lord
Bolingbroke formed a design to secure for him the suc-
cession to the throne, but was defeated by the death of
Queen Anne. In 1715 the Scottish Jacobites took arms
to assert the title of the Pretender, and, under the com-
mand of the Earl of Mar, were defeated at Sheriffmuir.
Another army of his partisans surrendered at Preston.
James Francis Edward landed in Scotland in December,
1715; but, finding his cause in a desperate state, ho
returned to France the next month. Died in 1 758 or 1 765.

See JESSE, "Memoirs of the Pretenders and their Adherents,"
1845.

Ja'me-spn, (ANNA,) a celebrated writer, born in
Dublin in 1797, was the daughter of Mr. Murphy, a
painter. She married in 1824 a barrister named Jame-
son, with whom she went to live in Canada ; but, various
circumstances causing a separation, Mrs. Jameson re-
turned to England, to employ herself in literature and
the fine arts. She was an earnest labourer for the fuller
development of the usefulness and mental culture of the
women of England. Her productions evince great dis-
crimination, learning, and refinement. Among the most
important of these we may mention "The Diary of an
Ennuyee," (1826,) " Memoirs of Celebrated Female
Sovereigns," (2 vols., 1831,) "The Beauties of the
Court of Charles II.," " Lives of the Early Italian
Painters," (2 vols., 1845,) and " The Poetry of Sacred
and Legendary Art," (2 vols., 1848.) Died in 1860.

Ja'me-son, (LEANDER STARR,) a British colonist,
was born at Edinburgh in 1853. He studied medi-
cine, went to Cape Colony, and became a physician at
Kimberley in 1878. He became connected there with
Cecil Rhodes, was made in 1891 administrator of the
South Africa Company at Fort Salisbury, and in 1895
set out with five hundred troops to aid the Uitlanders
in their contemplated revolt against the Boer govern-
ment. He and his force were defeated and obliged to
surrender January 2, 1896. He was handed over to
the British authorities, tried in London, and con-
demned to fifteen months' imprisonment, but was
released after a few months on account of illness.

Ja'me-son, (ROBERT,) an eminent Scottish naturalist,
born at Leith in 1774 or 1773. He published " Mineral-
ogy of the Scottish Isles," (2 vols., 1800,) " A System of
Mineralogy," (3 vols., 1804-08,) and other works. He
was professor of natural history in the University of
Edinburgh from 1804 until 1854. In 1819 Professor
Jameson and Sir David Brewster founded the "Edin-
burgh Philosophical Journal," which the former edited
many years. He also contributed to the " Encyclopaedia
Britannica." He had a high reputation as a professor
Died in 1854.

See "Edinburgh Review" for October, 1804, and April, 1805;
" Annual Register" for 1854.

Ja'me-sone, (GEORGE,) an eminent painter, called
" the Van Dyck of Scotland," was born at Aberdeen in
1586. About 1616 he went to Antwerp, where, with Van
Dyck, he studied under Rubens. " His excellence," says
Walpole, "consisted in delicacy and softness, with a
clear and beautiful colouring." It is said that, in 1633,
when Charles I. visited Edinburgh, the magistrates of

eas/i; easj; %kard; gas/;o, U.K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasmtAis. (JEjp"See Explanations, p. 23.)

JAMET

JANNEY

that city employed Jamesone to paint the portraits of
some of the Scottish monarchs. Charles was so much
pleased with the result that he sat for his own portrait,
and presented the artist vrith a diamond ring from his
finger. Jameson was also a painter of historical and
landscape scenes. Died in 1644.

See ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, *' Lives of the Most Eminent British
Painters," etc. ; WALPOLE, "Anecdotes of Painting :" CHAMBERS,
" Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."

Jamet, zhS'ml', (PIERRE CHARLES,) a French writer,
born near Sens in 1701. Among his works are "Meta-
physical Essays," (1732,) "Letters on Taste and the Doc-
trine of Bayle," (1740,) and "The Mongol Philosopher
Dane-Che-Men-Kan," (1740.) Died about 1770.

Jami. See JAMEE.

Ja'mie-son, (JOHN,) D.D., a learned divine, born in
Glasgow in 1759, became in 1797 pastor of a church in
Edinburgh, where he remained until his death. The
degree of doctor of divinity was conferred upon him by
the College of New Jersey. He published, besides other
works, "Socinianism Unmasked," (1788,) "The Sorrows
of Slavery," a poem, " The Use of Sacred History," (2
vols., 1802,) an " Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish
Language," (2 vols., 1809,) which is highly esteemed,
and " An Historical Account of the Ancient Culdees of
lona," (1811.) Died in 1838.

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;"
"Edinburgh Review" for April, 1809, and May, 1828: "Monthly
Review" for September, 1810.

Jamieson, (ROBERT,) a Scottish scholar, born in
Morayshire in 1780. For many years he was in the civil
service in Edinburgh. Among his works are " Popular
Ballads and Songs," (1806,) partly original. Died in
London, September 2>, 1844.

Jamin, zht'maN', (JEAN BAPTISTE, ) VICOMTE, a
French general, born in 1772; died in 1848.

Jamin, (JULES CELESTIN,) a French natural philoso-
pher, born in 1818. He became professor of physics in
the Polytechnic School at Paris. He commenced in 1858
the publication of an important work, entitled " Cours
de Physique." Died in 1886.

Jamin de Bermuy, zht'maN' deh beVmii-e', (JEAN
BAPTISTE AUGUSTE MARIE,) one of the best French
cavalry officers of his time, was born in Bretagne in
1773. He became colonel of the royal guards of light
cavalry about 1807, and went to Spain, where he dis-
tinguished himself at the battle of Ocana in 1809. As
general of brigade, he won additional honours at the
battle of Vitoria, in 1813. For his various services he
was created baron of the empire and Marquis de Ber-
muy. He fell at the battle of Waterloo, 1815.

Jamsheed. See JEMSHEED.

Jamshid. See JEMSHEED.

Jamyn, zhS'maN', (AMADIS,) a French poet, born
in Champagne about 1540. His productions attracted
the attention of Ronsard, who became a warm friend and
liberal patron of Jamyn and procured for him the situa-
tion of secretary and reader to Charles IX. He wrote
poems on various subjects, and made translations of the
last three books of the " Iliad" and the first three of the
"Odyssey." Died in 1585.

Janachen, yln-a'ken, (i.e. Jan (or John) Achen.)
See ACHEN.

Jauauachek, ya'now-sheV, (FRANCESCA MADELINA
ROMANCE, called FANNY,) a tragic actress of rare talents,
born in Prague, Bohemia, July 20, 1830. She appears
in both English and German plays, but her principal
successes have been won in Germany.

Jane OF NAVARRE. See JOAN.
Jane, (FREDERICK T.,) a British artist and author,
born at Honiton, Devon, in 1865. He served as artist
on several illustrated papers, and wrote " Blake of the
Rattlesnake," (1895,) "To Venus in Five Seconds,"
(1897,) "All the World's Fighting Ships," (1899,)
etc.

Janet, zhS'ni', or Janet-Lange, zhi"n&' loNzh,
(ANGE Louis,) a French painter, born in Paris, Novem
ber 19, 1818. A pupil of Ingres, Collin, and Vernet, he
became noted for his military pieces, and not less so for

those on religious subjects. Died at Paris, November
25, 1872.

Janet, (PAUL,) an eminent French philosopher, born
at Paris, April 30, 1823. He held professorships of
philosophy at Bourges and Strasburg, and later at the
Sorbonne. His position is that of an acceptor of science
who at the same time rejects materialism and defends
the old philosophy. Among his numerous works are
" Elements de Morale," (1869,) " La Philosophie fran-
caise contemporaine," (1879,) " Lamennais," (1890,)
"Fenelon," (1892,) etc.

Jane'way, (JAMES,) an English nonconformist divine,
born in Hertfordshire in 1636. He was a preacher of
great power, and was very actively employed at the time
of the plague both in the pulpit and in visiting the sick.
He wrote a " Life of John Janeway," his brother, and
"The Saint's Encouragement to Diligence," (1675.)
Died in 1674.

Jani, ya'nee, (CHRISTIAN DAVID,) a German phi-
lologist, born near Halle in 1743. He published a good
edition of Horace,- (2 vols., 1778-82,) and other works.
Died in 1790.

Jani?on, zhi'ne'siN', (FRANC.OIS MICHEL,) a noted
journalist, born in Paris in 1674. Being an avowed
Protestant, he went to receive his education in Holland,
which became his adopted country. In early life he
entered the army, but finally devoted himself to litera-
ture. Among his works are " Present State of the
Republic of the United Provinces and their Dependen-
cies," (1729,) a production of great merit, and "Serious
and Satirical Letters upon the Works of the Savants,"
(12 vols., 1740 et sef.) Died in 1730.

See MORERI, " Dictionnaire Historique ;" NICBRON, " M^moires."

Jauin, zhfnaN', (JULES GABRIEL^ a celebrated French
critic and litterateur, born at Saint-Etienne in 1804. He
contributed successively to the " Figaro" and the " Quo-
tidienne," and about 1830 became one of the editors
of the "Journal des Debats," for which he furnished a
number of brilliant and original articles on politics and
literature. He was for a long time the dramatic critic
of that journal. He also wrote for the " Revue des Deux
Mondes," etc. Among his other productions are the
romances of" Barnave, (1831,) "New Literary Tales,"
"Journey in Italy," (1839,) and " The Nun of Toulouse,"
(1850.) He also wrote an abridgment of " Clarissa Har-
lowe," and a "History of Dramatic Literature," (4
vols., 1851-56.) His critiques consist mostly of literary
gossip, written in a sparkling and polished style. He
was admitted to the French Academy in 1870. Died
June 20, 1874.

Janitius, ya-nlt'se-us, or Janicki, ya-n!t'skee, (CLE-
MENT,) a learned Polish writer, born in 1516. At fifteen
he wrote elegant Latin poetry. Among his works is
" Lives of the Kings of Poland." Died in 1543.

Jannabee or Jannabt, Al, al-jan-na'bee, [Lat. AL-
JANNA'BIUS, or simply JANNA'BIUS,] (Aboo-Moham-
med-Mustafa — moos'ta-fa,) written also Djaunaby
and Dschannabi, an Arabian historian, of whose life
scarcely anything is known. He wrote an abridgment
of universal history, entitled "Bahar-al-Zokkar," from
the creation of the world down to his own time. Died
in 1581.

Jannabi See JANNABEE.

Jannabius. See JANNABEE.

Jannaris, (ANTHONY,) a Greek philologist, born
at Lakkoi, Crete, in 1852, nephew of the famous Cretan
chief Michel Jannaris. He was lecturer in Greek lit-
erature at Athens University in 1889, a leader in the
Cretan insurrection of 1889-90, and subsequently
wnrked six years in the British Museum, investigating
the history of the Greek language. He published
"Historical Greek Grammar," (1897,) and various
works on Greek philology.

Jannequin.zhin'kaN', (CLAUDE,) Sieurde Rochefort,
a French traveller, sailed for Africa in 1637, and, after
his return, published a " Voyage to Libya, to the King-
dom of Senegal, and the Banks of the Niger," etc., (1643.)

Jannequin, (CLEMENT.) See CLEMENT, (JACQUES.)

Jan'ney, (SAMUEL M.,) an American writer, born in

a, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; i, t, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, J, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; mgt; not; good; moon;

JANNICKE

JANSSENS

Loudon county, Virginia, January n, 1801. Both his
parents were members of the Society of Friends, or
Quakers ; and his mind appears to have been at an early
age deeply impressed with the truth and high importance
of the religious principles in which he was educated.
Besides some smaller works, he wrote " Conversations
on Religious Subjects," (1835;) "A Teacher's Gift,
consisting of Essays in Prose and Verse," (1840;) "An
Historical Sketch of the Christian Church during the
Middle Ages," (1847,) and two valuable biographies, viz.,
a "Life of William Penn," (1852,) and a "Life of George
Fox," (1855.) His last and most important publication
is a " History of the Religious Society of Friends from
its Rise to the Year 1828," (4 vols., 1867.) This work
treats, among other subjects, of the causes and events of
the separation which occurred in the Society in 1827-28.
The writer belonged to the anti-orthodox division of the
Quakers ; and, though not professing strict impartiality,
he evinced, in his treatment of this delicate and difficult
subject, great moderation, a scrupulous regard for the
facts of the case, and, on the whole, a liberal and kindly
spirit. He was a highly-esteemed minister of the So-
ciety of which he was a member. Early in 1869 he was
appointed by President Grant superintendent of Indian
affairs in the Northern Superintendency. Died April 30,
1880.

Jannicke, yen'nik-keh, QOHANN FRIEDRICH,) a Ger-
man author, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, January 7,
1831. He became a prominent railway official. He
published " Hand-Book of Aquarelle-Painting," " Hand-
Book of Oil-Painting," " Principles of Ceramic Art,"
" Summary of the Literature of Ceramics," and other
works, partly on entomology.

Janozki, ya-nozh'kee, or Janotzkt yj-nots'kee,
sometimes written Janisck, (JOHN DANIEL,) a Polish
or Russian author, born at Viborg in 1720. He was
appointed superintendent of the Zaluski Library at
Warsaw. Among his works, which principally relate
to the literature of Poland, are " Letters on Criticism,"
"A Dictionary of the Living Authors of Poland," and
"Polish Literature of our Time." Died in 1786.

J.uisemiu. See JASMIN.

Jansen, jan'sen or yan'sen, or Jan-se'nl-us, [Dutch
pron. yan-sa'ne-us,] (CoRNELiS,) Bishop of Ypres, cele-
brated as the founder of the sect of Jansenists, born near
Leerdam, in Holland, in October, 1585. He pursued his
studies at Paris, and in 1617 was chosen professor of di-
vinity in the University of Louvain. About 1634 he bitterly
attacked the French government, in his " Mars Gallicus,"
for having formed a treaty of alliance with the Dutch Prot-
estants. This provoked the enmity of Cardinal Richelieu,
but obtained the favour of the King of Spain, who raised
Jansenius to the see of Ypres in 1635. His principal
production was entitled " Augustinus," (Louvain, 1640,)
m which he advocated the doctrines of Saint Augustine
in regard to the atonement, divine grace, free will, and
predestination. This work was finished a short time
previous to his death, in 1638, and by his will he referred
it to the judgment of the Holy See ; but his executors
published the book, and suppressed that part of the will
which related to it. The opinions which he advocated
were directly opposed to those advanced by the Jesuits,
who made great efforts to obtain a decision against them
by the pope. Finally the bishops of France reduced the
doctrines of Jansenius to five propositions for condemna-
tion,— viz. : I. That there are divine precepts which good
men are unable to obey for want of God's grace, although
desirous to do so. 2. That no person can resist the in-
fluence of divine grace when bestowed. 3. That for
human actions to be meritorious, it is not requisite that
they should be exempt from necessity, but only from
constraint 4. That the Semi-Pelagians err grievously in
maintaining that the human will is endowed with power
of either receiving or resisting the aids and influences
of preventive grace. 5. That whoever maintains that
Jesus Christ made expiation by his sufferings and death
for the sins of all mankind is a Semi-Pelagian. Innocent
X. condemned the first four of these propositions as
simply heretical, but the last as rash, impious, and in-
jurious to the Supreme Being. Many bulls were also
issued by the succeeding popes, by which the Jansenists,

several of whom were among the most learned and emi-
nent ecclesiastics of France, were deprived of office and
declared to be heretics. Louis XIV., at the instigation
of his Jesuit confessor, ordered them to be persecuted
and their monastery at Port-Royal to be suppressed.
Notwithstanding these attempts to crush them, the Jan-
senists continued to increase, comprising among their
champions Pascal, Arnauld, Nicole, and many other
celebrated men.

See LKYDHCKHR, "Historia Jansenismi," 1695; BAYLB, "His-
torical and Critical Dictionary;" SAINTH-BKUVB, "Port- Royal,"
tomes i., ii. ; HEESBR, " Histonsch Verhaal van de Geboorte, Leven,
etc van C. Jansenius," 1727: "Nouvelle Biographic Ge"n&ale."

Janseu, yan'sen, (HENDRIK,) a noted writer and trans-
lator, born at the Plague in 1741. He fixed his residence
in Paris about 1770, where he became librarian to Tal-
leyrand. His works were chiefly of a historical and
philosophical character. Died in 1812.

Jansenius. See JANSEN.

Jansenius, yan-sa'ne-us, (CORNELIS,) a learned Flem-
ish ecclesiastic, born at Hulst in 1510. In 1568 he was
ordained first Bishop of Ghent. Of his works we may
mention " Concord of the Evangelists," and a " Para-
phrase on the Psalms." Died in 1576.

Jansenius, (JAKOB,) a Dutch scholar, born at Am-
sterdam in 1547, became in 1595 regius professor of the-
Sacred Scriptures at Louvain. Among his works are
Expositions of the Prophet Job, of the Psalms of David,
and of the Gospel of John. Died in 1625.

Janson, yan'son, (KRISTOFFER NAGEL,) a Norwegian
poet, born at Bergen, May 5, 1841. He published sev-
eral volumes of poetry and novels, including " Torgrim,"
(1862,) "Fraa Bygdom," (1865,) "Han og ho," (1868,)
and " Norske Digt," ( 1 867.) He wrote " Fra Dansketidi,"
(1875,) a novel, and other works, including the strongly
effective drama "A Woman's Fate," (1879.) In 1882
he became a Unitarian preacher, removed to the United
States in 1884, and returned to Norway in 1893.

Janson or Jenson, zh8N's6N', (NICOLAS,) a French
engraver, printer, and type-founder, settled in Venice
about 1470. He produced there a number of celebrated
editions between 1470 and 1480. He is called the in-
ventor of the Roman type now generally used. Died
about 1481.

Janssen, ylns'sen, or John'son, (CORNELIS,) a noted
artist, born in Amsterdam in 1590. In 1618 he visited
England, where he was employed by James I. to paint
the portraits of the royal family. He was also patronized
by the nobility. He possessed neither the freedom nor the
grace of Van Dyck, but in other respects was regarded as
his equal, and m finishing was considered even superior
to him. His carnations have been particularly admired ;
and his pictures yet retain their original lustre, in conse-
quence perhaps of the ultramarine which he used. Died
in 1665.

Janssen, ylns'sen, (JOHANNES,) MONSIGNOR, a Ger-
man priest and historian, born at Xanten, April 10, 1829.
He was educated at Louvain, Bonn, and Berlin, and in
1880 was made a prothonotary to the pope. Among his
numerous works is a " History of the German People,"
(1876; 3d vol., 1884,) written from the ultramontane
stand-point. Died December 23, 1891.

Janssen, (PETER,) a German historical and por-
trait-painter, born in 1844. He became director of
the Academy at Diisseldorf in 1895.

Janssen, (PIERRE JULES CESAR,) a French as-
tronomer and physicist, born at Paris, February 22,
1824. He held professorships in the Lycee Charle-
magne and the Ecole speciale d'Architecture, and in
1875 was appointed director of the observatory at
Meudon. In 1892 he founded a meteorological ob-
servatory at the top of Mont Blanc.

Janssens, ylns'sens,(ABRAHAM,) a celebrated painter,
born at Antwerp in 1569. His designs were elegant and
spirited. He was a good colorist, and a rival of Rubens.
He excelled in painting subjects illuminated by torches,
where the brilliant light and deepest shade were placed
in a striking contrast. His most important works are
the " Resurrection of Lazarus," and a " Descent from the
Cross." Died at Antwerp in 1631.

«as/&; gass; ghard; gas/; G, H, ^giMural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. (JE^="See Explanations, p. 23.)

JANSSENS

1372

JARRIGE

Jans'sens, (Dutch pron. yans'sens,) (FRANCIS,) D.D.,
a Roman Catholic bishop, born at Tilburg, Netherlands,
October 17, 1843. He was educated at the American
College, Louvain, was ordained a Catholic priest in 1867,
and came to America in 1868. He was appointed Vicar-
General of Richmond, Va., in 1872, Bishop of Natchezin
iSSi.and Archbishop of Louisiana in iSSS. Died in 1897.

Janssena, (JAN WILLEM,) a distinguished Dutch
general, born at Nymwegen in 1762. In 1802 ha was
appointed governor and general-in-chief of the colony of
the Cape of Good Hope, where he was defeated by the
English, who took possession of that country in 1806.
After the abdication of Louis Bonaparte, under whom
he had held the office of minister of war, Napoleon made
him Governor-General of Holland and the East Indies.
In this capacity he bravely defended Batavia against the
Englishjn iSn, but was finally obliged to surrender.
Died in 1835.

Janssens, (VICTOR HONORIUS,) a noted Flemish
painter, born at Brussels in 1664. He studied in Rome
the works of Raphael, selected Albano for his model,
and excelled all his contemporaries in that style. At
the expiration of eleven years he returned to Brussels,
where he painted numerous large pictures for palaces
and churches. Died in 1739.

Janazopn. See KOSTER.

Januario. See JANUARIUS.

Jan-u-a'rI-us, [Fr. JANVIER, zhdN've-4'; It. JANUA-
RIO, ya-noo-a're-o,] SAINT, Bishop of l^enevento, was
beheaded during the persecution of Diocletian, about
305. A cathedral was erected over his grave at Naples,
where it is believed that his blood exerts great power in
checking the eruptions of Vesuvius.

Ja'nus, an ancient Latin deity, represented with two
faces. He was regarded as the opener of the day and
as having charge of the gates of heaven. He seems to
have presided over the commencement of enterprises.
The word Janua (" gate") is said by some to have been
derived from him ; also the name of the month January.
The temple of Janus Quirinus at Rome was kept open
in time of war and closed during peace. It has been
conjectured by some scholars that the name and attri-
butes of Janus may be traced to Ganesa, (or Ganesha,)
the Hindoo deity of prudence and circumspection, who,
among his other offices, had those of presiding over the
commencement of undertakings, guarding gates and
doors, etc.

See GUJGNIAUT, " Religions de 1'Antiquite1," Paris, 1825-29, vol.
ii. book v. sect 2, chap. iii. ; KEIGHTLBY, " Mythology."

Janvier. See JANUARIUS.

Janvier, zhoN've-4', (ANTIDE,) an ingenious and cele-
brated horologist, was born at Saint-Claude, in France,
in 1751. He invented numerous improvements for
watches and for different kinds of astronomical appa-
ratus. In 1784 he became watchmaker to the king.
Died in 1835.

Janvier, (Dom RENE AMBROISE,) a learned French
monk, born in 1614. He made a Latin translation of
the " Rabbi David Kimchi's Hebrew Commentary on
the Psalms." Died in 1682.

Janvier, (THOMAS ALLIBONE,) an American
author, born at Philadelphia in 1849. He has pub-
lished "Stories of Old New Spain," "The Aztec
Treasure House," "The Uncle of an Angel," etc.

His sister, MARGARET THOMSON JANVIER (pen-
name Margaret Vandergrift,) has published a num-
ber of juvenile stories and " A Dead Doll and Other
Verses."

Japet See IAPETUS.

Japetus. See IAPETUS.

Ja'pheth, [Heb. n3\] a patriarch, one of the three
sons of Noah, and the supposed ancestor of the Cauca-
sian race. (See IAPETUS.)

See Genesis vi, vii., be.

Japix, Japicx, or Japiks, yj'piks, (GvsBERT,) a
celebrated Frisian poet, born at Bolsward in 1603. But
few incidents in his early life are known. Japix was the
first, and in fact the only, writer in Frisian of any note of
that period, or as late as 1763, as we are told by Bos-
well. Died in 1776.

Japp, jSp, (ALEXANDER HAY,) LL.D., a Scottish
author, known by the pseudonym of H. A. PAGE. He
was born at Dun, near Montrose, in 1839, and graduated
at the University of Edinburgh. He was editor of the
" Sunday Magazine." His works include " Lives" of
Hawthorne, (1870,) De Quincey, (1877,) and Thoreau,
(1878,) " Golden Lives,"(i87i.) " Noble Workers,"(i873,)
"German Life and Literature," "De Quincey Me-
morials," (1891,) " Hours inMyGarden, "(1893, )etc.

Jaquelot See JACQUELOT.

Jaquotpt, zht'ko'to', (MARIE VICTOIRE,) a skilful
French painter on porcelain, born in Paris in 1778. She
copied several works of Raphael on porcelain, and
painted the dessert-service presented by Napoleon I. to
the Czar of Russia after the peace of Tilsit. Died in 1855.

Jarchi, zhaVshe', (SOLOMON BEN ISAAC,) sometimes
called Raschi, a distinguished Jewish writer, born at
Troyes, in France, about 1040. After finishing his edu-
cation at the Jewish Academy in that city, he travelled
through Egypt, Western Asia, Greece, Russia, and Ger-
many. On his return to France he wrote Annotations
on the Five Books of Moses, the Mishna, and the Gemara,
These works obtained a high reputation, and procured
for the author the title of " Prince of Commentators."
Died in 1105.

Jardin or Jardyn. See Du JARDIN.

Jar' dine, (GEORGE,) born in Lanarkshire, Scotland,
in 1742, was professor of logic in the University of Glas-
gow from 1774 to 1824, and made improvements in tha
mode of teaching. He published "Outlines of Philo-
sophical Education," (18:8.) Died in 1827.

See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;"
"Monthly Review" for July, 1819.

Jardine, (Sir WILLIAM,) a Scottish naturalist, born
in Edinburgh about 1800. He studied botany, orni-
thology, etc. He published, besides other works, " Illus-
trations of Ornithology," (3 vols., 1829-45.) He was
one of the authors of the "Naturalist's Library," (40
vols., 1833-43,) and joint editor of the "Edinburgh Phi-
losophical Journal." Died November 21, 1874.

Jardinier, zhtR'de'ne-i', (CLAUDE DONAT,) a French
engraver, born in Paris in~f 726. Among his works is the
" Virgin and the Infant Jesus," from C. Maratta. Died

in 1774-

Jardins, des, da zhtR'daN', (MARIE CATHERINE,)
MADAME DE VILLEDIEU, a talented and profligate French
authoress, was born in 1640. She removed to Paris,
where she supported herself by writing romances and
dramas. Her works were quite successful, and, not-
withstanding her very exceptionable conduct, she was
much courted by persons of distinction. Her active
and vivid imagination produced a new era in French
romances, changing their old and tedious style into that
of the modern novel. Died in 1683.

Jard-Fanvillier, zhiR'pfiN've'ye-i', (Louis ALEX-
ANDRE,) a French politician, born near Niort in 1757.
In 1792 he was elected to the National Convention,
where he distinguished himself by his bold defence of
the king. Napoleon created him baron of the empire
and president of the court of exchequer. Died in 1822.

Jardyn or Jardin, (KAREL DE.) See DUJARDIN.

Jarnac, de, dehzhjR'ntk', (Gui CHABOT,) SEIGNEUR,
a French soldier, who in 1547 killed La Chateigneraye
in a duel which was fought in the presence of King Henry
II. Died about 1560.

See TAVANNES, " Me'moires ;" BRANTOME, "Me'moires," tomeiii.

Jainowich, yaR'no-vik', or Giornovichi, joR-no-
veeTcee, (GIOVANNI MARIA,) a celebrated and eccentric
violinist, born at Palermo, Sicily, in 1745. He spent
several years in France, Prussia, and England. He sub-
sequently visited Saint Petersburg, where he died in 1804.

Jaroslaf. See YAROSLAF.

Jar'rett, (THOMAS,) an English philologist and cler-
gyman, born in I So;, graduated at Cambridge in 1827.
He published " A New Hebrew Lexicon," " A Sketch
of Sanscrit Grammar," (1875,) etc- Died March 7, 1882.

Jarrige, zhi'rezh', (PIERRE,) a French Jesuit, born at
Tulle in 1605. He embraced Protestantism, and wrote
a work against the society of which he had been a mem-
ber, entitled "The Jesuits upon the Scaffold ;" but sub-

a, e. I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 5, u, jf, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; m?t; not; good; moon;

fARRY

1373

JAUCOURT

sequently he was reconciled to them, and published a
refutation of his previous work. Died in 1660.

Jarry, zhi're', (NICOLAS,) a French calligraphist, born
in Paris about 1620, was famous for the beauty of his
penmanship.

Jarry, du, dii zht're', (LAURENT JuUhard— zhii-e'-
yaV,) a celebrated ecclesiastic, poet, and orator, born
near Saintes, in France, about 1658. He went to Paris,
where he was patronized by Bossuet and the Due de
Montausier. In 1714 he gained a poetical prize at the
French Academy over Voltaire and other competitors.
He wrote "The Evangelical Ministry, or Reflections
upon the Eloquence of the Pulpit," (1726,) "Poems,
Christian, Heroic, and Moral," and several other works.
Died in 1730.

See MoKiRi, " Dictionnaire Historique."

Jars, zhiR, (GABRIEL,) a distinguished mineralogist,
and member of the French Academy of Sciences, born

same purpose. He died in 1 769, leaving manuscripts from
which his brother compiled "Observations upon a Great
Number of Gold and Silver Mines," (3 vols., 1774-81.)
See QUBRARD, "La France Litte'raire."

Jars, de, deh zhtR, (FRANgois DE Rochechouart—
rosh'shoo-f R',) CHEVALIER, a French officer and cour-
tier. He was arrested by Cardinal Richelieu in 1632,
because he refused to give evidence in the prosecution
of his friend Chateauneuf, keeper of the seals. After
an imprisonment of eleven months in the Bastille, and
twenty-four examinations, during which nothing could
be extorted from him that would criminate Chateauneuf,
he was convicted on false evidence and sentenced to
death. A reprieve, however, arrived from the king after
Jars had placed his head upon the block. He obtained
his liberty after a long imprisonment Died in 1670.

See RICHELIEU, "Memoires."

Jar'ves, (JAMES JACKSON,) a writer and traveller, born
in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1818. He produced, besides
other works, a " History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich
Islands," (1843,) "Scenes and Scenery in the Sandwich
Islands, "(1844,) "Art Hints," (1855,) afterwards enlarged
and republished as " Art Studies," " The Art Idea, Sculp-
ture, Painting, and Architecture in America," (1865,)
" Art Thoughts," (1869,) and " Italian Rambles," (1883.)
Died in Switzerland in 1888.

Jar'vis, (ABRAHAM,) D.D., Bishop of the Protestant
Episcopal Church, was born at Norwalk, in Connecticut,
m !739- He graduated at Yale in 1761, and became
Bishop of Connecticut in 1797. Died in 1813.

Jarvis, (EDWARD,) M.D., an American statistician,
born at Concord, Massachusetts, January 9, 1803. He
graduated at Harvard College in 1826, and took his pro-
fessional degree at the Massachusetts Medical School in
1830. Among his works are " Practical Physiology,"
(1848,) "Primary Physiology," (1849,) and other school-
books on physiology and health, besides a large number
of reports, memorials, tables, and other papers regarding
public health, mortality-rates, education, longevity, in-
crement of population, insanity, and other matters per-
taining to state medicine. Died October 31, 1884.

Jar'vis, (JOHN,) an artist, born in Dublin about 1749,
had a great reputation for his paintings on glass and his
exquisite manner of finishing single subjects. Among
his principal works is the west window of New College
Chapel, Oxford, from a design of Sir Joshua Reynolds.
Died in 1804.

Jarvis, (JOHN WESLEY,) a distinguished artist, born
in the north of England in 1780, came at an early age to
New York, where he gained a high reputation by his
portraits. He was also noted for his eccentricities and
genial humour. Died January 12, 1840.

See DUNLAF, "Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in
America;" TUCKBRMAN, " Book of the Artists. M

Jarvis, (SAMUEL FARMER,) D.D., LL.D., an Ameri-
can clergyman and author, son of Bishop Jarvis, was
born in Middletown, Connecticut, in 1786. He graduated
at Yale in 1805, and was for some time professor of
Oriental literature in Washington (now Trinity) College

at Hartford, and from 1837 to 1842 was rector of Christ
Church in his native town. He wrote " A Chronological
Introduction to the History of the Church," etc., (1845,)
and " The Church of the Redeemed ; or, The History
of the Mediatorial Kingdom," (1850.) Died in 1851.

Jasikov or Ja2Jkov. See YAZIKOF.

Jasmin, zhis'maN', or Jansemin, zhSNSs'maN',
(JACQUES or JAQUOU,) the "Barber Poet of Agen," born
at that town in 1798. His poems, which are written
in the Proven9al patois, enjoy the highest popularity in
France, and display great powers of humour and pathos,
with a charming simplicity of diction. Among the most
admired are "The Curl-Papers," ("Los Papillotos,")
and "The Blind Girl of Castel-Cnillc*," ("L'Abuglo de
Castel-Cuille'.") The latter has been translated into
English by Longfellow. Died in 1864.

See SAINTE-BEUVE, "Causeries du Lundi;" " Nouvelle Biogra-
phic Generate ;" " Foreign Quarterly Review" for October, 1849.

Ja'son, [Gr. 'laowv,] a semi-fabulous Greek hero, cele-
brated as the leader of the Argonautic expedition, which
was supposed to have occurred before the siege of Troy.
The Argonauts went to Colchis to fetch a golden fleece
which was guarded by a dragon. Jason succeeded in
this enterprise by the aid of Medea, a sorceress, whom
he married. (See MEDEA.)

Jason, tyrant of Pheras, and chief magistrate of Thes-
saly, was ambitious and enterprising. He obtained
control of Thessaly in 374 B.C., and aspired to be master
of all Greece. He was assassinated in 369 B.C.

Jas'per, (\\'ILLIAM,) (known in history as SERGEANT
JASPER,) a brave soldier of the American Revolution,
born in South Carolina about 1750. When the American
flag was shot away in the attack on Fort Moultrie, June
28, 1776, he leaped outside the walls of the fort, amidst
a perfect storm of cannon-shot, replaced the flag, and
returned to his post without injury. For this gallant
service Governor Rutledge presented to him his own
sword. He afterwards served with distinction under
Marion, and was killed at Savannah in October, 1779-

Jastrow, yis'trov, (MARCUS MORDECAI,) Ph.D., a
Jewish scholar, born at Rogasen, Prussian Poland, June
5, 1829. He studied at Posen, Berlin, and Halle, grad-
uating at the latter university in 1856, was preacher at
Warsaw, 1858-62, and rabbi at Mannheim, Warsaw, and
Worms, 1862-66, in which year he removed to the United
States and became a rabbi in Philadelphia. His prin-
cipal works are " Lectures," in Polish, (1862,) "Jewish
Laws," in Polish, (1859,) "Four Hundred Years of Jew-
ish History," (1865,) " Episodes of Jewish History," and
a "Complete Talmudic Dictionary," a colossal work.
not yet finished,

Jaszay, ya'si, (PAUL, or PAL,) a Hungarian historian,
born at Szant6 in 1809. He became a secretary to the
Batthyanyi ministry, and died in 1852. He wrote two
valuable histories, — "The History of the Hungarian
People after the Battle of Mohacs," (1846, incomplete,)
and " History of the Hungarian People from the Oldest
Times to the Publication of the Golden Bull," (1855.)

Jaubert, zhoTjaiR', (FRANC.OIS,) COMTE, a French
lawyer, born at Condom in 1758. In 1804 he became
president of the Tribunate. In 1806 he was appointed
councillor of state. Died in 1822.

Jaubert, (HIPPOLYTE FRANC.OIS,) a French minister
of state, and naturalist, a nephew of the preceding, was
born in Paris in 1798. He became minister of public
works in 1840. He published " Illustrationes Plantarum
Orientalium," (2 vols., 1842-46.) Died Dec. 5, 1874.

See " NouveUe Biographic Ge'ne'rale."

Jaubert, (PIERRE AMEDEE EMILIEN PROBE,) a French
Orientalist, born in Provence in 1779, accompanied Na-
poleon to Egypt as first secretary-interpreter in 1799.
He was appointed, after his return, professor of Persian
in the College of France, was elected to the Academy
of Inscriptions in 1830, and made a peer of France in
1841. He contributed to the "Journal Asiatique," and
wrote a number of learned works. Died in 1847.

See E. BIOT, "Notice biographique sur M. Jaubert ;" QUBRARD,
"La France Litteraire."

Jaucourt, de, deh zho'kooR', (ARNAIL FRANCOIS,)
MARQUIS, a French politician, born in Paris in 1757,
was a moderate member of the Legislative Assembly

t; 9 as*; ghard; gas/;G, H, K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. (JEg^See Explanations, p. 23.)

JAUCOURT

1374

JAY

in 1791. In Jane, 1814, he acted as minister of foreign
affairs in the absence of Talleyrand. He founded the
Protestant Bible Society of Paris. Died in 1852.

Jauoourt, de, (Louis,) CHEVALIER, an accomplished
French writer and scholar, born in Paris in 1704. He
studied at Geneva, Cambridge, and Leyden, and was a
pupil of Boerhaave in medicine. He published in 1734
a " History of the Life and Works of Leibnitz," which
is much admired. He wrote many articles on natural
philosophy, natural history, literature, etc. for the great
French Encyclopaedia of Diderot His principles were
more consistent with the Christian religion than those
of the other Encyclopaedists. He wrote a voluminous
Medical Lexicon, but lost the manuscript at sea, and
contributed largely to the " Bibliotheque raisonne'e des
Ouvrages des Savants de 1'Europe," (1728-40.) Died
at Compiegne in 1779.

See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'nerale;" MM. HAAG, "La France
protestante."

JaufEret, zho'fi4', (GASPARD JEAN ANDRE JOSEPH,)
a French writer on theology, born in Provence in 1759,
became chaplain to Napoleon about 1804, Bishop of Metz
in 1806, and Archbishop of Aix in 1811. Died in 1823.

Jauflret, (Louis FRANCOIS,) a brother of the pre-
ceding, was born in Paris in 1770. He was secretary of
the Academy of Marseilles, and wrote several valuable
juvenile books. Died about 1850.

Jaugeon, zho'zh6N', (N.,) an able French mechani-
cian, who wrote several works on natural history and
physiology. Died in 1725.

Jault, zho, (AUGUSTIN FRANCOIS,) a physician and
Orientalist, born in Franche-Comte^ in 1700, became
professor of Greek and Syriac in the Royal College at
Paris. He translated Ockley's " History of the Sara-
cens" (1748)